Study on Quality Improvement of Flue-cured Tobacco by Threshing and Pneumatic Separation

This study was conducted to further classify threshed strips, so as to broaden the usable range of raw material and facilitate the effective utilization of to- bacco resource. During the threshing and redwing process, various process param- eters including the rotating speeds of threshing drums of threshing machioe, draught fans and fling drums were scientifically and rationally set according to the actual quality of the raw material. According to the characteristic that strips with close in- herent quality have basically the same specific gravity and leaf thickness, the strips from each discharge hole were accurately evaluated, and classified, followed by redrying and packaging. The results showed that the threshing and separating pro- cedure could improve the separating effect and precision according to tobacco qual- ity, so as to satisfy the separation and classification requirements for tobacco.

Effect of mechanical threshing on damage and vigor of maize seed threshed at different moisture contents

Mechanical threshing used when preparing maize seeds for planting subjects seed to damage and reduces seed quality.The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of mechanical threshing on the quality of maize seed threshed at different moisture contents(MCs).Seeds of dent maize JK968 and flint maize DD2 were threshed at 12,15,18,21,and 24% MC.The damage degree was determined by iodine staining,and seed vigor was assessed by standard germination(SG),cold test germination(CTG),accelerated aging germination(AAG),seedling emergence rate,and seedling root and shoot length.The results showed that the damage percentage increased,and the seed vigor parameters decreased with increasing seed MC during threshing in both cultivars.For obtaining high seed quality,indicated by at least 90,85,and 80% of SG,AAG,and CTG,respectively,JK 968 and DD2 should be threshed at MC lower than 15 and 18%,respectively.Furthermore,the damage mainly occurred in the apical part of seeds,irrespective of the threshing MC in both cultivars.When the embryo was damaged,seedling emergence rates were significantly reduced with great influence on shoot length.Damage to the endosperm resulted in little effect on seedling performance.Flint maize DD2 was more tolerant to mechanical threshing than dent maize JK968.These results provided technical reference for the production and processing of high vigor maize seeds.

Influence of Shape and Size of Threshing Frame and Tobacco Grade on Leaf Strip Structure

This paper focused on the influence of the shape and size of threshing frames as well as the grades of tobacco leaves on the structure of threshed leaves.The testing tobacco leaves all came from the hilly ecological region of Nanling and belonged to burnt sweet,alcoholic sweet and scent category.The comprehensive evaluating value S was taken as the test index.Results showed that,without considering the influence of tobacco grade on leaf structure,the shapes of first-stage thresher five-link frames were all hexagons,and the combination with the sizes of 3.5,3.0,3.5,3.0,3.0 inches had the highest evaluating value S of 2.49.For tobacco grade C2FH,the shapes of first-stage thresher five-link frames were also hexagons,and the evaluating value S reached the highest value of 3.40 with sizes of 3.5,3.0,3.5,3.0,3.0 inches.Comprehensive analysis showed that:3.0 inch frame performed better in controlling the percentage of large-sized strips than 3.5 inch frame did;rhombic frames were better than hexagon frames in reducing the breakage rate of tobacco leaves;different shapes or sizes of nonadjacent two-link frames can help to improve the threshing quality.

Relation of Primitive Moisture Content and Energy Consumption on Soybean Pod Threshing

In this research, the effects of initial moisture content and needed impact energy on threshing of soybean pods were studied. An impact device was built based of pendulum mechanism. In the experiments, threshing percentage of soybean pod samples were measured at three initial moisture content levels of 16.25% and 35% w.b. and three energy levels of 173,284 and 446 mJ. The results of analysis of variance showed that moisture content and energy have significant effects on the threshing percentage. By increasing impact energy, amount of pod threshing increased. Also in all the energy levels, maximum threshing occurred at minimum moisture. Maximum threshing percentage was 83.4%, which was at 16% moisture content and 446 mJ levels, also minimum threshing percentage was 3.3% which was at 35% moisture content and 174 mJ levels. Soybean pod with higher moisture, contact between its edges of the pod was stronger than lower moisture, so more energy was needed to separate two edges at 35% moisture.

Quality Evaluation of Threshing and Redrying Process Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

Improving the stability of the homogenization process to achieve the homogeneity of tobacco products is one of important targets for the redrying industry.According to the specification for threshing and redrying process,a total of 14 indicators in three categories that affect the quality of the threshing and redrying process were selected.Using analytic hierarchy process,combined with expert experiences,a judgment matrix was constructed to conduct consistency test.The weights of indices in production were obtained.This will help in evaluating the actual production quality,finding the weak links of process and adjusting the parameters of the corresponding links in a targeted manner,thereby improving the quality of production process.

