Improving the fatigue performance of longitudinal welded joints by low transformation temperature electrodes

For a longitudinal welded joint, the tensile residual stresses are as high as the yield stress of the metal, so that the weld toes are sensitive to fatigue load. In this case a low transformation temperature electrode (LTTE) is one of the most useful methods used to improve the fatigue strength of the longitudinal welded joint, because the tensile residual stress is reduced or changed into compressive stress. Three kinds of longitudinal welded joints were selected to conduct fatigue tests. The tests results show that the fatigue strengths at 2×10 6 cycles of the joints welded with LTTE were improved by 41%, 47% and 59% respectively compared with those of the joints welded with E5015, and the fatigue lives at 162 MPa were improved by 9.9 times, 9.6 times and 46.8 times respectively. Furthermore, the LTTE method is not necessary to add process after welding and so that it can be valuable method to improve the fatigue performance of longitudinal welded joints.

Feedback control strategy of longitudinal temperature and finished carbonization time for coke oven and its application

Based on the detailed analysis of the third coke oven in BaoSteel, a feedbackcontrol strategy of longitudinal temperature and finished carbonization time of coke ovens wasproposed and it was applied to the third coke oven in BaoSteel. As a result, the ratio of theinstance that the absolute deviation of the longitudinal temperature is within +- 7 deg C and thefinished carbonization time within +- 10 min is more than 80 percent, having acquired the patentsaving effect of an energy consumption lowered by 2.92 percent. At the same time, it can provide anexample for the same coke ovens inside and outside the nation.

Longitudinal Displacement of the Subtropical High in the Western Pacific in Summer and its Influence

Using the relative vorticity averaged over a certain area, a new index for measuring the longitudinal position of the subtropical high (SH) in the western Pacific is proposed to avoid the increasing trend of heights in the previous indices based on geopotential height. The years of extreme westward and eastward extension of SH using the new index are in good agreement with those defined by height index. There exists a distinct difference in large-scale circulation between the eastward and westward extension of SH under the new definition, which includes not only the circulation in the middle latitudes but also the flow in the lower latitudes. It seems that when the SH extends far to the east (west), the summer monsoon in the South China Sea is stronger (weaker) and established earlier (later). In addition, there exists a good relationship between the longitudinal position of SH and the summer rainfall in China. A remarkable negative correlation area appears in the Changjiang River valley, indicating that when the SH extends westward (eastward), the precipitation in that region increases (decreases). A positive correlation region is found in South China, showing the decrease of rainfall when the SH extends westward. On the other hand, the rainfall is heavier when the SH retreats eastward. However, the anomalous longitudinal position of SH is not significantly related to the precipitation in North China. The calculation of correlation coefficients between the index of longitudinal position of SH and surface temperature in China shows that a large area of positive values, higher than 0.6 in the center, covers the whole of North China, even extending eastward to the Korean Peninsula and Japan Islands when using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to do the correlation calculation. This means that when the longitudinal position of the SH withdraws eastward in summer, the temperature over North China is higher. On the other hand, when it moves westward, the temperature there is lower. This could explain the phenomenon of the seriously high temperatures over North China during recent summers, because the longitudinal position of SH in recent summers was located far away from the Asian continent. Another region with large negative correlation coefficients is found in South China.

The Characteristics of Longitudinal Movement of the Subtropical High in the Western Pacific in the Pre-rainy Season in South China

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the China rainfall data of the China Meteorological Administration, and the sea surface temperature (SST) data of NOAA from 1951-2000, the features of the anomalous longitudinal position of the subtropical high in the western Pacific (SHWP) in the pre-rainy season in South China and associated circulation and precipitation are studied. Furthermore, the relationship between SHWP and SST and the eastern Asian winter monsoon is also investigated. Associated with the anomalous longitudinal position of SHWP in the pre-rainy season in South China, the flow patterns in both the middle and lower latitudes are different. The circulation anomalies greatly influence the precipitation in the pre-rainy season in South China. When the SHWP is in a west position (WP), the South China quasi-stationary front is stronger with more abundant precipitation there. However, when the SHWP is in an east position (EP), a weaker front appears with a shortage of precipitation there. There exists a good relationship between the longitudinal position of SHWP and SST in the tropical region. A negative correlation can be found both in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean. This means that the higher (lower) SST there corresponds to a west (east) position of SHWP. This close relationship can be found even in the preceding autumn and winter. A positive correlation appears in the western and northern Pacific and large correlation coefficient values also occur in the preceding autumn and winter. A stronger eastern Asian winter monsoon will give rise to cooler SSTs in the Kuroshio and the South China Sea regions and it corresponds to negative SST anomaly (SSTA) in the central and eastern Pacific and positive SSTA in the western Pacific in winter and the following spring. The whole tropical SSTA pattern, that is, positive (negative) SSTA in the central and eastern Pacific and negative (positive) SSTA in the western Pacific, is favorable to the WP (EP) of SHWP.

