Experimental study of evaporation of sessile water droplet on PDMS surfaces

Evaporation of sessile water droplet on polydimethylsiloxane （PDMS） surfaces with three different curing ratios （5：1, 10：1, and 20：1） was experimentally investigated in this paper. We show that the constant contact radius （CCR） evaporation on surface with high curing ratio lasts longer than that with low curing ratio. We also measured Young＇s moduli of PDMS films by using atomic force microscopy （AFM） and simulated surface deformation of PDMS films induced by sessile water droplet. With increasing curing ratio of PDMS film, Young＇s modulus of PDMS film is getting lower, and then there will be larger surface deformation and more elastic stored energy. Since such energy acts as a barrier to keep the three-phase contact line pinned, thus it will result in longer CCR evaporation on PDMS surface with higher curing ratio.

Analytical and numerical studies on a single-droplet evaporation and combustion under forced convection

Existing droplet evaporation/combustion mod- els in computational fluid dynamics （CFD） simulation of spray combustion are based on simplified 1-D models. Both these models and recently developed 3-D models of single- droplet combustion do not give the conditions for the different existing droplet combustion modes. In this paper, droplet evaporation and combustion are studied both analytically and numerically. In the analytical solution, a 2-D axisymmetric flow surrounding an evaporating and combusting droplet was considered. The governing equations were solved using an integral method, similar to the Karman-Pohlhausen method for solving boundary-layer flows with pressure gradient. The results give a local evaporation rate and flame radius in agree- ment with experimental results. In numerical simulation, 3-D combusting gas flows surrounding an ethanol droplet were studied. The prediction results show three modes of droplet combustion under different relative velocities, explaining the change in the evaporation constant with an increase in relative velocity observed in experiments. This implies that different droplet combustion models should be developed in simu- lating spray combustion. The predicted local evaporation rate and flame radius by numerical simulation are in agree- ment with the analytical solution in the range of azimuthal angles 0° 〈 θ 〈 90°. The numerical results indicate that the drag force of an evaporating and combusting droplet is much smaller than that of a cold solid particle, and thus the currently used drag models should be modified.

A Space Vector Modulation Based Three-level PWM Rectifier under Simple Sliding Mode Control Strategy

In this paper, a voltage oriented control strategy for three-level PWM rectifier based on Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is introduced in order to obtain fast and accurate response of dc-bus voltage. To verify the validity of the analysis and the feasibility of the proposed control method a set of simulation tests have been conducted using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that compared to the conventional PI controller, the SMC can reduce drastically the three-level rectifier’s voltage fluctuation and improve the dynamic response of dc-bus significantly.

Model predictive current control for PMSM driven by three-level inverter based on fractional sliding mode speed observer

Based on the fractional order theory and sliding mode control theory,a model prediction current control(MPCC)strategy based on fractional observer is proposed for the permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)driven by three-level inverter.Compared with the traditional sliding mode speed observer,the observer is very simple and eases to implement.Moreover,the observer reduces the ripple of the motor speed in high frequency range in an efficient way.To reduce the stator current ripple and improve the control performance of the torque and speed,the MPCC strategy is put forward,which can make PMSM MPCC system have better control performance,stronger robustness and good dynamic performance.The simulation results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Interdecadal variations of pan-evaporation at the southern and northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, China

Evaporation controlled by meteorological parameters plays a crucial role in hydrology, meteorology and water resources management. An insight view of long-term variation in evaporation will help understanding the effects of climate change and provide useful information for rational utilization of water resources, especially in the arid land where the shortage of water resources exists. However, the lack of data on evaporation led to difficulties in assessing the impacts of climate change on evaporation, especially in arid mountainous area. This study investigated the long-term variation of the pan-evaporation （Ep） measured by E601 type evaporation pan and its influencing climatic factors at both northern and southern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang of China using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method and Path analysis. The results revealed that Eps at both northern and southern slopes had obvious interdecadal variation within cycles of 3-4 and 7-8 years. Eps at both slopes sharply decreased in early 1980s, but increased after late 1990s. Path analysis showed that the 3-4 years cycle of Ep at the northern and southern slopes was mainly dependent upon actual water vapor pressure with a negative direct path coefficient of-0.515 and sunshine duration with a positive direct path coefficient of 0.370, respectively. The variation of Ep with cycle of 7-8 years at the northern slope was attributed to the wind speed with a direct path coefficient of 0.774. Average temperature had a direct path coefficient of 0.813 in 7-8 years cycle at the southern slope. The assessment of Ep variation and its causes provides information essential for a good understanding of hydrologic cycle and regional climate of arid mountainous regions in Xinjiang of China and offers a theoretical reference for distribution and utilization of water resources.

