Theoretical calculation and experimental study on the load distribution coefficient (LDC) of three-ring gear reducer

In this paper, primary manufacturing and assembling errors of three-ring gear reducer （TRGR） are analyzed. TRGR is a new transmission type whose eccentric phase difference between middle ring plate and side ring plates is 120°, Its mass of middle ring plate is equal to that of side ring plate or 180°, and its inass of middle ring plate is twice of that of side ring plate, which affects load distribution between ring plates. The primary manufacturing and assembling errors include eccentric error of eccentric sheath E111, internal gear plate E1 and output external gear E11. A new theoretical method is presented in this paper, which converts load on ring plates into the dedendum bending stress of ring plate to calculate load distribution coefficient （ LDC ）, by means of gap element method （GEM）, one of finite element method （FEM）. The theoretical calculation and experimental study, which measures ring plate dedendum bending stress by means of sticking strain gauges on the dedendum of middle ring plate internal gear and side ring plate internal gears, are presented. The theoretical calculation and comparison with experiment result of LDC are implemented an two kinds of three-ring gear reducers whose eccentric phase difference between eccentric sheaths is 120° and 180°respectively. The research indicates that the result of theoretical calculation is consistent with that of experimental study. That is to say, the theoretical calculation method is feasible.

Design System of the Two-step Gear Reducer on Case-based Reasoning

The design of the two-step gear reducer is a tedious and time-consuming process. For the purpose of improving the efficiency and intelligence of design process, case-based reasoning（CBR） technology was applied to the design of the two-step gear reducer. Firstly, the current design method for the two-step gear reducer was analyzed and the principle of CBR was described. Secondly, according to the characteristics of the reducer, three key technologies of CBR were studied and the corresponding methods were provided, which are as follows： （a） an object-oriented knowledge representation method, （b） a retrieval method combining the nearest neighbor with the induction indexing, and （c） a case adaptation algorithm combining the revision based on rule with artificial revision. Also, for the purpose of improving the credibility of case retrieval, a new method for determining the weights of characteristics and a similarity formula were presented, which is a combinatorial weighting method with the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） and roughness set theory. Lastly, according to the above analytic results, a design system of the two-step gear reducer on CBR was developed by VC＋＋, UG and Access 2003. A new method for the design of the two-step gear reducer is provided in this study. If the foregoing developed system is applied to design the two-step gear reducer, design efficiency is improved, which enables the designer to release from the tedious design process of the gear reducer so as to put more efforts on innovative design. The study result fully reflects the feasibility and validity of CBR technology in the process of the design of the mechanical parts.

Load Sharing Behavior of Star Gearing Reducer for Geared Turbofan Engine

Load sharing behavior is very important for power-split gearing system, star gearing reducer as a new type and special transmission system can be used in many industry fields. However, there is few literature regarding the key multiple-split load sharing issue in main gearbox used in new type geared turbofan engine. Further mechanism anal- ysis are made on load sharing behavior among star gears of star gearing reducer for geared turbofan engine. Compre- hensive meshing error analysis are conducted on eccentricity error, gear thickness error, base pitch error, assembly error, and bearing error of star gearing reducer respectively. Floating meshing error resulting from meshing clearance variation caused by the simultaneous floating of sun gear and annular gear are taken into account. A refined mathematical model for load sharing coefficient calculation is established in consideration of different meshing stiffness and support- ing stiffness for components. The regular curves of load sharing coefficient under the influence of interactions, single action and single variation of various component errors are obtained. The accurate sensitivity of load sharing coefficienttoward different errors is mastered. The load sharing coef- ficient of star gearing reducer is 1.033 and the maximum meshing force in gear tooth is about 3010 N. This paper provides scientific theory evidences for optimal parameter design and proper tolerance distribution in advanced devel- opment and manufacturing process, so as to achieve optimal effects in economy and technology.

Design and Dynamics Simulation of a Novel Double-Ring-Plate Gear Reducer

A patented double-ring-plate gear reducer was designed and its dynamic performance was simulated. One unique characteristic of this novel drive is that the phase angle difference between two parallelogram mechanisms is a little less than 180 degree and four counterweights on two crankshafts are designed to balance inertia forces and inertia moments of the mechanisms. Its operating principle, advantages, and design issues were discussed. An elasto-dynamics model was presented to acquire its dynamic response by considering the elastic deformations of ring-plates, gears, bearings, etc. The simulation results reveal that compared with housing bearings, planetary bearings work in more severe conditions. The fluctuation of loads on gears and bearings indicates that the main reason for reducer vibration is elastic deformations of the system rather than inertia forces and inertia moments of the mechanisms.

