Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram,thyme,and camomile in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.

Thyme oil and thymol abrogate doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats via repression of oxidative stress and enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms

This study aimed to assess the preventive effects of thyme oil and thymol on doxorubicin(DOX)-induced renotoxicity,cardiotoxicity,and oxidative stress in Wistar rats.Thyme oil was subjected to GC-MS analysis,which indicated that thymol was the major constituent representing 33.896%.Rats intraperitoneally injected with DOX at a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w./one per week for 7 weeks were co-treated with thyme oil and its major constituent,thymol,at doses 250 and 100 mg/kg b.w./every other day,respectively,by oral gavage for the same period.Thyme oil and thymol markedly ameliorated the raised levels of serum urea,uric acid,and creatinine in DOX-administered rats.They also reduced the elevated activities of serum CK-MB and LDH.Thyme oil was more effective than thymol in decreasing the elevated serum creatinine level and serum CK-MB activity in DOX-administered rats,thereby reflecting its more potent effect on kidney and heart functions.Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased while GSH level and GST and GPx activities significantly increased in kidney and heart of DOX-administered rats treated with thyme oil and thymol.The DOX-induced perturbed kidney histological changes including congestion of glomerulus tuft,inflammatory cells infiltration,protein cast in lumina of the renal tubule,and thickening of the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule were remarkably ameliorated as a result of treatment with thyme oil and thymol;thyme oil was more effective.In addition,DOX-induced deleterious heart histological alterations,including intramuscular infiltration of inflammatory cells,focal necrosis of cardiac myocytes,and edema,were remarkably reduced by treatment with thyme oil and thymol.Thus,it can be concluded that DOX could induce marked toxicity in kidney and heart,and the treatment with thyme oil or thymol produced potential improvement of kidney and heart function and histological integrity via repression of oxidative stress and enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Effects of thyme(Thymus vulgaris L.)addition on the volatile compounds of mutton broth during boiling

To investigate the effects of thyme(Thymus vulgaris L.)addition on the flavor modification of mutton broth during boiling,three mutton-broth samples with various thyme contents 0.06%(S1),0.30%(S2),and1.50%(S3)were analyzed and compared,without thyme as control(0.00%,S0).The meaty,fatty,pastoral flavor and spicy were chosen as sensory attributes to evaluate the flavor of the mutton-broth samples.Sensory results were significantly different(P<0.001),with S2 having the optimum overall acceptability.A total of 99 volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,among which19 compounds were considered as the odor-active compounds according to their odor activity values.Significant changes(P<0.05)appeared in most volatiles in S0 with thyme addition,especially aldehydes.Free fatty acids(FFAs)were also identified,and all of them significantly increased with increased thyme(P<0.05).Correlation analysis of odor-active compounds,FFAs,and sensory attributes through partial least squares regression indicated the important volatiles and FFAs remarkably contributed to the mutton broth samples,and further confirmed that the 0.30%of thyme may be a desirable addition amount for the sensory characteristics of mutton broth.

Anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts from Moroccan thyme varieties

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of thyme varieties from Moroccan.Methods: The aqueous extracts of tree medicinal plants [Thymus atlanticus(T. atlanticus), Thymus satureioides and Thymus zygis(T. zygis)] were screened for their antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, radical scavenging activity method, the inhibition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride that induces oxidative erythrocyte hemolysis and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts was evaluated in vivo using croton oil-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice and rats, respectively. This extracts were evaluated in vitro for their anticoagulant activity at the different concentrations by partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time activated. Results: All thyme varieties were found to possess considerable antioxidant activity and potent anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced edema. Administration of aqueous extracts of two varieties(50 mg/kg)(T. zygis and T. atlanticus) reduced significantly the carrageenaninduced paw edema similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(indomethacin, 10 mg/kg). In partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time tests, T. atlanticus and T. zygis extracts showed the strongest anticoagulant activity. In contrast, Thymus satureioides did not show the anticoagulant activity in these tests. Conclusions: All aqueous extracts possess considerable antioxidant activity and are rich in total polyphenol and flavonoid but they act differently in the process of inflammatory and coagulation studied. This study shows great variability of biological activities in thyme varieties.

