Current optimization-based control of dual three-phase PMSM for low-frequency temperature swing reduction

In this paper,a control scheme based on current optimization is proposed for dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor(DTP-PMSM)drive to reduce the low-frequency temperature swing.The reduction of temperature swing can be equivalent to reducing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss in this paper.First,a two-level optimization aiming at minimizing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss at each electrical angle is proposed.Then,the optimization is transformed to a singlelevel optimization by introducing the auxiliary variable for easy solving.Considering that singleobjective optimization trades a great total copper loss for a small reduction of maximum phase copper loss,the optimization considering both instantaneous total copper loss and maximum phase copper loss is proposed,which has the same performance of temperature swing reduction but with lower total loss.In this way,the proposed control scheme can reduce maximum junction temperature by 11%.Both simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme for low-frequency temperature swing reduction.

基于双二阶滤波器的LCL型并网逆变器延时补偿方法

为了抑制LCL型滤波器的谐振尖峰,电容电流反馈有源阻尼被广泛应用于LCL型并网逆变器中。由于数字控制延时带来的不利影响,电容电流反馈有源阻尼的阻尼性能被严重削弱。负阻尼区域出现在f_(s)/6到f_(s)/2之间,减弱了并网逆变器的稳定性和对电网阻抗变化下的鲁棒性。在电容电流反馈通道上插入一个双二阶滤波器来补偿数字控制延时带来的相位滞后,正阻尼范围可以扩展到f_(s)/3,从而实现了对电网阻抗变化的高鲁棒性。选择了合适的离散化方法,分析了补偿后的系统稳定性。提出了一个详细的闭环参数设计流程,以获得良好的控制性能。最后,实验结果验证所提方法的有效性和参数设计流程的可行性。

全驱系统理论在LCL并网逆变器中的控制及应用

利用系统固有的全驱特性可将系统数学模型化为全驱模型,大大简化控制器的设计。文中建立了LCL滤波器全驱系统的数学模型,并推导出其控制率,通过仿真验证了控制的稳定性。

附加虚拟阻抗的LCL型并网逆变器电流扰动观测控制方法

针对LCL型并网逆变器输出电流质量容易受电网电压背景谐波及在弱电网条件下电网阻抗的影响,提出一种附加虚拟阻抗的LCL型并网逆变器电流扰动观测控制方法。首先,在常规双闭环控制的基础上引入扰动观测器,将电网电压背景谐波视为系统外部扰动,利用扰动观测器实时估算出扰动量并前馈补偿动态消除扰动对系统的影响;其次通过阻抗分析法来分析弱电网系统中电网阻抗引起稳定性下降的问题,在电流扰动观测控制方法的基础上再加入虚拟阻抗进行优化设计,使得并网阻抗在阻抗交截频率较大范围内变化时的相角裕度仍然大于系统所约束的稳定裕度。仿真对比结果表明,所提方法在保持良好的电流质量的同时提高了系统对电网阻抗的鲁棒性。

Deciphering engineering principle of three-phase interface for advanced gas-involved electrochemical reactions

As an alternative to conventional energy conversion and storage reactions,gas-involved electrochemical reactions,including the carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),have become an emerging research direction and have gained increasing attention due to their advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability.Various studies have been designed to accelerate sluggish kinetics but with limited results.Most of them promote the reaction by modulating the intrinsic properties of the catalyst,ignoring the synergistic effect of the reaction as a whole.Due to the introduction of gas,traditional liquid-solid two-phase reactions are no longer applicable to future research.Since gas-involved electrochemical reactions mostly occur at the junctions of gaseous reactants,liquid electrolytes and solid catalysts,the focus of future research on reaction kinetics should gradually shift to three-phase reaction interfaces.In this review,we briefly introduce the formation and constraints of the three-phase interface and propose three criteria to judge its merit,namely,the active site,mass diffusion and electron mass transfer.Subsequently,a series of modulation methods and relevant works are discussed in detail from the three improvement directions of‘exposing more active sites,promoting mass diffusion and accelerating electron transfer’.Definitively,we provide farsighted insights into the understanding and research of three-phase interfaces in the future and point out the possible development direction of future regulatory methods,hoping that this review can broaden the future applications of the three-phase interface,including but not limited to gas-involved electrochemical reactions.

