NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE STRUCTURAL STRESS FIELD OF BEIYA GOLD DEPOSIT

Based on the study about the geological background of Beiya Gold Deposit, numerical simulation was conducted about the three-dimensional structural stress field for Beiya Gold Deposit by applying finite element theory and by employing a linear elasticity model. Results of the simulation indicate that the Beiya syncline is a faulted basin, and a hidden fracture occurs in the west wing of the syncline.Under the action of the EW-trending compressive force, four nearly NS-trending fractures (groups) were generated in the stress stretching areas of the two wings of the syncline, and these fractures constitute favorable tectonic positions for the upward intrusion of porphyry magma and the occurrence of Au-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposits.

The Structure of Ore-controlling Strain and Stress Fields in the Shangzhuang Gold Deposit in Shandong Province,China

The Shangzhuang altered-rock type gold ore deposit is located in the middle segment of and controlled by the Wang＇ershan fault zone in the northwestern part of the Jiaodong gold province, China. The deformation evolution, the structure of strain and stress fields and its ore-controlling effect in the Shangzhuang deposit are discussed in this paper. It is revealed that the deformation evolution has mainly undergone four phases： the early ductile deformation, the second NE-striking horizontal simple shear, the third NE-striking compression-shear and the final NW-striking compression. The mineralization happened during the third stage in which the maximum principal stress gradually transited from NE to NW. The 3-D numerical simulations of the stress field show that, on the condition that the maximum principal stress is NE-striking, the fracture development in the fault zone is favored, while when the maximum principal stress is NW-striking, the fault zone is relatively extensional and it is suitable for the influx and emplacement of ore-forming fluids. The compression-shear strain field during the mineralization is characterized by the λ-type structure, the positive flower structure, etc. Orebodies are mostly equidistantly located in the dilatational spaces, which are distributed in the integral compressional circumstances. And the dilatational spaces are developed where the fault attitude changes or shear joint systems develop. In the overall compression-shear stress field, the strain field bears self-similarity at multiple scales, including the orebody, ore deposit and orefield. The selfsimilarity of the structure comprises the subequidistant distribution of fractures at the same scale and the similar shape of the fractures at various scales. Yet, due to the special geological structure, the orebodies are mostly located in the hanging wall in the Shangzhuang deposit, which is different from most deposits in the Jiaodong gold province. Analyses of the ore-controlling stress and strain fields in the deposit provide an important basis for deposit seeking.

End Late Paleozoic tectonic stress field in the southern edge of Junggar Basin

This paper presents the end Late Paleozoic tectonic stress field in the southern edge of Junggar Basin by interpreting stress-response structures （dykes, folds, faults with slickenside and conjugate joints）. The direction of the maximum principal stress axes is interpreted to be NW-SE （about 325°）, and the accommodated motion among plates is assigned as the driving force of this tectonic stress field. The average value of the stress index Rt is about 2.09, which indicates a variation from strike-slip to compressive tectonic stress regime in the study area during the end Late Paleozoic period. The reconstruction of the tectonic field in the southern edge of Junggar Basin provides insights into the tectonic deformation processes around the southern Junggar Basin and contributes to the further understanding of basin evolution and tectonic settings during the culmination of the Paleo- zoic.

Separate Analysis of Remote Sensing Information of Structures of Different Geological Periods and Quantitative Study of Corresponding Tectonic Stress Fields

The structural feature shown on a remote sensing image is a synthetic result ofcombination of the deformations produced during the entire geological history of an area.Therefore, the respective tectonic stress field of each of the different stages in the complexdeformation of an area can be reconstructed in three steps: (1) geological structures formed atdifferent times are distinguished in remote sensing image interpretation; (2) structuraldeformation fields at different stages are determined by analyzing relationships betweenmicrostructures (joints and fractures) and the related structures (folds and faults); and (3)tectonic stress fields at different stages are respectively recovered through a study of the featuresof structural deformation fields in different periods. Circular structures and related circlular and radial joints are correlated in space to con-cealed structural rises. The authors propose a new method for establishing a natural model ofthe concealed structural rises and calculating the tectonic stress field by using quantitative dataof the remote sensing information of circular structures and related linear structures.

