Instantaneous scanning and focal animal sampling methods were used to record the behaviors of nine wild Great Bustards(Otis tarda)and their time budget from November 2004 to January 2005.The results indicated that for...Instantaneous scanning and focal animal sampling methods were used to record the behaviors of nine wild Great Bustards(Otis tarda)and their time budget from November 2004 to January 2005.The results indicated that foraging and resting time accounted for as high as 46.40%and 39.12%,respectively,while the rest of the behaviors,such as walking,alerting,preening and flying,only shared 6.83%,2.03%,2.64%and 1.84%,respectively.There were significant differences in foraging time,alert time and walking time between males and females(P<0.05).The preening and flying were closely related to males(Pearson’s correlation,r=0.932),and it was similar for resting and walking in females(Pearson’s correlation,r=0.716).Resting occurred mainly at dawn and dusk,and foraging appeared mostly from 9:30 to 11:30 and from 14:30 to 16:30.Non-parameter testing demonstrates that time budget among resting,flying and others in two temperature intervals(>−5 and℃≤−5)℃was significantly different.展开更多
Background: The Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) is a characteristic waterbird species of inland wetlands in northeastern Algeria. Its wintering behavior in relation to changes of local abundances and foraging group density...Background: The Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) is a characteristic waterbird species of inland wetlands in northeastern Algeria. Its wintering behavior in relation to changes of local abundances and foraging group density is poorly known. Objectives: This study aims at monitoring patterns of diurnal activities and the variation of behavioral time-budgets in relation to numbers of wintering Shelducks. We investigate temporal variations of diurnal activities across multipletime scales and consider their interrelationships. Methods: Assessments of local population abundance were weekly surveyed during two wintering seasons (2010– 2012), whereas diurnal activities (feeding, sleeping, swimming, preening, loafing, flying, courtship, and antagonism) were studied three times a month during seven hours (08:00–16:00) using the Scan method. Time budget variations of each behavioral activity were tested using nested ANOVAs following multiple time scales. Generalized linear mixedeffects models (GLMM) tested whether variations in diurnal activities were density-dependent. Results: During the wintering season, Shelduck’s numbers followed a bell-shaped trend, which indicated that the species was typically a wintering migrant in Sabkha Djendli. The first individuals arrived onsite in October–November then numbers reached a peak in January (up to 2400 individuals in 2012) with steady density during December–February, afterward individuals left the site progressively until late April when the site is deserted. During both wintering seasons, diurnal activities were dominated by feeding (60%), followed by sleeping (12%) then swimming and preening with 9% and 8%, respectively. The rest of the activities (loafing, flying, courtship and antagonistic behaviors) had low proportions of time budget. ANOVAs showed that activity time budgets varied significantly following multiple time scales (year, season, month, day, semi-hour). Time budgets of diurnal activities during each wintering season were significantly interrelated. Correlations patterns between the two seasons were similar. GLMMs revealed that the variations of diurnal activities were not density-dependent, except for preening and swimming. Conclusion: During the wintering season, habitats of Sabkha Djendli are important for waterbirds, including the Shelduck that used the lake mainly for food-foraging and resting. The 2400 individuals censused in mid-winter are important locally and at the North African scale. This stresses the need to strengthen the protection status of this wetland and mitigate degradation sources that threaten wintering waterfowl.展开更多