基于虚拟导纳的LCL型并联有源电力滤波器鲁棒电流控制

基于电网电流和逆变侧电流的双环电流控制策略因其固有的有源阻尼作用而成为LCL型并联有源电力滤波器的研究热点,但控制回路中不同有源阻尼共存将导致系统特性难以确定。对此,通过虚拟导纳模型准确评估了系统的阻尼特性,发现其有源阻尼区域会随电网阻抗波动而变化,最大接近1/3采样频率;考虑LCL初始谐振频率处于不同的频率范围情况,利用开环极点及鲁棒性分析得到适用于不同情况的统一稳定性约束条件,并对应提出了一套鲁棒控制参数设计方法,从而充分保证电网阻抗波动下并联有源电力滤波器的稳定运行。在一台380V、45A的实验样机上验证了所提理论及控制策略的有效性。

弱电网下LCL型并网逆变器高鲁棒性并网电流反馈有源阻尼策略

并网电流反馈有源阻尼(grid-current-feedback-active-damping,GCFAD)策略可以在不增加额外传感器的前提下,有效抑制LCL型并网逆变器的谐振尖峰。在电网电压畸变的工况下,GCFAD策略往往与电网电压前馈策略同时使用以改善并网电流质量。然而,通过研究发现,传统GCFAD策略等效虚拟阻抗在中低频段的正阻特性会导致并网逆变器输出阻抗在中频段产生一定的相位滞后,从而降低了系统在电网电压畸变且附加电网电压前馈策略的情况下,对电网阻抗变化的鲁棒性。为了解决这一问题,提出了一种高鲁棒性并网电流反馈有源阻尼(high robustness grid-current-feedback-active-damping,HR-GCFAD)策略,使虚拟阻抗在高频处呈现正阻特性以抑制LCL谐振尖峰,增强了系统的稳定性;在中低频段呈现负阻特性以提高系统中频段输出阻抗相位,进而提高了系统在附加电网电压前馈策略时对电网阻抗变化的鲁棒性。理论分析和实验结果充分验证了所提策略的有效性。

弱电网下LCL逆变器的有源阻尼控制策略研究

在弱电网中,由于电网阻抗的存在,会导致新能源并网LCL滤波器固有谐振频率发生偏移,传统有源阻尼控制策略则无法保证系统的稳定性。而且随着新能源发电在电力系统中的占比不断提高,如何降低运营成本成为了研究热点。因此本文提出一种基于并网电流和公共耦合电压反馈的新型控制策略,该控制策略不仅提供了有源阻尼以抑制LCL谐振,而且减少了传感器的使用,还能对大范围变化的电网阻抗有较强的适应能力。通过仿真和实验表明,与传统的控制策略相比,在改进的策略下弱电网的实用范围增加,系统的稳定性得到提高,对谐波的抑制能力提升,并网电流质量有了良好的改善。

基于H_(∞)滤波器的LCL型并网逆变器有源阻尼方法

LCL型滤波器具有优越的高频谐波抑制性能,但会造成谐振和稳定性问题。对于LCL型并网逆变器,传统的电容电流反馈型有源阻尼方法能有效抑制谐振尖峰,但是需要额外的电流传感器。为此,提出一种基于H_(∞)滤波器的新型有源阻尼控制策略。根据LCL型滤波器状态空间模型及过程噪声模型完成H_(∞)滤波器的求解,可利用入网电流和公共耦合点电压信息估计滤波电容电流并完成反馈,增大系统阻尼,即使LCL型滤波器参数发生摄动也仍能保持估计值的精确度。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法对LCL滤波器参数变化和电网阻抗变化不敏感,验证了该方法的可行性和优势。

Electrical characteristics of new three-phase traction power supply system for rail transit

A novel three-phase traction power supply system is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects caused by electric phase separation in catenary and accomplish a unifying manner of traction power supply for rail transit.With the application of two-stage three-phase continuous power supply structure,the electrical characteristics exhibit new features differing from the existing traction system.In this work,the principle for voltage levels determining two-stage network is dissected in accordance with the requirements of traction network and electric locomotive.The equivalent model of three-phase traction system is built for deducing the formula of current distribution and voltage losses.Based on the chain network model of the traction network,a simulation model is established to analyze the electrical characteristics such as traction current distribution,voltage losses,system equivalent impedance,voltage distribution,voltage unbalance and regenerative energy utilization.In a few words,quite a lot traction current of about 99%is undertaken by long-section cable network.The proportion of system voltage losses is small attributed to the two-stage three-phase power supply structure,and the voltage unbal-ance caused by impedance asymmetry of traction network is less than 1‰.In addition,the utilization rate of regenerative energy for locomotive achieves a significant promotion of over 97%.

Speed Regulation Method Using Genetic Algorithm for Dual Three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Dual three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(DTP-PMSM)is a nonlinear,strongly coupled,high-order multivariable system.In today’s application scenarios,it is difficult for traditional PI controllers to meet the requirements of fast response,high accuracy and good robustness.In order to improve the performance of DTP-PMSM speed regulation system,a control strategy of PI controller based on genetic algorithm is proposed.Firstly,the basic mathematical model of DTP-PMSM is established,and the PI parameters of DTP-PMSM speed regulation system are optimized by genetic algorithm,and the modeling and simulation experiments of DTP-PMSM control system are carried out by MATLAB/SIMULINK.The simulation results show that,compared with the traditional PI control,the proposed algorithm significantly improves the performance of the control system,and the speed output overshoot of the GA-PI speed control system is smaller.The anti-interference ability is stronger,and the torque and double three-phase current output fluctuations are smaller.