The characteristics of tectonic stress field about strike slip earthquake－generating structure in the Chinese mainland

This paper is one of the series papers about the study on strike-slip earthquake-generating structure in the Chinese mainland. In the first part of this paper, based on the large amount of data from large earthquake investigation and the latest results of focal mechanism, the earthquake-generating structure in the Chinese mainland interior and its neighbouring region is discussed. It is concluded that the absolutely predominated earthquake, not only in number, but also in intensity, as well as in distributing area, is strike slip earthquake, and it is further stressed that the study on the strike slip earthquake-generating structure is significant for seismic risk analysis. In the second part, the characteristics of tectonic stress field about strike slip earthquake-generating structure and the compiled distribution outline of strike slip earthquake-generating fault, normal fault, and thrust fault in the Chinese mainland interior and its neighbouring region, in the light of stress characteristics of fault plane solutions, are also discussed.

“Giant pressure shadow” structure and ore-finding method of tectonic stress field in the Tongchang Cu-Au polymetallic orefield,Shaanxi,China:Ⅱ.Dynamics of tectonic ore-forming processes and prognosis of concealed ores

The Tongchang orefield is located in the central part of the Mianxian-Lueyang-Yangpingguan area that is celebrated as a 'gold triangle' area,at the juncture of the latitudinal tectonic zone of South Qinling,the Longmenshan Cathysian tectonic zone and the Sichuan-Yunnan longitudinal tectonic zone,where there are distributed Cu-Au polymetallic ore deposits(occurrences) including the Tongchang,Chenjiaba,Qinjiabian,Hongtushi,Yinshangou and Xiakouyi ore deposits(mineralization).Based on the "giant pressure shadow" structure put forward and demonstrated by numerical modeling of the tectonic stress field and the static photoelasticity experiments on the basis of tectonic ore-controlling laws in the orefield,tectonic metallogenesis driven by orefield tectonic stress has been discussed in terms of its geological setting,orefield geomechanics,and tectonic stress field.It is thought that the dynamic evolution model of the tectonic stress field controls the whole process of formation of the polymetallic ore deposits(mineralization) in the orefield,as well as the deformation field.As a result,it controls the emplacement of rockbodies and the transformation of ore-source bodies,and provides both the channel-ways for ore-forming fluids and ore-hosting space.Furthermore,it controls the migration potential field of fluids and,thereafter,its flow direction,rate and volume;the tectonic stress field also controls the energy field and hence controls the position of occurrence of ore deposits and their scale.The method of tectonic stress field has been applied to ore prognosis in the orefield.The rules of magmatic emplacement and metallogenic fluid migrating and concentrating under the control of the structural stress field were expounded,hence providing the theoretical basis for the prognosis of concealed ores.In addition,a number of important target areas have been defined.

Determine Stress Field of the Shirband Area by Geometric and Kinematic Analysis of Faults and Folds (North Damqan, Iran)

In this paper faults and folds of shirband area (north of damqan) investigated to determine the orient of the stress field. The study area is limited between the two faults with E-W strike and northward slip. Investigations result show major faults of the area have sinisteral mechanism. Waterways displacement and slicken slip of faults approve this issue. Three main folds of area has approx-imately same trend along major faults (E-W). Orientation of stress field investigated and classified by using from some large and medium scale faults and folds. Analysis of stress field investigated by inversion method show that compression axis in the study area have approximately NE-SW strike.

Comparison of large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway: A theoretical analysis and field investigation

Under the dual influence of the mining disturbance of the previous working face and the advanced mining of the working face,the roadway is prone to large deformation,failure,and rockburst.Roadway stabilization has always significantly influenced deep mining safety.In this article we used the research background of the large deformation failure roadway of Fa-er Coal Mine in Guizhou Province of China to propose two control methods:bolt-cable-mesh+concrete blocks+directional energy-gathering blasting(BCM-CBDE method)and 1st Generation-Negative Poisson’s Ratio(1G NPR)cable+directional energy-gathering blasting+dynamic pressure stage support(πgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel)(NPR-DEDP method).Meantime,we compared the validity of the large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway based on theoretical analysis,numerical simulations,and field experiments.The results show that directional energy-gathering blasting can weaken the pressure acting on the concrete blocks.However,the vertical stress of the surrounding rock of the roadway is still concentrated in the entity coal side and the concrete blocks,showing a’bimodal’distribution.BCM-CBDE method cannot effectively control the stability of the roadway.NPR-DEDP method removed the concrete blocks.It shows using the 1G NPR cable with periodic slipping-sticking characteristics can adapt to repeated mining disturbances.The peak value of the vertical stress of the roadway is reduced and transferred to the deep part of the surrounding rock mass,which promotes the collapse of the gangue in the goaf and fills the goaf.The pressure of the roadway roof is reduced,and the gob-side roadway is fundamentally protected.Meantime,the dynamic pressure stage support method withπgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel as the core effectively protects the roadway from dynamic pressure impact when the main roof is periodically broken.After the on-site implementation of NPR-DEDP method,the deformation of the roadway is reduced by more than 45%,and the deformation rate is reduced by more than 50%.