The need for information systems in organizations and economic units increases as there is a great deal of data that arise from doing many of the processes in order to be addressed to provide information that can brin...The need for information systems in organizations and economic units increases as there is a great deal of data that arise from doing many of the processes in order to be addressed to provide information that can bring interest to multi-users, the new and distinctive management accounting systems which meet in a manner easily all the needs of institutions and individuals from financial business, accounting and management, which take into account the accuracy, speed and confidentiality of the information for which the system is designed. The paper aims to describe a computerized system that is able to predict the budget for the new year based on past budgets by using time series analysis, which gives results with errors to a minimum and controls the budget during the year, through the ability to control exchange, compared to the scheme with the investigator and calculating the deviation, measurement of performance ratio and the expense of a number of indicators relating to budgets, such as the rate of condensation of capital, the growth rate and profitability ratio and gives a clear indication whether these ratios are good or not. There is a positive impact on information systems through this system for its ability to accomplish complex calculations and process paperwork, which is faster than it was previously and there is also a high flexibility, where the system can do any adjustments required in helping relevant parties to control the financial matters of the decision-making appropriate action thereon.展开更多
This paper aims to inquire into an objectively authentic budget constraint in a monetary economy through showing two missing problems of the monetary budget constraint and their solutions. To start with, we show the f...This paper aims to inquire into an objectively authentic budget constraint in a monetary economy through showing two missing problems of the monetary budget constraint and their solutions. To start with, we show the first missing problem that money is “missing” if all agents expend their total budgets under the simple budget constraint. This problem shows that the simple budget constraint is inadequate as an objective monetary budget constraint. A deficiency of the simple budget constraint exists partly in that it does not reflect money circulation. To improve this deficiency, we incorporate the expenditure reflux formula into the simple constraint. The first missing problem is partially solved by the application of this reflux budget constraint, but another problem occurs. The new problem is that infinite expenditure is permitted under this constraint. This is the second missing problem. The second problem appears to be a variation of the solvability problem of the money circulation equation. Referring to the proof of the solvability, we incorporate a time irreversible disposal into the budget constraint. This irreversibility budget constraint brings us a provisional solution of the missing problems. However, it should not be called a perfect solution. We also examine the relationships between our research and two previous studies: the finance constraint and the cash-in-advance model.展开更多
From March to April,1998,the authors studied the time budget and behaviour patterns of Cervus albirostris in Shanghai Wild Animal Park.We analyzed the results from 23 days′observation for different sex and weather we...From March to April,1998,the authors studied the time budget and behaviour patterns of Cervus albirostris in Shanghai Wild Animal Park.We analyzed the results from 23 days′observation for different sex and weather were analyzed. Cervus albirostris spent about 50% daytime in resting,and 40% daytime in feeding.Resting behaviour was presented from 8∶00 to 17∶00 .The female spent more resting time than the male(p<0.05)in fine days.The female spent less standing time than the male in rainy days(p<0.01). Cervus albirostris spent more standing time in fine days than in rainy days(p< 0.05 for the male,p<0.01 for the female).展开更多
文摘Instantaneous scanning and focal animal sampling methods were used to record the behaviors of nine wild Great Bustards(Otis tarda)and their time budget from November 2004 to January 2005.The results indicated that foraging and resting time accounted for as high as 46.40%and 39.12%,respectively,while the rest of the behaviors,such as walking,alerting,preening and flying,only shared 6.83%,2.03%,2.64%and 1.84%,respectively.There were significant differences in foraging time,alert time and walking time between males and females(P<0.05).The preening and flying were closely related to males(Pearson’s correlation,r=0.932),and it was similar for resting and walking in females(Pearson’s correlation,r=0.716).Resting occurred mainly at dawn and dusk,and foraging appeared mostly from 9:30 to 11:30 and from 14:30 to 16:30.Non-parameter testing demonstrates that time budget among resting,flying and others in two temperature intervals(>−5 and℃≤−5)℃was significantly different.