LCL并网逆变器滤波参数近似计算方法

在高频谐波衰减系数相同的条件下,LCL型滤波器的体积和感量要明显小于L型,但是其约束条件有所增加,参数计算也变得更加复杂,不仅要考虑并网电流的质量,还需要关注逆变器侧电感电流纹波和无功功率等限制条件。为简化计算流程,基于有源阻尼提出一种LCL型并网逆变器滤波参数近似计算法。首先,分析拓扑再利用仿真软件分析逆变器输出电压的谐波含量;其次,对滤波器设计相关约束条件的优先级进行重新排序,以谐振比为关键参数推导出计算公式,以谐振频率为关键参数快速计算出总电感值,再综合各个参数的极限值,给出设计流程图,并进行误差分析;最后,通过流程图输出一组参数进行仿真和实验分析,证明所提出的LCL滤波参数计算方法的合理性和有效性。

计及背景谐波的LCL型并网逆变器谐振抑制策略

电网在运行时电压不可避免地含有一些附加的背景谐波成分,背景谐波的存在会使当电力电子装置与电网并网运行时,可能引起并网电流的波形畸变,同时会对电网的安全性、稳定性以及运行效率带来不良影响。针对此问题,先构建三相LCL型并网逆变器系统的阻抗数学模型,并深入探究电网电压波动对并网电流的具体影响机理;然后设计了一种电网电压全前馈抑制方法,用以减轻电网中背景谐波电压对并网电流造成的不利影响;最后进行了仿真验证,在加入策略后并网电流谐波含量从7.03%降到了1.46%。表明采用的电网电压全前馈抑制方法可有效地减小逆变器因电网背景谐波而产生的输出电流的影响,可有效抑制并网系统可能出现的谐振问题。

Control strategy of LCL-type three-phase photovoltaic grid connected inverter

The grid-connected inverter with LCL filter has the ability of easily attenuating high-frequency current harmonics. However, its suppression effect on the background harmonics in grid voltage is limited. A control strategy is presented, which is composed of an inner loop of capacitor current feedforward, an outer loop of grid-current feedforward and feedforward of grid voltage. The limitations and steps of parameters design for LCL filter are analyzed. Meanwhile, the capacitor current loop is employed to damp the resonant peak caused by the LCL filter and enhance the stability. The properties of different controllers are analyzed and compared, thereinto quasi-proportional-rasonant (PR) controller realizes the control with zero steady-state error of AC variables in static coordinates. In order to suppress the current distortion effected by the background harmonics in grid voltage, the feed-forward function is calculated for the grid-connected inverter with an LCL filter. After simplifying the block diagram, a full-feedforward control strategy for grid voltage is proposed. Theoretical analysis and Matlab/Simulink simulation results show that the proposed method has the advantages of high steady accuracy, fast dynamic response and strong robustness.

基于广义积分器二自由度PID控制的LCL逆变器

传统有源阻尼控制可抑制LCL逆变器谐振,但需要增加额外的电压或电流传感器。为此,提出了一种无需额外传感器的基于广义积分器的LCL并网逆变器单电流反馈二自由度PID控制(GI-2DoF-PID),GI-2DoF-PID比例积分环节实现并网电流无静差跟踪,而基于广义积分器的微分环节则增强LCL逆变器的阻尼特性。推导了控制系统的传递函数,分析了其稳定裕度与动态特性,提出跟踪和抗扰动优化的参数设计原则并选取了合适的控制参数。最后,构建了基于PLECS系统仿真模型,仿真结果表明:基于GI-2DoF-PID控制的LCL并网逆变器可以有效抑制谐振;电网电压严重畸变时,其满载并网电流畸变率仅为3%,远低于国家标准的要求;当系统从半载跳变到满载时,系统超调量低,响应速度快。

Optimization of Control Loops and Operating Parameters for Three-Phase Separators Used in Oilfield Central Processing Facilities

In this study,the Stokes formula is used to analyze the separation effect of three-phase separators used in a Oilfield Central Processing Facility.The considered main influencing factors include(but are not limited to)the typical size of oil and water droplets,the residence time and temperature of fluid and the dosage of demulsifier.Using the“Specification for Oil and Gas Separators”as a basis,the control loops and operating parameters of each separator are optimized Considering the Halfaya Oilfield as a testbed,it is shown that the proposed approach can lead to good results in the production stage.