基于区域构造应力场探讨2014年鲁甸地震余震活动发生在共轭断裂上的原因

2014年8月3日云南省昭通市鲁甸县发生MS6.5地震。该事件的特殊之处在于余震活动表现在共轭的昭通-鲁甸断裂和包谷垴-小河断裂上。为了从应力角度探究地震活动发生在2条断裂上的原因及确定主震发生在哪条断裂上,文中首先搜集了鲁甸地震周围的震源机制数据,求解了区域构造应力场,然后采用新发展的模糊聚类断层面拟合法获得了地震2条断层的产状参数:NNW-SSE向分支的走向和倾角分别为336.67°和88.41°,近EW向分支的走向和倾角分别为266.10°和86.42°。之后,将应力场投影到2条断层面上,发现包谷垴-小河断裂和昭通-鲁甸断裂的相对剪应力都很大,说明2条断层均可能发生地震活动。相比之下,包谷垴-小河断裂处的相对剪应力更大,可能预示着包谷垴-小河断裂的地震活动比昭通-鲁甸断裂更强烈。上述分析得到了2条断层上地震活动的M-T图和总体地震矩的支持。

不等跨十车道四连拱隧道施工全过程支护结构受力特征现场测试研究

多连拱隧道开挖洞室多、跨度大,施工过程中荷载转换频繁,支护结构受力特征复杂,对多连拱隧道支护结构受力开展现场测试研究具有重要意义。依托长沙观音岩不等跨四连拱隧道工程,选取典型断面对各洞室初支钢拱架、二次衬砌结构进行施工全过程应力监测,以获得复杂施工步序下支护结构受力特征。测试结果表明:观音岩隧道施工中,先行主洞较后行洞室承担的围岩压力更大,右主洞、左右辅洞开挖顺序居后,施工扰动次数较少,支护结构内力较小;各洞室中,初支钢拱架内力整体均呈“左小右大”的非对称分布特征,其最大轴向压力402.71 kN、最大弯矩7.97kN·m出现在左主洞的右拱脚处,二衬内力整体非对称程度较低,只以左主洞呈显著非对称分布,其余洞室呈整体对称分布;先行左主洞支护结构的内力扰动主要由受后行邻洞的开挖影响所产生,后行右主洞、左辅洞开挖支护阶段,左主洞初支钢拱架、二衬结构绝大部分位置其内力增量超过总增量的一半;采用“先主后辅,左主先行”施工方案,施工全过程支护结构的安全性均满足规范要求,支护结构设计和施工措施合理。研究成果可为复杂条件下多连拱隧道的设计与施工提供借鉴。

全球重力势能特征及其地质意义——基于Crust1.0模型的分析

重力势能及重力势能差是分析岩石圈内部密度变化所引起的岩石圈平均应力特征的主要方法之一.本文基于全球Crust1.0模型地壳结构,结合常密度、横向变密度和三维变密度三种不同的地幔密度模型,获得了全球尺度更为精细的重力势能及重力势能差分布特征并开展分析.研究结果表明,在北美西部、安第斯山脉、东非、青藏高原等区域表现为重力势能高,呈拉张应力状态;在洋盆、高原周围的盆地等地区表现为重力势能低,呈挤压应力状态.对比分析不同地幔密度模型结果,发现大洋地区洋壳薄,岩石圈地幔密度受构造及热影响变化较大,对重力势能影响大;大陆地区地壳厚度大,对重力势能影响大,地幔密度变化影响相对较小.采用三维变密度地幔模型获得的重力势能差分布和大地水准面异常计算获得的全球重力势能差分布具有相似特征,表明该模型的计算结果更符合全球岩石圈尺度的应力分布特征.三维变密度地幔模型计算的重力势能差显示洋中脊轴部地区趋于零,说明该处岩石圈密度变化对应力影响较小,其拉张应力与洋中脊地区地幔上涌更为相关.