文摘Background: The Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) is a characteristic waterbird species of inland wetlands in northeastern Algeria. Its wintering behavior in relation to changes of local abundances and foraging group density is poorly known. Objectives: This study aims at monitoring patterns of diurnal activities and the variation of behavioral time-budgets in relation to numbers of wintering Shelducks. We investigate temporal variations of diurnal activities across multipletime scales and consider their interrelationships. Methods: Assessments of local population abundance were weekly surveyed during two wintering seasons (2010– 2012), whereas diurnal activities (feeding, sleeping, swimming, preening, loafing, flying, courtship, and antagonism) were studied three times a month during seven hours (08:00–16:00) using the Scan method. Time budget variations of each behavioral activity were tested using nested ANOVAs following multiple time scales. Generalized linear mixedeffects models (GLMM) tested whether variations in diurnal activities were density-dependent. Results: During the wintering season, Shelduck’s numbers followed a bell-shaped trend, which indicated that the species was typically a wintering migrant in Sabkha Djendli. The first individuals arrived onsite in October–November then numbers reached a peak in January (up to 2400 individuals in 2012) with steady density during December–February, afterward individuals left the site progressively until late April when the site is deserted. During both wintering seasons, diurnal activities were dominated by feeding (60%), followed by sleeping (12%) then swimming and preening with 9% and 8%, respectively. The rest of the activities (loafing, flying, courtship and antagonistic behaviors) had low proportions of time budget. ANOVAs showed that activity time budgets varied significantly following multiple time scales (year, season, month, day, semi-hour). Time budgets of diurnal activities during each wintering season were significantly interrelated. Correlations patterns between the two seasons were similar. GLMMs revealed that the variations of diurnal activities were not density-dependent, except for preening and swimming. Conclusion: During the wintering season, habitats of Sabkha Djendli are important for waterbirds, including the Shelduck that used the lake mainly for food-foraging and resting. The 2400 individuals censused in mid-winter are important locally and at the North African scale. This stresses the need to strengthen the protection status of this wetland and mitigate degradation sources that threaten wintering waterfowl.
文摘The need for information systems in organizations and economic units increases as there is a great deal of data that arise from doing many of the processes in order to be addressed to provide information that can bring interest to multi-users, the new and distinctive management accounting systems which meet in a manner easily all the needs of institutions and individuals from financial business, accounting and management, which take into account the accuracy, speed and confidentiality of the information for which the system is designed. The paper aims to describe a computerized system that is able to predict the budget for the new year based on past budgets by using time series analysis, which gives results with errors to a minimum and controls the budget during the year, through the ability to control exchange, compared to the scheme with the investigator and calculating the deviation, measurement of performance ratio and the expense of a number of indicators relating to budgets, such as the rate of condensation of capital, the growth rate and profitability ratio and gives a clear indication whether these ratios are good or not. There is a positive impact on information systems through this system for its ability to accomplish complex calculations and process paperwork, which is faster than it was previously and there is also a high flexibility, where the system can do any adjustments required in helping relevant parties to control the financial matters of the decision-making appropriate action thereon.
文摘This paper aims to inquire into an objectively authentic budget constraint in a monetary economy through showing two missing problems of the monetary budget constraint and their solutions. To start with, we show the first missing problem that money is “missing” if all agents expend their total budgets under the simple budget constraint. This problem shows that the simple budget constraint is inadequate as an objective monetary budget constraint. A deficiency of the simple budget constraint exists partly in that it does not reflect money circulation. To improve this deficiency, we incorporate the expenditure reflux formula into the simple constraint. The first missing problem is partially solved by the application of this reflux budget constraint, but another problem occurs. The new problem is that infinite expenditure is permitted under this constraint. This is the second missing problem. The second problem appears to be a variation of the solvability problem of the money circulation equation. Referring to the proof of the solvability, we incorporate a time irreversible disposal into the budget constraint. This irreversibility budget constraint brings us a provisional solution of the missing problems. However, it should not be called a perfect solution. We also examine the relationships between our research and two previous studies: the finance constraint and the cash-in-advance model.
文摘From March to April,1998,the authors studied the time budget and behaviour patterns of Cervus albirostris in Shanghai Wild Animal Park.We analyzed the results from 23 days′observation for different sex and weather were analyzed. Cervus albirostris spent about 50% daytime in resting,and 40% daytime in feeding.Resting behaviour was presented from 8∶00 to 17∶00 .The female spent more resting time than the male(p<0.05)in fine days.The female spent less standing time than the male in rainy days(p<0.01). Cervus albirostris spent more standing time in fine days than in rainy days(p< 0.05 for the male,p<0.01 for the female).