Sliding mode control of solid state transformer using a three-level hysteresis function

The solid state transformer(SST) can be viewed as an energy router in energy internet. This work presents sliding mode control(SMC) to improve dynamic state and steady state performance of a three-stage(rectifier stage, isolated stage and inverter stage) SST for energy internet. SMC with three-level hysteresis sliding functions is presented to control the input current of rectifier stage and output voltage of inverter stage to improve the robustness under external disturbance and parametric uncertainties and reduce the switching frequency. A modified feedback linearization technique using isolated stage simplified model is presented to achieve satisfactory regulation of output voltage of the isolated stage. The system is tested for steady state operation, reactive power control, dynamic load change and voltage sag simulations, respectively. The switching model of SST is implemented in Matlab/ Simulink to verify the SST control algorithms.

Three-level inverter configuration with common mode voltage elimination for induction motor drive (To continue)

The multiplicity of vector combinations for vectors of combined three-level inverters plays an important role, when deciding on the modulation scheme, to obtain minimum switching per inverter vector change, as described in the next Section. This is not possible with reduced common-mode three-level inverter structure, obtained with a five-level cascaded H-bridge configuration, as the space vectors locations do not exhibit multiplicity. Moreover, the proposed configuration requires only two power supplies, whereas the scheme with the five-level H-bridge configuration requires six isolated power supplies.

Three-level inverter configuration with common mode voltage elimination for induction motor drive

The multiplicity of vector combinations for vectors of combined three-level inverters plays an important role, when deciding on the modulation scheme, to obtain minimum switching per inverter vector change, as described in the next Section. This is not possible with reduced common-mode three-level inverter structure, obtained with a five-level cascaded H-bridge configuration, as the space vectors locations do not exhibit multiplicity. Moreover, the proposed configuration requires only two power supplies, whereas the scheme with the five-level H-bridge configuration requires six isolated power supplies.

基于GRO优化的VMD-HKELM月蒸发量预测方法研究

水面蒸发预测对于水库水量预测、区域水量平衡分析和水资源量核算等具有重要意义。水面蒸发量预测影响因素众多,并最终体现在随时间变化的蒸发量监测数据中。为此,基于淘金热(GRO)算法优化变分模态分解(VMD)-混合核极限学习机(HKELM)提出两种方案。方案Ⅰ先对月蒸发量时间序列分解,后划分训练集、测试集;方案Ⅱ先对月蒸发量划分训练集、测试集,再进行时间序列分解。通过一种新型元启发式算法对分解技术VMD、预测器HKELM超参数进行目标寻优并建立多种模型,采用云南省龙潭寨、西洋街水文站月蒸发量预测实例对方案Ⅰ、方案Ⅱ各模型进行检验。结果表明:方案Ⅰ各模型性能优于方案Ⅱ,各模型的拟合精度和预测精度总体上随分解分量数的增加而提高,但方案Ⅰ使用了测试集信息,导致预测精度虚高;方案Ⅱ各模型具有较好的预测精度和稳健性能,其用于月蒸发量时间序列预测是可行的,反映出客观真实的预测效果,具有较好的实用价值和意义。

数据中心间接蒸发冷却空调全年运行效果分析与调节策略

为全面分析与准确评价数据中心间接蒸发冷却空调全年运行效果,通过焓湿图及空气处理过程进行剖析,提出分别用湿工况效率与干工况效率评价指标刻画间接蒸发冷却空调在数据中心的运行性能。发现间接蒸发冷却空调运行参数与能效参数主要随二次空气和环境空气变化而变化,一次空气机房回风相对湿度每增加10%,回风焓值增加9.4kJ/kg。并且,数据中心间接蒸发蒸发冷却空调全年运行调节过程中,干模式与湿模式切换推荐值分别是干球温度14℃,湿球温度19℃,可控制湿通道淋水量、二次风量、干湿模式切换点来调节系统全年运行能效。