Occurrence Regularity and Life History of Cigarette Beetle Lasioderrma serricorne(Fabricius)in Tobacco Leaf Threshing and Redrying Workshop

[Objectives]The paper was to study the occurrence regularity and life history of cigarette beetle Lasioderrma serricorne(Fabricius)in tobacco leaf threshing and redrying workshop.[Methods]With the tobacco leaf threshing and redrying workshop as the survey site,the occurrence regularity of L.serricorne was investigated,and the life history table was inferred according to its biological characteristics.The temperature,humidity and duration of tobacco leaf threshing and redrying were simulated in the laboratory to study the survival rate of all states of L.serricorne in this environment.[Results]The lifecycle of L.serricorne in tobacco leaf threshing and redrying workshop was:the overwintering generation pupated in late February;the pupa began to emerge in early March,and reached its peak in late March.The first-generation eggs started hatching in late March,pupated in late May,emerged in early June,and reached the peak eclosion of the first-generation adults in mid-July.The second-generation eggs began to hatch in late July,pupated in mid-August,emerged in late August,and reached the peak eclosion of the second-generation adults in mid-September.The third-generation eggs began to hatch in mid-September;most of the larvae began to overwinter,some pupated in mid-November and survived the winter as pupae,and some pupae emerged to adults.The survival test results of different states of L.serricorne under simulated temperature,humidity and duration in the tobacco leaf threshing and redrying process showed that the mortality rates of eggs in simulated 1,2 and 3 conditions were about 51.22%,90.24% and 100%,and the mortalities of larvae in simulated 1,2 and 3 conditions were about 18.30%,81.25%and 100%,respectively.The mortalities of pupae in simulated 1,2 and 3 conditions were about 69.39%,100% and 100%,and the mortalities of adults in simulated 1,2 and 3 conditions were about 100%,100% and 100%,respectively.[Conclusions]L.serricorne of different states can be killed by appropriately raising the temperature during threshing and redrying.

脱粒机构数字孪生系统构建与应用

农业脱粒机构结构复杂、工况恶劣,在进行实物研究时耗时费力。采用数字孪生系统可以实时监控脱粒机构的工作状态,预测故障,积累数据并提供解决方案。对脱粒机构数字孪生系统的研究表明,选取脱粒滚筒扭矩、滚筒转速、轴承温度、振动加速度及消耗功率作为关键参数可对脱粒机构物理实体进行准确地状态判断,运用Unity软件和AMESim软件构建物理实体的数字孪生系统可用于虚拟仿真,使用ZigBee无线通信方式进行数据交互能够满足数字孪生系统数据交互的需求。

牵引式油莎豆收获机设计与试验

根据东北地区油莎豆收获的农艺要求以及土地情况,为切实解决油莎豆收获机械化程度低、收获成本高、油莎豆根、豆、土分离困难的问题,设计一种牵引式油莎豆收获机。通过升运网链系统、脱粒滚筒、双层4阶4箱式逐稿器分离装置、清选风机和具有漏土功能的籽粒输送系统等工作部件,使油莎豆收获过程具有良好的分离性、流动性和多重清选功能,可有效防止根茎的缠绕、筛网堵塞和分离不净等问题。田间作业试验结果表明:该机具有动力消耗小、作业效率高等特点,样机的整体收获洁净率可达到90.86%。

小麦育种单穗电动脱粒机设计与试验

【目的】针对小麦育种单穗收获、采样工作量大、田间实时采样不便等问题,设计了一款便携式的小麦育种单穗电动脱粒机。【方法】单穗脱粒机采用了脱粒板和清选风机同轴、U型清选风道、清选风量调节可调的结构设计。确定了脱粒板结构、脱粒板转速,清选风机直径、叶片数及风机风速等参数。通过计算流体力学(compu-tational fluid dynamics,CFD)对最小进口风速5 m·s^(-1)、最大进口风速10 m·s^(-1)分别进行清选性能试验。由仿真可知清选区风速均小于小麦籽粒的悬浮速度,大于杂余的悬浮速度,都能够达到小麦清选的要求。利用离散元法(distinct element method,DEM),采用多尺度颗粒聚合的方法建立可脱粒小麦植株模型;通过仿真试验,分析小麦籽粒在脱粒机内的速度和位移随时间的变化规律,对滞种问题进行分析。【结果】为研究脱粒滚筒转速、喂入量、凹板筛间隙对脱粒机滞种的影响,设计3因素3水平正交试验,极差分析法结果表明,各因素于滞种率主次顺序依次为脱粒滚筒转速>喂入量>凹板筛间隙,其中滞种率最小的工作参数组合是滚筒转速为1000 r·min^(-1),喂入量为3穗·次^(-1),凹板筛间隙为6 mm。在小麦育种单穗电动脱粒机样基础上进行了试验验证。结果表明,脱粒机没有滞种现象,脱出籽粒含杂率为0.83%。【结论】小麦育种单穗电动脱粒机有良好的脱粒性能且无滞种问题,满足小麦育种单穗脱粒的要求。