新疆若羌县砂梁西逆冲推覆构造特征及勘查找矿意义

青藏高原北缘阿尔金成矿带新发现了多处古生代的伟晶岩型锂铍矿床,其中以吐格曼、阿亚格、瓦石峡南锂铍矿床为代表,显示该成矿带具有良好的稀有金属找矿前景。近年来,在若羌县砂梁西铁矿区中也发现了伟晶岩型锂-铌钽矿化,含矿伟晶岩赋存于长城系巴什库尔干岩群和古生代花岗质岩体中,钻探显示其北带部分伟晶岩型矿体深部具有“无根”的特征。本文基于野外地质调查资料,在矿区发现一条第四纪低角度逆冲推覆构造,严格控制着含矿伟晶岩的深部空间展布特征。针对逆冲推覆断层中发育的擦痕,利用Faultkin软件进行了古应力方向的反演分析,确定逆冲推覆的最大主应力作用方向为NNW-SSE。综合分析区域资料,认为阿尔金造山带北缘第四纪逆冲推覆构造形成于青藏高原自南向北扩展期间,伴随着阿尔金走滑断裂的左旋走滑作用,在阿尔金北缘断裂附近出现了大规模的逆冲推覆。逆冲推覆构造的发现及其推覆方向的准确判定,下一步对该区分析含矿伟晶岩矿体的空间展布特征及其找矿工程部署提供了参考资料。

四川盆地川西坳陷深部致密砂岩储层地应力场预测及分区评价——以新场—丰谷地区须家河组二段为例

四川盆地川西坳陷新场构造带三叠系须家河组二段致密气藏资源潜力巨大,但地质构造复杂,勘探开发面临巨大挑战。尤其是对现今地应力状态和展布规律的认识尚不清晰,严重制约了工程甜点选取、井眼轨迹优化以及储层压裂改造工作的开展。为明确研究区须二段致密气藏现今地应力的分布特征,从岩心试验、矿场测试和测井解释等多个角度切入,明确单井地应力特征;充分考虑构造变形和断裂对地应力的扰动特征,采用Rhinoceros和FLAC3D软件,对须二段进行了精细的三维应力场建模与预测;基于地应力分布预测结果,选取对压裂和产量影响较大的最小主应力和应力差作为评价指标,对应力场特征进行了分区评价,并对不同应力区井位部署、井轨迹及压裂改造设计给出了初步建议。新场构造带须二段的现今最大水平主应力方向多在N85°—108°E之间,整体随埋深增加逆时针偏转;现今地应力属于走滑应力机制,中部合兴场三向应力明显高于新场和丰谷地区,构造变形和断裂对局部应力场存在扰动。应力分区结果显示,有利于压裂改造的低应力差—低地应力区主要发育在新场和合兴场的三级东西向断裂和四级南北、北东向断裂带附近,以及丰谷地区的构造张性扰动区域。

脉冲电流下对AL6061合金进行熔孔止裂与愈合的仿真研究

Al6061铝合金常应用于航空航天领域蒙皮制造,因其中等硬度与低强度的弱点,在承受复杂载荷时容易出现微裂纹,进而影响服役安全可靠性。脉冲电流是一种极速、非平衡的金属材料微小裂纹修复工艺,可以克服该材料不易焊接修复的短板。在既有的实验基础上建立单边预制裂纹缺口模型,采用有限元仿真手段,进行了热-电-力三场耦合数值模拟,计算不同参数下裂纹区域的电场、温度场和应力场分布。使用“生死单元”法模拟止裂熔孔的产生,并获得了不同几何、物理参数下止裂熔孔尺寸变化的规律。结果表明:焦耳热形成的止裂熔孔降低裂尖的集中应力,抑制裂纹扩展,裂纹区域高温区与基体常温区形成温度梯度相互约束产生巨大的热压应力促使裂纹宽度减小,进而直至愈合;初始熔孔尺寸与裂纹长度成正比、与板厚成反比,最佳尺寸直径为0.1 mm以内;电流值和电流加载时间均能控制熔孔生长,电流值一定时,当时间达到0.12 s形成的熔孔尺寸超出最佳止裂尺寸范围。研究成果为特定金属材料的裂纹止裂与愈合提供了机理参考和仿真方法。