Performance, Immune, and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens as Affected by Thyme and Licorice or Enzyme Supplemented Diets

Numbers of 300 day-old broiler chickens through a CRD design with 5 treatments, 3 replicates and 20 chicks in each pen were used to evaluate the effect of thyme (T), licorice (L), thyme + licorice (TL), and enzyme supplemented (E) diets on performance, immune and carcass characteristics. According to the results, performance traits, immune indices, and carcass traits in herbal medicine and enzyme supplemented diets were improved significantly than control diet (P < 0.05). Weight gain and FCR in T and E groups were significantly higher and lower than other groups respectively (P < 0.05). Internal organs such as abdominal fat and liver weight as indicators of lipogenesis rate were decreased in T, L, and TL diets than control or E diet significantly (P < 0.05). Immune organs such as burse and spleen weight as indicators of immune situation were increased in TL diet than other treatments significantly (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that thyme and licorice singly or in combination as organic herbal medicine can affect performance, carcass and immune characteristics. Also an improved immune organ such as burse or spleen in this study indicates that this herbal medicine can promote the immune situation and efficacy of health and livability.

三-THYME和四-THYME M(?)ebius分子的分子力学计算研究

本文用分子力学程序计算了三-THYME和四-THYME圆筒型分子和Mebius型分子的构型,给出了在某种扭曲下优化的几何结构,寻找分子几何形状的扭曲与能量起伏的变化规律,从而揭示了分子扭曲的几何位置,解释了并给合成实验提供了某些理论依据。

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Thyme and Tarragon Used in Meat Products

Currently, the food industry, including the meat industry, is paying close attention to the use of natural additives as preservatives. From ancient times, the plants are used to treat various diseases, to produce perfumes and as ingredients to improve the taste in food. This paper presents a bibliographic and experimental study of the antioxidant and microbial properties of basil, thyme and tarragon. International scientific papers on the use of these plants in the food industry, including the meat industry, are targeted. The role of basil, thyme and tarragon in the manufacture of functional and stable products in storage is mentioned. Percentage decrease in Salmonella Abony growth under the influence of basil constituted 84.4%, thyme 61.6% and tarragon 76.8% after 48 hours of action and respectively 97.2%, 90.2% and 95.3% after 72 hours of action. The interdependence between the percentage reduction of S. Abony infestation and the concentration of basil, mushrooms and tarragon was respectively: basil (R2 = 0.7725 … 0.7916), thyme (R2 = 0.7733 … 0.7768), tarragon (R2 = 0.7689 … 0.8137).

Effects of a Food Supplement with a Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extract on Gut Health and the Microbiome in Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Based on the scientific and traditional knowledge, benefits for gut and digestive health were expected from Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) extract (WThE) consumption, but no controlled human studies were performed yet to prove the proposed health benefits. Method: The aim of this human randomized, double-blind parallel arm pilot study was to explore the impact of aqueous Wild Thyme extract, a food supplement, in a healthy but overweight study collective (N = 40). In detail, the impact on digestion, gastrointestinal symptoms, gut microbiome, and quality of life by employing an essential oil-free WThE preparation or a matching placebo was investigated. Results: The study results indicate that WThE has the potential to improve gastrointestinal symptoms and increase stool frequency, thus an improved quality of life was observed. The stool microbiome of study collective was characterized by a high Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. A decrease in the mean Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was seen in WThE group. Conclusion: The data support the potential applications of WThE as a food supplement with benefits on gut health.

Effect of Dietary Thyme （Thymus vulgaris） and Mint （Menthe piperita） on Some Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens

A total of 280-day-old broilers （Ross 308） were randomly assigned to seven groups each containing for replicates with 10 chicks. The control group received the corn soybean meal based diet. In the treatment groups the basal diet was supplemented with one of following 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% Thyme and Mint extracts. Triglyceride was significantly decreased by addition of 0.2% and 0.4% of Thyme extract （TE）. The TE supplemented diets contained significantly lower cholesterol concentration and low density lipoprotein compared to the control diet. High density lipoprotein content was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Likewise, differences among groups were not significant for hematocrit and hemoglobin level. The addition of Mint extract （ME） to the broiler diet led to a significant reduction in the triglyceride, cholesterol concentration and LDL. Differences among groups were not significant for HDL, hematocrit, or hemoglobin level. The results showed that both of TE and ME supplementation significantly decreased plasma level of triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol were also numerically increased with the addition of both TE and ME.