Cycloidal Magnetic Gear Speed Reducer

A cycloidal speed reducer employing gears with permanent magnets acting as teeth is described. The magnets, which have their axes radially oriented in both the orbiting gear and the fixed internal gear, are inserted in holes drilled in nonmagnetic rims without protruding from the cylindrical exposed surfaces. Because the orbiting gear is not restrained radially, it contacts the fixed gear and rolls on its inner surface. A normal force is developed at the contact point between the gears to balance the magnetic attraction and the centrifugal force of the orbiting gear. The friction available due to this normal force increases the transmission’s torque capacity, which is further increased by elimination of the gap between the gears. Also, the radial load on the supporting orbiting gear bearing is eliminated. A prototype with a reduction ratio of 26 is being tested.

Experimental Study on Load Equilibration and Vibration Reduction in 3-Ring-Gear Reducer

Following the principle of elastic floating compensation, this paper presents a new metal elastic ring for load equilibration and vibration reduction in 3-ring-gear reducer, and design and fabrivcation of a metal elastic ring for SCH 3-ring-gear reducer. Comparison tests run with 3-ring-gear reducers without or with the metal elastic ring show satisfactory load equilibration and vibration reduction can be achieved with the metal elastic ring, and the metal elastic ring is a good solution for the problem of unequilibrated load and excessive vibration from which 3-ring-gear reducers suffered long.- This will further the improvement of design and application of 3-ring-gear reducers in both theory and practice.

基于ProE的联合收割机二级齿轮减速器仿真分析

针对联合收割机二级齿轮减速器总体结构进行了设计,基于Pro/E建立了二级齿轮减速器模型并完成了产品的装配,最后利用Pro/E Mechanism仿真模块对所设计产品进行了运动仿真。结果表明:模型满足设计需求,具有较好的稳定性,对二级齿轮减速器进一步的优化设计具有一定参考作用。

改进KnEA的二级斜齿圆柱齿轮减速器优化设计

在实际工程中,复杂的多目标问题是导致优化结果收敛性和多样性损失的重要因素。为了提高优化算法在复杂问题中维持解多样性和收敛性平衡的能力,提出了基于KnEA(A Knee Point Driven Evolutionary Algorithm)的辅助点进化算法。首先,该算法借助进化过程中有明显趋势的拐点作为邻域空间的中心;其次,通过分析邻域空间中的拐点与上一代拐点之间的关系,从侧面来定量分析了邻域空间的潜力;再次,为了解决对复杂问题优化过程中收敛性不足的缺陷,提出了根据邻域空间的进化潜力来增加辅助点的策略,进一步地提高了进化过程中的空间搜索能力。在种群的环境选择中,优先选择拐点和辅助点进化下一代,以此平衡种群的收敛性和多样性。将该算法在多目标测试问题上与流行的算法进行了比较,实验结果表明提出的算法在多目标问题优化中有明显优势。最后,将该算法应用到二级斜齿圆柱齿轮减速器优化设计当中。

无传动间隙的3K行星齿轮减速器设计

3K行星齿轮减速器的啮合齿轮副存在齿侧间隙,使得传动链中引入了传动间隙,导致传动精度降低以及换向冲击。为消除3K行星齿轮减速器的传动间隙,利用3K行星齿轮传动中行星架不参与力矩传递的特性,提出了一种柔性行星架以消除传动间隙,并通过仿真分析验证了所提消隙机构的有效性。通过配齿及效率优化实现了高效的正向和反向传动。研制样机并进行了传动精度、滞回特性、正弦响应误差、正向传动效率、反向传动效率以及反向启动扭矩测试,结果验证了所提柔性行星架对消除3K行星齿轮减速器传动间隙、提高传动精度和传动效率以及提高反向传动性能的有效性。

基于压力角的摆线针轮齿廓曲线优化方法

根据摆线针轮传动理论,提出一种基于压力角的齿廓优化方法。将摆线针轮齿廓分为工作段与非工作段,区分影响工作段压力角的因素为修形参数与设计参数,讨论两类参数对压力角的影响,以此两类参数为设计变量,以工作段平均压力角为目标函数,以运动与润滑要求确定边界条件,对RV⁃550E型减速器摆线轮进行优化设计。结果表明,此方法使算例的工作段平均压力角降低了4.14%,使单齿啮合过程的压力角最大值降低了1.35%,优化前后接触齿对最大Mises应力下降了20.77%,发生位置由摆线轮转移至针轮,模型质量减小了9.38%,在确保无根切现象的同时能获得良好的组合修形效果。