聚乳酸立构复合晶的加工成型进展

由于聚乳酸(PLA)分子链刚性较大,运动能力较弱,分子链间缠结位点较少,其耐热性较差。生产中,常诱导PLA形成高熔点且相互嵌套的透明立构复合晶(SC-PLA),改善其耐热性能。SC-PLA的主要制备方法包括溶液法及熔体法,但是,SC-PLA晶在热力学上属于亚稳态,二次成型加工过程中难以保持稳定。加工过程为赋予材料热历史的过程,其中,应力诱导无需添加成核剂,并且,工艺步骤简单,具有精准的局部结构调控能力,因此,得到了研究人员的广泛关注。综述了剪切、压应力场及拉伸应力场作用下,SC-PLA的成型加工原理与分子链构型构象及性能的变化。总结了影响SC-PLA生成比例的因素,进一步分析SC-PLA的性能上限,拓展其在不同领域的高性能化应用。

准噶尔盆地四棵树凹陷多期应力场作用下的构造演化特征

准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树凹陷位于北天山山前冲断带西段,盆地自古生代以来经历了多期、多向的构造运动;明确研究区构造系统特征及其演化过程,对此类含油气盆地的油气勘探开发具有重要意义。在前人地质研究的基础上,结合详细的地震资料解释、地质调查与地层发育特征,根据研究区构造发育背景,以四棵树凹陷构造格局的变动和多期应力场为线索,对四棵树凹陷构造演化过程进行了系统性分析。研究表明,四棵树凹陷深部发育挤压反转-走滑构造层、浅部发育推覆-滑脱构造层;平面上根据构造样式发育特征可划分为南部挤压断褶带、中部走滑压扭带、北部隆起带;凹陷经历了2期强烈的构造隆升期,对应2期断裂活动高峰期;构造环境及应力场条件发生了多次转变,晚石炭世至早中二叠世为弧后裂陷背景下的NNW-SSE向伸展裂陷期、晚二叠世至三叠纪为扎伊尔山造山运动下NNW-SSE向挤压的断坳转换期、晚侏罗世至古近纪为周缘造山带与车排子凸起的共同作用下NNW-SSE向挤压陆内坳陷期、新近纪为北天山强烈的造山活动背景下NS向挤压作用的复活前陆盆地期。通过探讨多期应力场作用下四棵树凹陷的构造演化特征,进一步深入认识了此类含油气盆地整体构造格局的变动过程,也为研究区油气资源下一步勘探提供了新思路。

地质因素对松河煤矿瓦斯赋存的控制作用

掌握煤层瓦斯赋存特征可为煤层气资源开发和煤矿瓦斯灾害治理提供理论指导,煤层瓦斯赋存受地质因素所控制,为揭示地质因素对松河煤矿瓦斯赋存的控制作用,采用地质统计法、构造控制理论,结合矿区大地构造位置、构造演化和区域构造应力场的特点,分析了矿区构造、矿井构造、小型构造的特征,探讨了其对瓦斯赋存的控制作用。结果表明:盘江矿区煤层主要受燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动影响,海陆交替相沉积环境、构造抬升和后期风化剥蚀作用,导致背斜煤层风化剥蚀、向斜煤层当中瓦斯得以保存,煤层瓦斯由向斜两翼向核部逐渐增大。“三角形弧系”构造应力场控制矿区构造变形及构造煤发育,在“三角形弧系”构造的顶角位置的构造变形强烈、煤体变形严重,煤层瓦斯含量相对较高,而在“三角形弧系”构造的边部构造变形弱、构造煤发育程度低,煤层瓦斯含量相对较低。松河煤矿位于“三角形弧系”构造边部的土城向N翼弱构造变形区,致使煤层整体上受构造破坏作用小,构造煤发育程度低,在煤层局部范围发育有压性或压扭性断裂,煤层埋深是松河煤矿煤层瓦斯赋存的主控因素,而压性或压扭性断裂附近是瓦斯灾害局部防治的重点,对松河煤矿以及具有相似地质条件的煤矿实施精准瓦斯治理工作具有指导意义。