Evaluation of thyme and ajwain as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on growth performance,carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry in Japanese quails(Coturnix japonica)

The present study was to evaluate thyme and ajwain as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on growth performance,carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry in Japanese quails(Coturnix japonica).A feeding trial was conducted over 28 d with 4 groups of Japanese quails fed experimental diets formulated to provide no supplementation(control),or control t 55 mg zinc bacitracin/kg,2 g thyme/kg,and 2 g ajwain/kg.At 35 d of age,2 quails from each replicate were sacrificed and eviscerated.Liver,empty small intestine and heart were weighed and calculated as a percentage of live body weight.The carcasses were weighed and the cuts were performed to evaluate the yield of legs and breast.At 35 d of age,2 quails per replicate were chosen and approximately 1-m L blood samples were collected through brachial vein,and concentrations of albumin,total protein,triglyceride,total cholesterol,and high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol were determined.Final body weight were not affected by the dietary treatment whereas,it tended to increase in quails supplemented with antibiotic.Overall feed conversation ratio values were similar though it tended to improve in quails supplemented with thyme compared with other groups.Daily feed intake,internal organ weights and carcass traits were not influenced by the dietary treatments.Serum total cholesterol contents were lower(P < 0.05) in quails supplemented with ajwain compared with control and quails supplemented with antibiotic and thyme.The highest serum HDL-cholesterol was seen in the group supplemented with thyme compared with other groups.It was concluded that the addition of 2 g/kg thyme can improve serum biochemistry in quails,although its effects on performance criteria was negligible.

百里香精油在果胶甲酯酶响应型抗菌薄膜中的扩散性能及其迁移行为

抗菌薄膜因其优异的保鲜性能在果蔬保鲜中应用广泛。然而果蔬储藏过程中内源果胶甲酯酶活性的升高及外源微生物的侵染会干扰抗菌薄膜中抗菌剂的迁移扩散,但抗菌剂在薄膜中的传质迁移决定了抗菌薄膜是否能够发挥预期作用。因此,该文对百里香精油在纳米复合抗菌薄膜中的酶响应迁移行为进行研究,建立释放动力学模型。纳米复合抗菌薄膜溶胀率和扫描电镜结果表明,抗菌薄膜在果胶甲酯酶活为0~2.5 U/mL的食品模拟液中均具有明显的溶胀行为,随着酶活的增强,薄膜横截面微观结构由致密逐渐变为疏松,甚至出现孔洞或缝隙;百里香精油释放动力学结果显示,当释放初期扩散比率Mt/M∞<2/3时,精油释放曲线趋于线性,利用短时释放模型和幂律模型对其进行模拟分析,发现随着酶活的升高,百里香精油的释放机制呈现出由不规则扩散向Fick定律转变的趋势;百里香精油扩散释放的全过程属于扩散⁃溶胀叠加机制,符合自拟的负指数生长回归模型(R2>0.95)。

小分子增塑剂对甲壳素/百里香精油复合膜性能的影响

为了提高天然聚合物/植物精油复合膜的基础性能,以甲壳素纳米纤维(ChNFs)为基体,通过Pickering乳化法负载百里香精油(TEO)制备复合包装膜,研究小分子增塑剂甘油和液体石蜡对复合膜机械性能、光学性能的影响。结果表明,甘油和液体石蜡添加量均为0.5 wt%时会将复合膜的拉伸强度提高至14 MPa,此时最大断裂伸长率为46%。甘油和液体石蜡的添加还会提高复合膜的遮光性能和热稳定性。试验制备的高性能甲壳素/百里香精油复合膜可为多糖/植物精油复合膜进一步在食品包装方面的应用提供理论基础。

气相色谱质谱联用技术分析百里香油挥发性成分

采用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对百里香油中的挥发性成分进行分析,结果表明,①百里香油中共鉴定出71种挥发性成分,包括醇类15种、酯类7种、酸类2种、酮类1种、酚类9种、胺类5种、烃类16种、苯系物3种和其他类化合物13种;②挥发性成分中酚类含量占比最多(54.91%),酸类含量占比最少(0.12%);③百里香油中含量较高的物质有4-乙烯基愈创木酚(49.32%)、香芹酚(5.31%)、芳樟醇(6.48%)、对异丙基甲苯(21.33%)、2-蒎烯(3.30%)。

