This paper presents four algorithms for QoSensing (4TQS) and routing on dynamics Wireless Sensor Networks. Since many types of researches held on QoSensing improvement in terms of coverage and connectivity enhancement...This paper presents four algorithms for QoSensing (4TQS) and routing on dynamics Wireless Sensor Networks. Since many types of researches held on QoSensing improvement in terms of coverage and connectivity enhancement. In a WSN with a density of 120 static and 30 mobile nodes, the major power-consuming activities are mobility and communication. Such power constraint has a great effect on the node activities and the same network. We analyzed the occurrence of coverage holes which is, regions inside the area of interest that are void of operational nodes for sensing and/or routing purposes. 4TQS method shows clustering phase through neuro-fuzzy based affinity propagation NFAP, sleep scheduling phase with ESLS algorithm and the assist of coverage enhancement phase in which HAHP is involved. Routing phase and connectivity metrics are improved with DTMR algorithm. Involvement of four efficient algorithms results in improved QoSensing in WSN. We analyzed our proposed method in both Star and Mesh topology in order to evaluate the QoSensing metrics in both topologies. Our method shows promising results in QoSensing metrics or performance in dynamics WSNs.展开更多
Artisanal fisheries are characterized by using a vast array of different fishing gears and target species. Such heterogeneity has traditionally complicated their management and the availability of accurate data on fis...Artisanal fisheries are characterized by using a vast array of different fishing gears and target species. Such heterogeneity has traditionally complicated their management and the availability of accurate data on fishing effort and incomes. This study identifies and characterizes the métiers currently used by an artisanal fishing fleet based in a coastal Atlantic region in South-Europe (Asturias, Northwest Spain), by applying an integrated method of analysis which combines administrative data on fishing licenses, daily sales statistics and information from surveys. As a result, 21 artisanal fishing métiers have been identified, with special relevance of the trammel net (targeting Lophius spp.), the Merluccius longline and the Merluccius gillnet métiers. Spatio-temporal patterns of fishing effort have been also described, and outputs and inputs demands per métier have been quantified. It has been also found a high degree of alternation between different métiers during the fishing season and significant differences in terms of technical aspects and workforce. Finally, fishermen’s short- and long-term strategies (métier choice) are discussed, different comparisons are made on the basis of other South-European studies and main findings are linked to artisanal fisheries management.展开更多
China mullsa tiered pricing system to curb household electricity use As part of ongoing green efforts,China will soon adopt a tiered electricity pricing system to encourage residents to cut back on energy use.The gove...China mullsa tiered pricing system to curb household electricity use As part of ongoing green efforts,China will soon adopt a tiered electricity pricing system to encourage residents to cut back on energy use.The government will first determine a basic electricity quota,and any consumption above that level will be charged at higher prices.展开更多
依据政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)2006年公布的反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放系数(奶牛61 kg CH4头-1a-1,肉役牛47 kg CH4头-1a-1,绵羊和山羊均为5 kg CH4头-1a-1)和IPCC Tier 1计算方法,结合《中国统计年鉴》和《中国畜牧业统计年鉴》,估算了...依据政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)2006年公布的反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放系数(奶牛61 kg CH4头-1a-1,肉役牛47 kg CH4头-1a-1,绵羊和山羊均为5 kg CH4头-1a-1)和IPCC Tier 1计算方法,结合《中国统计年鉴》和《中国畜牧业统计年鉴》,估算了中国以及各个省份1990—2010年CH4的排放总量,绘制出中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放格局及历史变化图。研究结果表明:11990—2010年期间,中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放量(5.90—7.65 Tg)总体呈现先上升(1995年最高)后下降的趋势,其中肉役牛(主要是黄牛和水牛)胃肠道CH4排放量(>4.33 Tg)及其所占比例(>65%)最大。奶牛胃肠道CH4排放量及其比例呈现逐年增加的趋势,2006年(0.83 Tg,12.7%)超过山羊和绵羊胃肠道CH4排放量及其比例,成为中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放第二大源。但是,奶牛单位产奶量所排放的CH4量逐年降低,表明中国奶牛饲养技术与生产性能不断提高。2中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放格局呈现区域集中特点,主要集中在中西部和北部的各个省份,其中四川、内蒙古、新疆、河南、西藏、山东、河北、黑龙江、云南和甘肃等10个省份的排放量占中国排放总量的50%以上。总之,1990—2010年间,中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放总量为(6.77±0.46)Tg(肉役牛为主要排放源),随时间推移呈现先上升后下降的趋势;中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放的格局呈区域集中分布,中西部和北部的各个省份占60%以上。展开更多
Models that simulate the signature of single airguns form the basis for modelingthe signals of airgun arrays. Most of the existing models assume that the air inside theproduced bubble is ideal gas, which may lead to e...Models that simulate the signature of single airguns form the basis for modelingthe signals of airgun arrays. Most of the existing models assume that the air inside theproduced bubble is ideal gas, which may lead to errors because of the high operating pressureof the airguns. In this study, we propose a model that precisely simulates the signals of singleairguns by applying the Van der Waals equation based on the Ziolkowski algorithm. We alsoconsider a thermodynamically open quasistatic system, the heat transition between waterand gas, the throttling effect of the port and the bubble rise, and the effect of the sea surface.Modeling experiments show that （1） the energy of the source increases and the signal-to-noise ratio of the signature wavelet decreases with increasing seawater temperature, （2） thereflection coefficient of the sea surface under the actual state and depth of the source affectsthe notch caused by the surface reflection, （3） the computed signature with the proposedmodel is very close to the actual data, and （4） the proposed model accurately simulates thesignature of sinale air^uns.展开更多
文摘This paper presents four algorithms for QoSensing (4TQS) and routing on dynamics Wireless Sensor Networks. Since many types of researches held on QoSensing improvement in terms of coverage and connectivity enhancement. In a WSN with a density of 120 static and 30 mobile nodes, the major power-consuming activities are mobility and communication. Such power constraint has a great effect on the node activities and the same network. We analyzed the occurrence of coverage holes which is, regions inside the area of interest that are void of operational nodes for sensing and/or routing purposes. 4TQS method shows clustering phase through neuro-fuzzy based affinity propagation NFAP, sleep scheduling phase with ESLS algorithm and the assist of coverage enhancement phase in which HAHP is involved. Routing phase and connectivity metrics are improved with DTMR algorithm. Involvement of four efficient algorithms results in improved QoSensing in WSN. We analyzed our proposed method in both Star and Mesh topology in order to evaluate the QoSensing metrics in both topologies. Our method shows promising results in QoSensing metrics or performance in dynamics WSNs.