Nonlocal Theory of High-Temperature Superconductivity

The Boltzmann local physical kinetics forecasts the destruction of SC regime because of the heat movement of particles. Then, the most fundamental distinction between a strange metal and a conventional metal is the absence of well-defined quasi-particles. Here, we show that the mentioned “quasi-particles” are solitons, which are formed as a result of self-organization of ionized matter. Shortcomings of the Boltzmann physical kinetics consist in the local description of the transport processes on the level of infinitely small physical volumes as elements of diagnostics. The non-local physics leads to the theory superconductivity including the high temperature diapason. The generalized non-local non-stationary London’s formula is derived.

Study of Material Evaluation Probe Using a Longitudinal Wave and a Transverse Wave

Transmitting a longitudinal wave and a traverse wave into a composite material in a molten state has been studied in the online control of the composite material which cannot be evaluated by a conventional ultrasonic sensor as a final analysis, using the difference in the propagation characteristics of both modes. It is especially expected that measurement of the physical quantity which was not able to be conventionally measured can be performed by carrying out coincidence measurement of the ultrasonic wave in both modes. Therefore, in this research study, an ultrasonic probe, which can simultaneously transmit and receive a longitudinal wave and a traverse wave has been developed using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) because it has the advantage of measuring high temperature samples. In this study, two methods have been compared. The 1st method uses a traverse wave EMAT that travels in a vertical direction and a bar wave by which the low order mode is equivalent to longitudinal wave vibration. The other method is to carry out the mode conversion of the traverse wave by a traverse wave-EMAT. The longitudinal converted from the transverse wave are spread in the axis direction. As the experimental results of both optimizations of the drive conditions, it has been confirmed that the 2nd mode conversion method was promising. This paper reports about the trial process and the experimental results.

列车活塞风对寒区铁路隧道温度场的影响

研究目的:列车通过隧道会产生活塞风,活塞风会将寒区隧道洞外冷空气带入洞内,导致洞内温度场分布发生变化,若对这种影响认识不到位,会导致洞内抗防冻措施不合理造成冻害发生,影响隧道运营安全。鉴于此,采用理论分析和数值模拟等方法,分析列车活塞风对隧道洞内温度场的影响机制,研究列车活塞风对寒区特长铁路隧道洞内温度场的影响规律,为寒区隧道抗防冻设计提供技术支撑。研究结论:(1)冬季列车通过隧道后,活塞风会引起洞内温度场在短时间内显著变化,列车活塞风对洞内温度场持续影响时间较短,列车通过后,洞内温度场会逐渐恢复,特别是当列车频次较小时,基本可恢复到自然通风条件下状态;(2)行车频次导致洞内纵向负温长度增大或减小率均在1%左右;随着围岩温度的增大,隧道洞内纵向负温长度显著降低,且围岩温度越高,活塞风作用方向对洞内温度场影响越小;(3)考虑活塞风对寒区隧道防寒抗冻影响时,应重点考虑其对两侧水沟抗防冻的影响;由于局部衬砌会出现交替冻融现象,隧道结构设计时,应对衬砌耐久性做一定的考虑;(4)本研究成果可供寒区特长铁路隧道建设参考,特别是单向自然风条件下铁路隧道抗防冻设计。

隧道纵向风及列车侧门开启方式对车厢内火灾温度场影响研究

为了探究隧道纵向通风、列车侧门开启方式对车厢内部火灾烟气温度分布的影响规律,建立1∶15缩尺寸“车-隧”耦合试验模型,以及着火车厢侧门双侧开启时“车-隧”耦合区间车厢内部考虑无量纲纵向风速、无量纲侧门开口因子、无量纲火源热释放速率的无量纲烟气回流长度分段函数关系式。定性分析车厢顶部烟气温度分布规律,定量分析车厢内烟气回流长度数据,从而揭示烟气回流长度随纵向风速、侧门开启方式和火源热释放速率变化的规律。研究结果表明:不同纵向风速下,火源上游烟气温度分布在贯通门位置处发生明显降低。不同侧门开启方式下,着火车厢侧门双侧开启工况的火源上游温度衰减速率大于侧门单侧开启的工况;随着车厢每侧侧门开启数量增加,着火车厢侧门单侧开启工况与双侧开启工况的火源上游温度衰减速率差距随之增大。着火车厢、非着火车厢侧门均单侧开启时,烟气回流长度变化规律受贯通门停滞影响较大,当火源热释放速率增大至5.7 kW,纵向风速大于0.8 m/s后,烟气回流长度不再随纵向风速的增大而变化。着火车厢侧门双侧开启、非着火车厢侧门单侧开启时,烟气回流长度符合加速衰减区、停滞区、缓慢衰减区变化规律。研究结果可为提升列车火灾烟气防治效果,加强区间隧道烟气控制及运营安全提供经验和理论参考。