纺织品车缝线迹分割网络

针对织物车缝线缝制工艺多样,造成其种类多、形态不定以及缝线与织物纹理近似性等导致车缝线准确分割困难等问题,提出一个基于多尺度特征的纺织品车缝线迹分割网络.首先采用融合注意力机制的残差网络提取其位置信息;然后使用增强特征金字塔模块,充分利用多尺度特征得到预候选区域的语义信息,将其融合后经过筛选得到车缝线候选区域;最后经过全卷积网络实现车缝线的分割.在真实纺织品车缝线数据集SewTrace上进行实验的结果表明,所提网络对纺织品车缝线迹分割的均值平均精度为0.96,计算量为1.5G;在具有相似特征的公开数据集CrackForest,CRKWH100和Kolektor上与其他同类网络进行实验的结果表明,该网络的均值平均精度分别达到0.85,0.89和0.89,分割精度和预测速度指标优于其他同类网络,证明其能够有效地提高线形目标分割精度.

收割机脱粒装置模块化设计——基于经验预测和德尔菲法

介绍了经验预测和德尔菲法的理论知识,采用经验预测和德尔菲法相结合的方式对收割机脱粒装置模块化设计进行分析和研判,并搭建了收割机脱粒装置专家经验库,实现了收割机脱粒装置的模块化设计。设计实例实验表明:设计的收割机脱粒装置结构合理,方便生产制造,达到了预期的功能,验证了该方法的可行性。

基于离散元法的蚕豆收获机脱粒装置仿真研究

根据脱粒滚筒不同部位的脱粒要求,利用软件Solidworks设计了一种组合式脱粒滚筒。使用软件EDEM对脱粒装置进行了脱粒仿真试验设置;以滚筒转速、脱粒间隙和导向板升角作为试验变量,脱粒装置的含杂率、损失率作为评价指标,进行单因素脱粒仿真试验,初步了解了滚筒转速、脱粒间隙和导向板升角对脱粒性能影响的规律;在此基础上,选择合适的因子水平进行三因子三水平响应面试验,得到脱粒装置含杂率和损失率的回归模型,并确定了组合式脱粒装置的最佳参数组合:滚筒转速354 r/min、脱粒间隙29 mm、导向板升角25°;最后在最优参数组合的条件下,通过田间试验验证了设计的脱粒装置的优越性。

三重价值链耦合协调发展对企业绿色全要素生产率的影响

省内价值链、国内价值链和全球价值链(三重价值链)的融合发展,是畅通国内国际双循环,也是中国企业经济软着陆的关键抓手。在高质量发展有序推进的背景下,绿色全要素生产率成为衡量企业发展的重要指标,因此有必要探讨三重价值链耦合协调发展对企业绿色全要素生产率的影响。该研究利用世界投入产出表、中国多区域投入产出表、上市公司数据测算了三重价值链耦合协调度,基于SBM方法测算包含非期望产出的绿色全要素生产率,整合得到770家上市公司2012年、2015年和2017年的平衡面板数据,通过多维固定效应回归考察三重价值链耦合协调度对企业绿色全要素生产率的影响,研究结果表明:①存在三重价值链耦合协调度提升→GVC嵌入度深化→企业绿色全要素生产率增长的正向传播机制,但效果随着企业的要素密集度增加呈现递减趋势。②机制研究和异质性分析表明,前向耦合协调发展为企业绿色全要素生产率带来更有效和长期的动能,而后向耦合协调发展为劳动密集型企业带来短期显著的绿色生产率提升。基于此,该研究提出了布局本土产业、协调三链关系的相关政策建议:①地方政府应发挥主观能动性,评估本地企业优势,保证在政策制定上更加微观具体,劳动密集型的省份或行业有效利用三重价值链的协调发展为企业的转型升级奠定基础,为地方行业的协同发展打通阻碍。②在要素投入端,注重对地方高新技术企业的资源分配,同时区域间合作完成生产供应端的高度集成,增强前向耦合协调发展对于企业内涵式增长能力的促进效应,兼顾供应链流程的绿色环保标准。③加强省域间的政策协调性和交易通达性,提高各地区企业省域间的市场专业化分工,而非单独地嵌入GVC市场,利用集聚效应推动产业全面升级,打破国内市场循环的技术壁垒。