湘南大义山地区中—新生代变形序列及其动力学背景

大义山地区处于南岭构造带与钦杭构造带结合部位,自早中生代以来发育多方向、不同类型的构造,这些变形的先后序次对理解湘南及邻区的构造演化过程具有基础性意义,然而目前其构造变形特征和应力场演替过程仍缺乏精细剖析。本文运用构造解析方法对大义山地区地表基岩中的剪切破裂和褶皱等构造要素进行分期和配套,利用赤平投影法恢复剪切破裂的古构造应力场,结合中—新生代华南大地构造演化历史,厘定了研究区5期构造变形事件及其动力学背景:第1期NEE—SWW向挤压(D_(1))发生于中三叠世晚期印支运动早幕,其动力学背景可能为多板块围限下的扬子克拉通与华夏地块间继发性陆内俯冲汇聚,而局部与区域挤压方向的差异性,可能与NW向邵阳—郴州断裂左行走滑派生的近E—W向挤压应力场及走滑所产生的逆时针牵引作用有关;第2期近S—N向挤压(D_(2))形成于晚三叠世—早侏罗世印支运动晚幕,可能与华北克拉通向南的挤压和思茅—印支地块向北的挤压有关;第3期NWW—SEE向挤压(D_(3))为中侏罗世晚期早燕山运动的产物,其动力来源于古太平洋板块(或伊泽奈崎板块)对华南大陆的西向俯冲;第4期与岩浆作用相关变形(D_(4))包括褶皱、挤压面理、肿缩构造和张剪性破裂等,可能受制于早燕山运动后造山阶段晚侏罗世花岗质岩浆沿不同方向基底断裂的幕式上侵和侧向流动;第5期N(N)E—S(S)W向挤压(D_(5))发生于古近纪中晚期,可能与先存NNE向断裂带右行走滑所派生的局部挤压应力场有关,其动力学机制可能为印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞而引发的青藏高原物质东向逃逸。进一步分析认为,NW向邵阳—郴州断裂最强烈的走滑活动可能发生在印支运动早幕,并由此奠定了断裂周缘中—新生代构造格架。

厚煤层双巷布置切顶卸压作用机制

【目的】探究厚煤层双巷布置切顶卸压顶板运移规律及围岩支承压力分布机制。【方法】以古城N1302工作面胶带顺槽与回风顺槽为工程背景,对胶带顺槽单巷切顶实现双巷有效卸压,采用理论分析、现场试验与数值模拟相结合的方式,研究切顶卸压对于双巷布置的作用机制。【结果】结果表明:理论计算发现切顶后内应力场范围明显增大,能够有效减小胶带顺槽受力;现场试验发现相较于未切顶时,切顶高度为20 m时切巷围岩变形明显下降,但高位关键层提前回转造成回风顺槽在服务期间底鼓量增大。数值模拟发现在巷间煤柱宽度一定时,未切断上部关键层时提高切顶高度对煤帮垂直应力影响不大,当切断高位关键层时,回风顺槽煤帮垂直应力明显下降;在切顶高度一定时,改变巷间煤柱宽度可控制回风顺槽受力情况。

神木北地区上古生界断裂构造分析及其影响

神木北地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地的东北部,富集油气资源,其在上古生界太原组、山西组和石盒子组上发育小型正断层、逆断层、个别切割能力较强的走滑断层及高角度裂缝,由构造作用产生的断层、裂缝及后期由烃源岩内部异常高压使泥岩破裂所形成的裂缝都影响油气运移和油气田分布。该文利用地震资料、钻井资料、测井资料和成像资料结合人工地震合成记录标定法、野外露头调查法等对地震资料处理、解释和结合野外露头调查法、岩心观察法,镜下薄片鉴定法和成像测井方法等识别裂缝构造、发育类型和发育基本规律,上述方法对神木北地区的油气资源勘探,具有重要的研究意义和具体的应用价值。