川西高海拔隧道洞内气温特征及抗防冻理念探讨

针对川西高海拔隧道抗防冻设计问题,对运营期公路隧道洞内气温采用实测和数值模拟等方法,对隧道洞内纵向温度特征及抗防冻设计方法进行研究。结果表明:1)川西高原较短隧道冬季洞内纵向温度呈负温贯通状态,长隧道、特长隧道的洞内纵向温度呈现出弱对称或非对称分布特征。2)冬季隧道洞口温度及洞身负温分布状态与隧道自身所处环境有关,尤其是隧道两端地形特征及高差程度。3)洞口负温段冻结指数和年冻结天数均随进洞距离的增大呈减小趋势,但单向自然风占主导的隧道下降趋势较缓。4)川西高原隧道衬砌防冻设计宜结合围岩冻胀敏感性,考虑以冻结指数180℃·d为临界值较为合理,两侧水沟保温设防长度可按月平均气温0℃考虑;考虑到冻结指数大于180℃·d且月平均气温低于0℃的衬砌段落会经受短时频繁冻融循环作用的影响,建议采取必要措施改善混凝土耐久性指标,确保隧道衬砌结构的长期稳定性。

不均匀温度场下钢管混凝土拱桥管内混凝土脱空分析

为了解不均匀温度场作用下钢管混凝土拱桥管内混凝土脱空原因,依托高原山区某跨径430 m的钢管混凝土拱桥,进行强辐射、大温差联合作用下拱肋拱顶节段足尺模型试验,分析模型温度场分布,并对该不均匀温度场作用下管内混凝土脱空机理进行研究。结果表明:钢管混凝土拱桥水化阶段和运营阶段径向温度场可简化为多段式折线变化规律。14:00时刻,水化阶段温度沿竖直径向(从向阳侧至背阳侧)先减小后升高再减小,在距向阳侧界面D/8~3D/8处(D为钢管内径)存在一个大温差面,运营阶段温度沿竖直径向(从向阳侧至背阳侧)呈先减小后不变再增加的非对称分布规律,从钢管混凝土界面至距其D/8处温度变化大。混凝土水化阶段和运营阶段管内混凝土脱空机理为:在温度场作用下钢管混凝土界面最大纵向应力差分别高达82.6 MPa和61.95 MPa,最大界面径向拉应力分别为0.8 MPa和2.06 MPa,均超过钢管和混凝土间的粘结强度。

寒区隧道内气温分布特征及影响因素

受严寒气候影响,寒冷地区的隧道工程普遍面临不同程度的衬砌挂冰、冻融损伤甚至开裂、路面结冰、排水系统冻结失效等一系列冻害问题,给隧道工程的建设和运营带来了极大的挑战。负温环境是隧道冻害产生的必要条件,掌握隧道内气温沿进深方向的分布是寒区隧道冻害研究和工程防治措施采取的基础和前提。然而,不同寒区隧道工程的隧址区环境气象、工程结构和交通情况等因素各不相同,导致不同隧道内气温的分布特征存在显著差异。因此,准确地预测和获取寒区隧道内气温纵向分布仍是亟待解决的问题。为得到寒区隧道内气温分布特征及其影响因素,本文采用文献调研和数据统计与分析的方法,收集整理了我国52座寒区隧道内气温的现场监测数据以及相关影响因素数据。依据寒区隧道内气温分布特征,将其划分为对称型、非对称型和贯通型三类,并对各类型寒区隧道的长度和埋深情况进行了统计分析。在此基础上,探讨了隧址区气温和隧道围岩地热以及洞内通风对隧道内气温分布的影响机制,之后针对引起隧道内空气流动的自然风、工程建设、机械通风和交通情况四类因素进行了分析,并指出各类因素的主次影响顺序。研究表明,当隧道两端洞口自然环境要素基本相同且两端洞口高差不大时,隧道内气温往往呈对称型分布;当隧道内存在较大纵坡坡度或受洞外盛行风向影响时,隧道内气温多呈非对称型分布;而当隧道长度较短、埋深小且盛行单向风时,隧道内气温分布常为贯通型。隧址区(隧道进出口)环境气温对隧道内气温分布起决定性作用,隧道埋深状况决定了地热作用从而对洞内气温产生重要影响。通风是影响隧道内气温的关键因素,其中自然风、工程中纵坡设计因素分别为进出口高差较小、长度较短的隧道和进出口高差较大、长度较长的隧道内气温分布的主导因素,工程附属结构、机械通风、交通情况为相对次要因素。本研究工作可为寒区隧道冻害问题研究和保温设防设计以及运营维护提供参考。