百里香精油的抑菌作用及其对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果

通过GC-MS对百里香精油的化学成分进行了鉴定,研究了百里香精油对不同真菌和细菌的抑制效果及最低抑菌浓度,考查不同浓度百里香精油/壳聚糖复合保鲜液在室温条件下对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果。结果表明:百里香精油具有明显的抑菌作用,结合壳聚糖能够有效抑制鲜切冬瓜的腐烂,保持鲜切冬瓜的品质,延长其货架寿命。其中0.08%的百里香精油结合1%壳聚糖对鲜切冬瓜的保鲜效果最佳。

百里香精油的化学成分、抑菌作用、抗氧化活性及毒理学特性

【目的】探索百里香精油(thyme essential oil)的化学组成及其作用机理。【方法】采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取百里香精油,利用气-质联用技术(GC-MS)测定化学成分,研究抗氧化性、抑菌作用和毒理特性。【结果】百里香精油含有85种化学成分,且以酚类物质为主。百里香精油具有很强的抗氧化性,抗氧化能力高于维生素E,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉菌、啤酒酵母菌的抗菌性均表现为敏感型,但碱性条件和热处理降低其抑菌作用。【结论】经动物试验百里香精油属无毒型,可安全用作食品添加剂和化工香料。

百里香精油与碳酸钠结合对桠柑酸腐病的防治效果及品质的影响

研究百里香精油(thyme oil)与不同浓度的碳酸钠(Na2CO3)结合使用对桠柑果实采后酸腐病(Geotrichum citri-aurantii)的防治及对其贮藏品质的影响.结果表明:百里香精油与Na2CO3结合使用对桠柑果实酸腐病害有显著的防治效果,当1 600μL·L-1的百里香精油与0.5%Na2CO3结合使用时能够完全抑制桠柑酸腐病害的发生;400μL·L-1的百里香精油与1%Na2CO3结合使用使桠柑酸腐病害发病率降低了60%,且处理后对桠柑果实的硬度、抗坏血酸含量、可滴定酸含量和可溶性固形物含量均无显著影响.

甜樱桃果实采后病原菌的分离鉴定及植物精油抑菌效果研究

旨在研究甜樱桃果实采后贮藏过程中的病原微生物及其防治技术。以甜樱桃品种‘拉宾斯’为试材,对低温贮藏中的病原菌进行分离鉴定,并研究植物精油及其处理方式对病原菌的抑制效果。根据病原菌形态学特征和18S r DNA序列分析将2个病原菌鉴定为毛霉菌目毛霉菌科毛霉属Mucor sp.和肉座菌亚纲小丛壳科炭疽菌属胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。筛选出百里香精油和丁香精油对2种病原菌具有较好的抑制效果。百里香精油对Mucor sp.的抑制效果与处理方式无明显关联,但对Colletotrichum gloeosporioides熏蒸处理的抑制效果优于直接接触,该油对2种病原菌直接接触的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为2000μL/L和1000μL/L;丁香精油直接接触对Mucor sp.和Colletotrichum gloeosporioides的抑制效果优于熏蒸处理,该油对2种病原菌直接接触的MBC分别为500μL/L和1000μL/L。

百里香精油对麻花鸡生长性能及免疫器官指数的影响

为研究百里香精油对麻花鸡生长性能及免疫器官指数的影响,采用单因子试验设计方法,在基础日粮中添加不同水平百里香精油,对麻花肉鸡每个生长阶段(1-21d、22-42d)的生长性能指标、免疫器官生长指数进行测定。结果表明:添加百里香精油对麻花鸡日增重、日采食量、料重比的影响差异无统计学意义,但能显著提高麻花鸡21d、42d的体重;添加百里香精油还可显著提高麻花鸡胸腺指数、42d的法氏囊指数。

百里香提取物对大鼠足肿胀的抑制效应

为研究百里香提取物对大鼠炎症的抑制作用,分别用足跖注射角叉菜胶和蛋清的方法建立急性炎症模型,在肿胀高峰时于肿胀局部涂抹百里香提取物.结果显示,百里香提取物能够有效抑制角叉菜胶或蛋清引起的急性炎症反应并显著降低足跖肿胀程度,其消肿效应显著优于红花油.

百里香提取物抑菌特性的研究

以百里香水和酒精提取物及百里香芳香油作为抑菌剂进行抑菌试验 ,结果表明 ,所用抑菌物对供试菌金黄色葡萄球菌 (Staphalococcusaureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌 (Bacillussubtilis)和大肠杆菌 (Escherichiacoli)均有不同程度的抑制作用 ,可望将其用于食品工业作为防腐和抑菌剂。