基于疲劳失效的行星齿轮减速器时变可靠性分析

随着科技革新与社会发展,对行星齿轮减速器的可靠性要求越来越高。行星齿轮减速器运行过程中存在疲劳因素,会导致可靠度发生变化。针对这一问题,首先,根据应力-强度干涉理论,构建行星齿轮减速器在疲劳失效(主要是齿面接触疲劳失效和齿根弯曲疲劳失效)下的时变可靠性模型;其次,结合单调性定理,将时变可靠性模型简化,利用Matlab编程,求解了行星齿轮减速器的可靠度;对时变可靠性模型的各变量进行了灵敏度分析;最后,以PM90精密行星齿轮减速器为例,分别得到基于疲劳失效下的可靠度和各变量的灵敏度,阐述了在接触疲劳失效和弯曲疲劳失效下的可靠性时变规律,为行星齿轮减速器的时变可靠性分析奠定了基础。

基于差分进化算法的减速器齿轮参数优化设计

根据上海道路循环工况,利用载荷的随机连续性和20CrMnMo材料的低载强化特性进行减速器齿轮有限寿命的轻量化设计。基于线性损伤理论,分别计算编制载荷谱和连续载荷谱在低载强化效应下的疲劳损伤,将疲劳损伤约束在一定范围内为选取条件,以齿轮体积最小为优化目标,建立了齿轮有限寿命的轻量化优化模型,通过差分进化算法求解得到优化后的齿轮参数。实验结果表明,设计的模型可快速准确优化齿轮参数,在采用连续载荷谱和考虑低载强化效应时,优化的齿轮参数最小。优化的模型可移植性好,可直接迁移到其他变速系统零件的轻量化设计。

重载行星轮系安装误差对系统均载性能的影响

行星轮安装误差的存在会导致行星轮系产生不均载问题,进而会影响减速器的传动性能和寿命。以往的研究未明确定义不同角度下的安装误差对系统均载性能的影响,并且关于多行星轮对系统均载影响的研究(在不同安装误差和不同输入功率下)也较少。为此,研究了实际应用中行星轮系安装误差对系统均载性能的影响。首先,以重载四行星轮系为研究对象,建立了行星轮径向和切向安装误差的综合误差表达形式;然后,基于轮系的传动模型,分析了单行星轮不同安装误差角和误差数值对系统均载的影响;最后,在单行星轮的基础上分析了不同工况和误差配置下多行星轮对系统均载的影响。研究结果表明:行星轮的切向安装误差对系统均载影响最大,径向安装误差对系统均载影响最小,当单行星轮安装误差数值为60μm,安装误差角θ从径向往切向方向靠近时,行星系统的均载系数增大了9.6%;误差绝对值越大,均载系数越大,当单行星轮安装误差数值从-30μm到-60μm时,系统的均载系数增大了4.6%;多行星轮存在切向安装误差对系统均载的影响可以用有效误差来衡量;齿轮承载范围内,随着输入功率的增大,安装误差对系统均载的影响逐渐减小。

鱼雷减速器齿轮润滑油需求流量分析

鱼雷减速器具有短时苛刻工况的工作特点,为精确计算齿轮运行时润滑油需求流量,提出一种基于热弹流润滑模型和齿面胶合理论的齿轮润滑油量计算方法,建立斜齿轮热弹流润滑模型,得到齿轮滚滑速度、齿轮齿面油膜厚度等参数,计算齿轮生热功率,基于热弹流润滑计算的齿轮固体表面温度,结合齿轮胶合临界温度,确定给定参数内润滑油最大允许温升,进一步计算出齿轮副润滑油流量。计算得到的减速器齿轮所需供油量,相比较传统机械手册计算结果,能够节约润滑油63.8%。通过试验验证,此方法更适用于短时严苛工况下减速器齿轮的润滑油需求流量计算。