热轧薄规格带钢板凸度纵向分布特征的研究

为了控制某1780 mm热轧生产线薄带钢板凸度的纵向分布,通过分析现场轧制过程工艺及板凸度数据,对影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明:随着带钢厚度的减小,带钢板凸度纵向差值越大,其带钢长度方向上F7机架出口温度、速度和F1机架轧制压力和弯辊力差值越大。随着带钢宽度的减小,板凸度纵向衰减量逐渐增大,带钢中后部的板凸度逐渐低于目标值的下限。随精轧F7机架出口速度、温度的升高以及F1机架轧制压力和弯辊力的降低,板凸度发生衰减,且上述轧制参数波动值越大衰减特征越明显、衰减量越大。

特长公路隧道无辅助通道火灾烟气控制方案研究

为探究5000 m以上隧道的火灾烟气蔓延特性及无辅助通道排烟方案的可行性,以慈利隧道为例,采用FDS火灾模拟软件模拟隧道火灾情景,分析了无辅助通道时慈利隧道烟气蔓延规律及温度场、CO浓度、能见度分布情况,并将不同风速下隧道烟气蔓延规律进行对比。结果表明:1)隧道排烟风速设置为4 m/s时,不设置辅助通道对火灾上游人员疏散安全性无影响,采用全射流纵向通风能够保证人员安全疏散,且烟气不会窜流;2)慈利隧道取消辅助通道方案是可行的,该方案极大地降低了隧道的建设和运营成本。

大跨度钢梁桥区段接触网附加导线架设方案探讨

对大跨度钢梁桥区段附加导线架设问题进行研究,提出了该区段附加导线架设与悬挂安装方案,旨在消除梁体伸缩对附加导线的影响。方案通过在实际线路中应用,有效解决了大跨度钢梁桥上附加导线断线的问题,提高了接触网系统的稳定性和可靠性,可为大跨度钢梁桥区段附加导线架设提供参考。

高温处理建筑用6063铝合金的拉伸性能研究

以Mg、Al为原材料,通过熔炼、加压成形等制备6063铝合金,用电阻炉、电子万能拉伸试验机研究不同工艺参数、不同冷却方式下6063铝合金经高温处理后的拉伸性能。结果表明:消防喷水冷却的6063铝合金经高温处理后的应力、应变明显优于自然冷却方式,600℃处理后,消防喷水冷却的6063铝合金应力、应变分别为200 MPa、0.137,自然冷却的分别为119 MPa、0.168,消防喷水冷却能有效提升6063铝合金的力学性能。

寒区隧道纵向温度场分布规律研究

为探究寒区隧道纵向温度场分布规律及其影响要素,以哈牡高速铁路鲜丰隧道工程为例,建立寒区隧道三维流固热耦合模型,并采用通风时间、等效自然风流速度及进洞风温3个变量,探究不同变量条件下寒区隧道纵向温度分布规律及变化特点,在此基础上提出寒区隧道洞内纵向温度预测公式。研究结果表示:1)寒区隧道洞内纵向温度随着进洞距离的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势;2)随着通风时间的增加,寒区隧道洞内各个断面温度逐渐降低,且在通风60 d左右逐渐趋于稳定;3)随着等效自然风流速度的增大,隧道内纵向温度会降低;4)进洞风温对隧道洞内温度场的分布具有直接影响,随着进洞距离的增加,进洞风温对洞内温度场的影响逐渐减小。