基于VMD-LSTM模型的三峡水库水面蒸发量预测研究

为减少水面蒸发非线性、复杂性和不稳定性等特征带来的预测误差,基于“分解-预测-重构”的策略,提出VMD-LSTM水面蒸发预测模型。该模型耦合长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)与变分模态分解法(VMD),利用变分模态分解将水面蒸发及其主要影响因素分解为相同数量的子模态分量以降低数据的非平稳性,将对应子模态分量作为长短期记忆神经网络的输入,构建VMD-LSTM深度神经网络混合模型,并应用于三峡水库巴东站的月水面蒸发量预测。结果表明:VMD-LSTM模型较其他模型具有预测精度更高、峰谷值拟合更优的特点,与单一LSTM模型相比,率定期均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别下降了54%和48%,而纳什效率系数(NSE)提升了11%。随着预见期的增加,模型的预测精度会逐渐降低但预测效果保持良好,当预见期从1个月增至7个月时,率定期NSE由0.97降至0.84。研究成果可为三峡水库水资源合理利用与科学管理提供理论支撑。

立管间接蒸发冷却器与机械制冷复合空气处理机组干湿工况运行模式能耗分析

在达到同样送风要求的前提下,为了研究立管间接蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合机组在数据中心运行时干湿两种模式的运行能耗,搭建了实验台,在室外干球温度为3-7℃范围内,对其不同干湿模式的运行能耗进行了测试并分析。实验结果表明,在达到同样送风要求的前提下,且干湿模式产生的制冷量相同的情况下,湿模式的能效比明显大于干模式的能效比,建议加大湿模式的运行时长。

An Improved Modulation Strategy for Single-phase Three-level Neutral-point-clamped Converter in Critical Conduction Mode

Two-level totem-pole power factor correction(PFC)converters in critical conduction mode(CRM)suffer from the wide regulation range of switching frequency.Besides,in highfrequency applications,the number of switching times increases,resulting in significant switching losses.To solve these issues,this paper proposes an improved modulation strategy for the single-phase three-level neutral-point-clamped(NPC)converter in CRM with PFC.By optimizing the discharging strategy and switching state sequence,the switching frequency and its variation range have been efficiently reduced.The detailed performance analysis is also presented regarding the switching frequency,the average switching times,and the effect of voltage gain.A 2 k W prototype is built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed modulation strategy and analysis results.Compared with the totem-pole PFC converter,the switching frequency regulation range of the three-level PFC converter is reduced by 36.48%and the average switching times is reduced by 45.10%.The experimental result also shows a 1.2%higher efficiency for the three-level PFC converter in the full load range.

Innovative Teaching Research on Literary Theory and Criticism

As a core compulsory course for English majors majoring in teacher education,Literary Theory and Criticism plays an important role in enhancing text understanding,cultivating critical thinking,and shaping correct values in the future development of students.Influenced by traditional teaching ideas,students have many difficulties when learning this course,such as insufficient theoretical understanding,inadequate ability improvement,and not enough investment in course learning.In response to the above issues,this course focuses closely on the fundamental task of“cultivating virtue and nurturing people”,relying on modern information technology and introducing research methods of digital humanities.This course uses“7C”teaching mode under the“three-level integration”,in which“teaching”and“education”are carried out synchronously,and“teacher”and“student”are developed together,in order to greatly enhance students’learning participation and course satisfaction.

Development Processes of the Tropical Pacific Meridional Mode

Mechanisms for the spatio-temporal development of the Tropical Pacific Meridional Mode （TPMM） are investigated using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model and observations. In both observations and the model, this meridional mode displays decadal variations and is most pronounced in spring and early summer. The model simulation suggests that once SST anomalies in the subtropical northeastern Pacific are initiated, say by northeasterly trade wind variability, perturbations evolve into a merdional dipole in 2 -3 months. A wind-evaporative-SST feedback causes a southwestward propagation of initial subtropical SST anomalies, while anomalous equatorial upwelling helps form the southern lobe of the meridional dipole. The TPMM development is a fast process （a few months） and depends on the seasonal cycle.