基于彩色图像的烟叶智能分选研究

为解决打叶复烤企业人工烟叶分选准确率和效率低等问题,通过传统图像处理与神经网络相结合的方法对彩色图像进行处理,从而实现智能选叶。在分选预处理部分,采用语义分割分类网络进行烟叶状态和非主等级类检测提高分选时效性,在烟叶主等级分类部分,采用多维度的正面、背面、叶脉和叶尖不同特征建模,提高模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力。结果表明,单张图像的处理时间小于200 ms,青杂类分类准确率达到96.5%,主等级准确率达到82.1%。基于彩色图像的烟叶智能分选技术提高了打叶复烤烟叶分选效率和准确率,降低了劳动强度,加快了复烤企业分选智能化进程。

不同增温增湿工序处理烟叶化学成分及其均匀性评价指标的筛选

【目的】探明打叶复烤生产过程中增温增湿工序处理烟叶常规化学成分的变化规律,为打叶复烤均质化评价指标的选择提供参考。【方法】采用基于打叶复烤规模化生产的半叶对照法,研究打叶复烤生产过程中真空回潮、润叶和烟片复烤3个增温增湿工序对复烤前后及原烟与复烤烟片烟叶化学成分的影响,筛选烟叶加工过程和成品烟片稳定性的评价指标。【结果】真空回潮、润叶和烟片复烤3个工序对烟叶化学成分均有不同程度的影响。真空回潮加工后,烟叶的烟碱、总糖、还原糖、总糖/烟碱、总氮、pH和淀粉的含量分别降低0.05%、0.16%、1.46%、0.43、0.03%、0.07和0.41%。其中,总糖/烟碱、总氮和淀粉的含量在加工前后差异显著,还原糖含量和pH差异极显著,烟碱和总糖含量在加工前后呈降低趋势但无显著差异。经润叶和烟片复烤工序加工后,烟叶的还原糖含量分别降低0.34%和0.59%,加工前后还原糖含量的差异显著或极显著。复烤烟片各成分含量均较原烟下降,其中,总糖、还原糖、总氮及淀粉含量分别下降0.44%、0.87%、0.10%和0.48%,差异极显著;总糖/烟碱和pH分别下降0.39和0.06,差异显著;烟碱含量下降0.06%,差异不显著。【结论】打叶复烤生产过程中真空回潮、润叶和烟片复烤关键工序对烟叶化学成分具有调控效应,烟碱可作为加工过程及成品烟片的均匀性评价指标。

跨境电商对我国经济增长的影响——基于省级面板数据实证分析

跨境电商作为贸易新业态,能够很好地改善传统贸易方式、激发国内市场活力、扩大国内市场需求,同时也为促进我国经济增长注入新活力。采用我国2012—2021年省级面板数据,通过构建跨境电商指标体系,研究跨境电商对于我国经济增长的影响效应,同时还采用门槛效应模型来研究跨境电商交易额对我国经济增长是否存在非线性关系。研究结果表明,在做基准回归时,跨境电商对我国经济增长具有显著的促进作用。考虑控制变量的情况下,促进作用仍然存在。将跨境电商划分行业发展、运输物流、政策管理三维度,分别研究对我国经济增长影响,结果表明都产生显著的正向影响。在进行面板门槛效应回归时发现,跨境电商交易额对我国经济增长存在单一门槛效应,超过门槛值影响系数变大,表明跨境电商交易额对我国经济增长存在边际效用递增的影响。从加大跨境电商综合试验区的设立、推进跨境电商基础设施建设、推进跨境电商技术人才培养以及提升互联网信息化水平这四个方面提出完善跨境电商发展的相关建议。