Purification of Moringa oleifera Leaves Protease by Three-Phase Partitioning and Investigation of Its Potential Antibacterial Activity

One of plant-based products for dental care is plant-based proteolytic enzymes which are principally proteases. In order not to damage the protein and bioactive content, an efficient method should be employed for their purifications. As such, three-phase partitioning (TPP) was used to purify protease from moringa (Moringa oleifera). TPP is an emerging, promising, non-chromatographic and economical technology which is simple, quick, efficient and often one-step process for the separation and purification of bioactive molecules from natural sources. It involves the addition of salt (ammonium sulphate) to the crude extract followed by the addition of an organic solvent (butanol). The protein appears as an interfacial precipitate between upper organic solvent and lower aqueous phases. The various conditions such as ammonium sulphate, ratio of crude extract to t-butanol and pH which are required for attaining efficient purification of the protease fractions were optimized. Under optimized conditions, it was seen that, 35% of ammonium sulphate saturation with 1:0.75 ratio of crude extract to t-butanol at pH 7 gave 4.94-fold purification with 96.20% activity yield of protease in the middle phase of the TPP system. The purified enzyme from Moringa oleifera has no antimicrobial effect on the pathogenic bacteria tested. However, this purified enzyme, can be considered as a promising agent, cheap, and safe source which is suitable for using in various industries.

Vibration characteristics of sandwich plates with an auxetic honeycomb core and laminated three-phase skin layers under blast load

In this article,vibration characteristics of sandwich plates with an auxetic honeycomb core and laminated three-phase skin layers subjected to blast load are studied.Higher-order ES-MITC3 element based on higher-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)to achieve the governing equations.The sandwich plates with the ultra-light feature of the auxetic honeycomb core layer(negative Poisson’s ratio)and reinforced by two laminated three-phase skin layers.The obtained results in our work are compared with other previously published to confirm accuracy and reliability.In addition,the effects of parameters such as geometrical and material parameters on the vibration characteristics of sandwich plates with an auxetic honeycomb core and laminated three-phase skin layers are fully investigated.

Enhancing ammonia production rates from electrochemical nitrogen reduction by engineering three-phase boundary with phosphorus-activated Cu catalysts

Electrochemical N_(2) reduction reaction(eNRR) over Cu-based catalysts suffers from an intrinsically low activity of Cu for activation of stable N_(2) molecules and the limited supply of N_(2) to the catalyst due to its low solubility in aqueous electrolytes.Herein,we propose phosphorus-activated Cu electrocatalysts to generate electron-deficient Cu sites on the catalyst surface to promote the adsorption of N_(2) molecules.The eNRR system is further modified using a gas diffusion electrode(GDE) coated with polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) to form an effective three-phase boundary of liquid water-gas N_(2)-solid catalyst to facilitate easy access of N_(2) to the catalytic sites.As a result,the new catalyst in the flow-type cell records a Faradaic efficiency of 13.15% and an NH_(3) production rate of 7.69 μg h^(-1) cm^(-2) at-0.2 V_(RHE),which represent 3.56 and 59.2 times increases from those obtained with a pristine Cu electrode in a typical electrolytic cell.This work represents a successful demonstration of dual modification strategies;catalyst modification and N_(2) supplying system engineering,and the results would provide a useful platform for further developments of electrocatalysts and reaction systems.

Automatic measurement of three-phase contact angles in pore throats based on digital images

With the help of digital image processing technology, an automatic measurement method for the three-phase contact angles in the pore throats of the microfluidic model was established using the microfluidic water flooding experiment videos as the data source. The results of the new method were verified through comparing with the manual measurement data.On this basis, the dynamic changes of the three-phase contact angles under flow conditions were clarified by the contact angles probability density curve and mean value change curve. The results show that, for water-wetting rocks, the mean value of the contact angles is acute angle during the early stage of the water flooding process, and it increases with the displacement time and becomes obtuse angle in the middle-late stage of displacement as the dominant force of oil phase gradually changes from viscous force to capillary force. The droplet flow in the remaining oil occurs in the central part of the pore throats, without three-phase contact angle. The contact angles for the porous flow and the columnar flow change slightly during the displacement and present as obtuse angles in view of mean values, which makes the remaining oil poorly movable and thus hard to be recovered. The mean value of the contact angle for the cluster flow tends to increase in the flooding process, which makes the remaining oil more difficult to be recovered. The contact angles for the membrane flow are mainly obtuse angles and reach the highest mean value in the late stage of displacement, which makes the remaining oil most difficult to be recovered. After displacement, the remaining oils under different flow regimes are just subjected to capillary force, with obtuse contact angles, and the wettability of the pore throat walls in the microfluidic model tends to be oil-wet under the action of crude oil.