生物炭不同施用方式对水盐调控及小麦苗期生长的影响

为研究生物炭不同应用模式对盐碱土水盐调控及小麦苗期生长的影响。通过室内桶栽模拟试验,生物炭以2种物理状态(粉状和杆状)、3个添加量(1%,3%和5%质量百分比)分别作为覆盖和添加物,以不添加生物炭的处理作为对照。结果表明:“干播湿出”条件下,FF(粉状覆盖)、GF(杆状覆盖)处理小麦出苗率分别为对照(CK)的7.33~9.00,3.00~3.33倍;FH(粉状混合)、GH(杆状混合)处理的出苗率较CK分别提高66.67%~166.67%,33.00%~367.00%。FF、GF处理的株高大幅提高,较CK分别提高21.52%~34.55%,24.54%~40.48%;FH、GH处理的株高小幅提高,较CK分别提高-1.35%~12.22%,3.76%~8.59%。不同应用模式的灌后含水率差异明显,FF处理的表层土壤较CK提高0.31%~15.58%;而GF处理的表层土壤含水率较CK下降0.40%~7.65%;FH、GH处理的土壤含水率较CK分别提高7.33%~18.61%,1.33%~18.38%;蒸发后FF、GF处理的含水率较CK分别提高4.34%~45.38%,27.08%~53.22%,蒸发后0—15 cm土层的含水率明显提高,FH、GH处理土壤含水率较CK分别提高3.26%~16.66%,5.77%~36.37%。CK 0—10 cm土层的电导率相对变化率最大,为124.76%,FF、GF处理的电导率相对变化率分别为59.61%~114.73%,18.21%~86.47%;GH、FH处理的电导率相对变化率分别为67.26%~96.30%,72.05%~122.32%。FF、GF处理的蒸发量较CK分别减少0.76%~27.21%,53.49%~77.02%;FH、GH处理的蒸发量与CK相比分别减少1.95%~4.79%,1.71%~14.82%。生物炭改良作用的大小取决于生物炭的添加量和应用方式,等炭量投入条件下FF、GF处理在水盐分布、抑制蒸发和作物生长的作用优于FH、GH处理,可作为干旱区添加生物炭改良盐碱地的适宜模式。

Ride through Strategy for a Three-Level Dual Z-Source Inverter Using TRIAC

A new ride through strategy is introduced in a three-level dual Z-source inverter, for isolation under semiconductor switching failure condition. Here the output will have no significant decrease in the amplitude and quality. Instead of diodes, the triacs are added to the inverter source ends, as it can perform a bidirectional power transfer also it can operate well in both low and high voltage operating conditions. The faulted part can be isolated by simply altering the firing pulses for turning on/off the triacs using the carrier based SPWM technique and resulting in a boosting output with zero common mode voltage. Consequently, it forms a common floating point or null point with a zero common mode voltage. It is experimentally verified by using MATLAB, and digital oscilloscope.

垂直振动液滴流动与蒸发特性的数值模拟

为研究垂直振动液滴内部流动和蒸发特性,采用VOF-CSF(流体体积函数和连续表面张力)方法,模拟4种共振模态(2、4、6、8)下液滴在恒温平板与高温空气中蒸发时内部流动与蒸发特性变化过程。结果表明:恒温平板上液滴不均匀的界面温度分布使液滴表面形成张力梯度,界面流体在此梯度下从高温区流向低温区,形成Marangoni流;液滴在模态2和4时内部出现Y型流动,在模态6和8时则呈现2个对称大尺寸的涡流动,且液滴在第4模态下内部平均流速最高。高温空气中液滴在第4模态下处于稳定蒸发时的蒸发速率最快,第8、6、2模态以及自然蒸发的蒸发速率依次小于第4模态,且共振频率处液滴的蒸发速率大于相邻频率下的蒸发速率。

离子-液滴混合模式下离子液体推力器性能调控研究

离子液体推力器在不同工作条件下会发射液滴或离子,当发射粒子包含液滴和离子时,推力器处于离子-液滴混合模式。本文对离子-液滴混合模式下离子液体推力器的性能调控展开研究,对离子液体推力器样机进行实验,为避免电化学反应导致实验无法进行,采用负直流电源供电,收集发射电流并拍摄液面变化图像,结合理论计算判断实验中推力器处于离子-液滴混合模式。通过计算得到不同供给电压下离子和液滴对应的发射电流和流量,结果表明离子电流占比最高约为98.99%。进一步计算发现,推力和比冲随电压的增大而增大,效率随电压的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势。此外,计算发现荷质比的减小会导致推力、比冲和效率的增大。在供给流量为2.8n L/s,电压为-3100~-3800V的实验条件下,离子液体推力器样机推力约为6.66~12.54μN,比冲约为187.48~353.07s,效率的约为6.02%~6.87%。

双碳目标下数据中心间接蒸发冷却空调机组补冷系统分析与应用

针对间接蒸发冷却空调机组在数据中心应用时的补冷方式、补冷比例、压缩机补冷失效时的机房温升进行分析,同时对冷冻水补冷与压缩机补冷2种间接蒸发冷却空调机组在数据中心应用时的CLF和WUE以及2种补冷方式的应用场景进行分析。为间接蒸发冷却空调机组在数据中心补冷方式的选择提供了依据。