基于刚柔耦合的水稻脱粒滚筒仿真分析与试验

为降低4LZ-4.0型联合收割机机收作业中籽粒破碎率,提高清洁度,依托纵轴流差速分段式脱粒滚筒,设计了杆齿、弓齿和刀齿3种形状的脱粒元件,通过改变脱粒元件表面与籽粒碰撞时的接触状态,刚柔耦合成6种类型脱粒滚筒;基于冲量-动量定理对籽粒碰撞过程进行分析,通过仿真试验得到刚性杆齿和刚柔耦合杆齿与水稻籽粒谷物接触时籽粒所受法向力均值分别为28.4 N和22.3 N,籽粒所受切向力均值分别为14.43 N和8.74N。以前滚筒齿形、前滚筒转速和前后滚筒转速差为影响因素,以水稻籽粒破碎率和未脱净率为评价指标进行3因素3水平正交试验。结果表明:前后滚筒转速差对破碎率的影响最大,前滚筒齿形对未脱净率的影响最大;试验得到的最优组合为前滚筒齿形为弓齿、前滚筒转速为600 r/min、前后滚筒转速差为100 r/min;与刚性脱粒元件相比,带有聚氨酯橡胶套的刚柔耦合脱粒元件可有效降低水稻籽粒破碎率,平均可降低18.5%。

轴流弓齿式食葵脱粒装置设计与试验

针对现今食葵脱粒过程中普遍存在的脱粒不完全和籽粒易受损等问题,设计一种针对食葵收获机脱粒的轴流弓齿式食葵脱粒装置,并对葵盘在脱粒装置中的受力情况进行分析。借助离散元仿真软件EDEM对食葵盘在滚筒内部的轴向速度、轴向位移以及运动路径进行分析。通过单因素试验获得了含水率、滚筒转速以及喂入量等因素对籽粒破损率及未脱净率的影响规律。根据单因素试验结果,以含水率、滚筒转速以及喂入量作为试验因素,以食葵未脱净率和破损率作为评价指标进行正交试验,利用Design expert对试验结果进行了方差分析,建立了影响因素与评价指标的回归模型,明确了各因素对滚筒实际工作效果的影响程度。基于响应曲面法,以低破损率和未脱净率为目标,对含水率、滚筒转速以及喂入量进行多目标寻优求解,得到最佳作业参数组合,即含水率22%、喂入量1.45 kg·s^(-1)、滚筒转速318 r·min^(-1)。为了确保参数组合的可靠性,对最佳参数组合进行验证试验,结果显示,籽粒未脱净率0.51%、破损率0.67%,满足我国机械行业标准。

揉搓式高粱脱粒装置的设计与性能试验

为了提高高粱联合收获时脱粒分离的作业质量,设计了一种揉搓式高粱脱粒滚筒。通过纹杆滚筒和与之相配合的栅格滚筒的相互作用,加强对物料挤压、揉搓、翻转,实现高粱籽粒的脱粒与分离,降低损失率和籽粒破碎率;采用二次通用旋转组合设计,以籽粒破碎率和夹带损失率为主要指标,选取喂入量、纹杆滚筒转速、栅格滚筒转速为影响因素,对揉搓式高粱脱粒装置进行了试验。结果表明:随着喂入量的增加,夹带损失率和破碎率均为先降低后升高;随着纹杆滚筒转速的增大,破碎率逐渐增加,夹带损失率先降低后升高;当栅格滚筒正转时,随着转速的升高,破碎率和夹带损失率均呈先降低后升高的趋势;当栅格滚筒反转时,随着转速的升高,破碎率和夹带损失率均呈升高的趋势;通过回归方程在约束条件下求最优解,得到脱粒装置最优参数组合为:喂入量为0.76kg·s^(-1)、纹杆滚筒转速为403r·min^(-1)、栅格滚筒转速为35r·min^(-1),在最优参数组合下籽粒破碎率为0.21%,夹带损失率为1.03%。研究结果可为该装置的田间试验提供依据。

基于离散元法的油莎豆摘果脱出物筛分分析与试验

油莎豆作为一种新型油料作物,其联合收获机摘果脱出物的筛分是机械化收获的重要环节。为了提高筛分效果,以现场采样油莎豆摘果脱出物样本物料为研究对象,测定出样本物料油莎豆颗粒组分质量分数为76.8%,颗粒大小为13~18mm;建立物料颗粒离散元模型,导入EDEM软件进行不同筛面的仿真模拟试验分析,得出编制筛最佳网尺寸为18mm,筛分效果为91.46%;冲孔筛最佳网尺寸为20mm,筛分效果为87.77%;鱼鳞筛最佳网尺寸为20mm,筛分效果为87.47%;进行台架筛分试验分析,并得出选用筛孔尺寸为20mm的编制筛网可得到最佳综合筛分效率94.32%。研究结果可为油莎豆机械化筛分装置的设计和优化提供理论依据。