纵向通风对隧道内地铁列车车厢烟气温度特性的影响

针对地铁隧道内列车车厢所组构的双狭长受限空间,开展隧道内纵向通风对列车车厢火灾烟气温度特性影响的研究。考虑隧道内通风风速平行于列车车厢侧向开口的独特特征,研究不同纵向通风风速和热释放速率下隧道内列车车厢火灾的烟气最高温升和近火源区纵向温度分布。结果表明:由于双重受限边界的限制,先前经典的单狭长受限空间所得最高烟气温升预测模型(LI Y Z等)过低地预测了车厢顶棚下方烟气温度,特别是v’>0.19的工况;此外,由于隧道内强制风流通过车厢侧向开口对车厢火灾的独特作用机制,本文所研究工况中隧道内纵向气流对车厢烟气温度特性的影响并不显著。通过对比他人试验验证和分析,提出了列车车厢顶棚下方最高烟气温升及近火源区的经验预测模型。

弱纵连下CRTS Ⅱ型板式无砟轨道解锁温度研究

在弱纵连施工过程中,为了避免轨道板凿除宽窄接缝后在解锁位置发生较大的位移变形,有必要明确不同解锁条件、不同解锁温度下轨道结构的受力变形特征,指导现场施工。基于梁轨相互作用原理和有限元法,建立无砟轨道-多跨简支梁桥精细化模型,利用有限元软件中“生死单元”的功能分步骤解锁轨道板,研究桥上CRTS Ⅱ型板式无砟轨道在不同解锁工况下轨道结构受力变形规律,据此分析得出合理解锁条件及解锁温度,并对应仿真计算中板端植筋工况,在预加固植筋地段进行了现场解锁实验。研究结果表明:不松开钢轨扣件,解锁板温在初始施工锁定板温±5℃范围内,可以直接解锁宽窄接缝;解锁板温在初始锁定板温±5℃之外,轨道板纵向位移不满足规范限值要求,需严格控制解锁温度;松开扣件解锁轨道板,轨道结构整体受力变形增大,轨道板纵向位移超过规范允许限值,建议解锁时不松开钢轨扣件;板端植筋有利于减小解锁后结构的受力变形,但轨道板纵向应力除外,板端植筋可作为解锁时的预防性手段。现场试验表明,解锁时轨道板板端植筋,宽窄接缝位置处轨道板间相对位移几乎不发生变化。研究成果对于CRTS Ⅱ型板式无砟轨道高温胀板病害提出了一种新的解决思路—弱纵连CRTS Ⅱ型板式无砟轨道。

基于支持向量机的综合管廊火灾纵向温度实时预测

城市地下综合管廊一旦发生火灾,会对城市造成很大的经济损失和社会影响。考虑到火灾的快速发展和综合管廊狭长受限的特殊空间结构,迫切需要一套准确、实时的火灾温度预测系统辅助消防救援人员制定决策和指导消防行动。建立了5种不同火源位置的地下综合管廊电缆火灾数值模型,结合支持向量机(SVM),根据火源位置、热释放速率、火灾发生时间以及待测点与火源之间的相对位置关系开发了一种数据驱动的温度实时预测模型,实现了地下管廊火灾场景内的纵向温度预测,提出了在火源附近数据结构的优化方案,提高了火源附近的预测准确度。该方法在预测性能和预测时间方面取得了优异的性能,展示了人工智能在火灾预测应用中的优越表现和发展前景。

WJ-8型小阻力扣件纵向阻力温变特性研究

为评估高速铁路桥上无缝线路扣件对服役环境的适应性,以WJ-8型小阻力扣件为例,开展一系列室内纵向阻力试验。设置-30~60℃的环境温度和90~120 N·m的螺栓扭矩,在标准组装状态下按照10 kN/min的恒定速率加载,实时记录纵向力值及钢轨纵向位移值,每个工况加载4次。试验获得了4个不同扭矩和10个不同温度组合工况下的扣件纵向阻力-位移变化特征,分析得到温度、扭矩和纵向滑移阻力三者之间的映射关系。研究结果表明:1)不同工况下,扣件纵向阻力随位移的增大呈幂指型函数递增关系;不同扭矩作用下,扣件纵向滑移阻力随温度升高呈指数型函数递增关系;不同温度作用下,扣件纵向滑移阻力随扭矩增大呈线性递增关系。2)扭矩作用和温度作用对小阻力扣件纵向阻力均有影响,但扭矩作用基本不影响扣件阻力对温度变化的敏感性,反之亦然。3)当温度上升至40℃以后,在规范建议的90~120 N·m扭矩下,纵向滑移阻力均不再满足4±1 kN的要求。建议高温环境下适当减小螺栓扭矩,以便于桥上无缝线路附加力的释放。研究成果对于优化轨道结构设计、验证和完善无缝线路扣件纵向阻力取值计算理论具有参考意义。