文摘Artisanal fisheries are characterized by using a vast array of different fishing gears and target species. Such heterogeneity has traditionally complicated their management and the availability of accurate data on fishing effort and incomes. This study identifies and characterizes the métiers currently used by an artisanal fishing fleet based in a coastal Atlantic region in South-Europe (Asturias, Northwest Spain), by applying an integrated method of analysis which combines administrative data on fishing licenses, daily sales statistics and information from surveys. As a result, 21 artisanal fishing métiers have been identified, with special relevance of the trammel net (targeting Lophius spp.), the Merluccius longline and the Merluccius gillnet métiers. Spatio-temporal patterns of fishing effort have been also described, and outputs and inputs demands per métier have been quantified. It has been also found a high degree of alternation between different métiers during the fishing season and significant differences in terms of technical aspects and workforce. Finally, fishermen’s short- and long-term strategies (métier choice) are discussed, different comparisons are made on the basis of other South-European studies and main findings are linked to artisanal fisheries management.
文摘China mullsa tiered pricing system to curb household electricity use As part of ongoing green efforts,China will soon adopt a tiered electricity pricing system to encourage residents to cut back on energy use.The government will first determine a basic electricity quota,and any consumption above that level will be charged at higher prices.
文摘依据政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)2006年公布的反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放系数(奶牛61 kg CH4头-1a-1,肉役牛47 kg CH4头-1a-1,绵羊和山羊均为5 kg CH4头-1a-1)和IPCC Tier 1计算方法,结合《中国统计年鉴》和《中国畜牧业统计年鉴》,估算了中国以及各个省份1990—2010年CH4的排放总量,绘制出中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放格局及历史变化图。研究结果表明:11990—2010年期间,中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放量(5.90—7.65 Tg)总体呈现先上升(1995年最高)后下降的趋势,其中肉役牛(主要是黄牛和水牛)胃肠道CH4排放量(>4.33 Tg)及其所占比例(>65%)最大。奶牛胃肠道CH4排放量及其比例呈现逐年增加的趋势,2006年(0.83 Tg,12.7%)超过山羊和绵羊胃肠道CH4排放量及其比例,成为中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放第二大源。但是,奶牛单位产奶量所排放的CH4量逐年降低,表明中国奶牛饲养技术与生产性能不断提高。2中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放格局呈现区域集中特点,主要集中在中西部和北部的各个省份,其中四川、内蒙古、新疆、河南、西藏、山东、河北、黑龙江、云南和甘肃等10个省份的排放量占中国排放总量的50%以上。总之,1990—2010年间,中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放总量为(6.77±0.46)Tg(肉役牛为主要排放源),随时间推移呈现先上升后下降的趋势;中国反刍家畜胃肠道CH4排放的格局呈区域集中分布,中西部和北部的各个省份占60%以上。
基金This research is financially supported by the National Science Foundation Project （Grant No. 41176077, 41230318） and the National 973 Program （Grant No. 2009CB219505）.
文摘Models that simulate the signature of single airguns form the basis for modelingthe signals of airgun arrays. Most of the existing models assume that the air inside theproduced bubble is ideal gas, which may lead to errors because of the high operating pressureof the airguns. In this study, we propose a model that precisely simulates the signals of singleairguns by applying the Van der Waals equation based on the Ziolkowski algorithm. We alsoconsider a thermodynamically open quasistatic system, the heat transition between waterand gas, the throttling effect of the port and the bubble rise, and the effect of the sea surface.Modeling experiments show that （1） the energy of the source increases and the signal-to-noise ratio of the signature wavelet decreases with increasing seawater temperature, （2） thereflection coefficient of the sea surface under the actual state and depth of the source affectsthe notch caused by the surface reflection, （3） the computed signature with the proposedmodel is very close to the actual data, and （4） the proposed model accurately simulates thesignature of sinale air^uns.