尾减速器轴承预紧对锥齿轮接触印痕和齿隙的影响规律研究

尾减速器是直升机传动系统的重要部件,轴承预紧是尾减速器装配的关键环节,直接影响直升机尾旋翼的平稳性、寿命及噪声。根据轴承支撑构型建立预紧螺栓的受力模型,得到螺栓的拧紧力矩及施加在支撑面上的轴向力;基于受力关系建立尾减速器轴承预紧有限元分析模型,根据分析结果提取了锥齿轮副的安装误差,处理得到:弧齿锥齿轮副的齿面间隙随着力矩的增大而减小,印痕位置随着力矩的增大有逐渐向大端移动的趋势;试验结果与有限元计算结果吻合性较强,方法可进一步推广到其他类型减速器中。

基于IAS信号自适应窄带解调的RV减速器摆线轮故障特征提取

RV(rotary vector)减速器广泛应用于工业机器人,研究其关键零部件的故障检测方法具有重要意义。由于RV减速器结构复杂、摆线轮转速低、故障冲击较弱等问题,造成摆线轮故障特征难以用常规振动分析方法提取。针对上述问题,提出一种基于瞬时角速度信号自适应窄带解调的RV减速器摆线轮故障特征提取方法。首先对编码器角度信号进行采集,然后使用向前差分法获得瞬时角速度信号,在此基础上,使用角域同步平均提取摆线轮周期相关同步分量,消除非同步干扰,并通过构建边带信噪比指标选取故障信息丰富的啮合谐波频带进行带通滤波,最后对滤波后的信号进行窄带解调,实现对RV减速器摆线轮的故障特征提取。试验结果表明,该方法可以有效地提取RV减速器摆线轮故障特征,且自适应实现优化带宽选择。

基于知识的齿轮减速器传动方案智能设计

为解决机械系统传动方案的综合评价及优化难以高效评判的问题,采用模糊层次分析法和遗传算法相结合的评价方式,获取适合机械系统的最佳传动方案,并通过齿轮减速器传动方案设计作为验证实例。基于模糊层次分析理论综合评价法确定权重及量化评价指标,通过遗传算法选择传动方案并对其进行评价,最后进行决策并输出最佳传动方案。通过该方法构建了齿轮减速器传动方案智能设计系统模型,通过对知识的获取、推理机制和控制策略输出传动方案的总体设计并对其进行优化决策,以输出符合要求的最优齿轮减速器传动方案。利用MATLAB图形用户界面设计框实现了基于知识的齿轮减速器传动方案智能优化与决策系统的设计开发,通过搭建优选系统建立了各模块之间的逻辑关系,实现了信息输入和方案输出的功能。以齿轮减速器的设计为例,通过验证和分析,能有效地对方案进行评价和优选,证实该系统的可用性、合理性。

SGZ1000/2×1200刮板输送机链轮轴组改造设计

链轮轴组是煤矿井下输送设备不可或缺的部件,刮板输送机、转载机的链轮轴组在工作面使用过程中出现故障需要更换时,必须先将输送设备动力部拆下后才可更换,耗费大量的人力、物力及时间。为解决这一问题,设计出一种可快速拆解式的链轮轴组,将链轮轴组与减速器的直接联接方式进行改进,通过一种齿轮联轴器进行互联,既能实现轴组与减速器的联接,也能实现轴组的快速更换。

精密减速器摆线轮制造误差的数字化测量

摆线轮的制造误差是影响精密减速器传动精度的重要因素。基于使用一维测头的齿轮测量中心提出了一种精密减速器摆线轮制造误差的数字化测量方法,该方法能够快速而精确的实现摆线轮制造误差的测量。通过建立摆线轮的理论齿廓模型和误差测量模型,计算得到了测头的理论运动轨迹。根据精密测量原理,通过采取实际齿廓的NURBS拟合以及实际齿廓与理论齿廓的最佳匹配处理,构建了摆线轮制造误差精确计算过程及制造误差处理的数学模型,通过采用优化迭代算法求解得到了摆线轮的实际制造误差。在国产JB45型齿轮测量中心上对摆线轮的实际齿廓进行了实际检测,验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。

航空行星齿轮减速器在传动系统中的设计研究

航空行星齿轮减速器作为一种重要的机械元件,广泛应用于航空航天领域。轻量化、高可靠性和高效率的特点,使其成为航空发动机的理想选择。然而,由于其特殊性质和复杂结构,其设计和制造也面临着诸多挑战。因此,将从航空行星齿轮减速器的基本理论出发,通过对其在传动系统中的设计进行研究,并提出一些齿轮强度校核方法,以期为该领域的发展提供一定的参考价值。