Research on Low Voltage Series Arc Fault Prediction Method Based on Multidimensional Time-Frequency Domain Characteristics

The load types in low-voltage distribution systems are diverse.Some loads have current signals that are similar to series fault arcs,making it difficult to effectively detect fault arcs during their occurrence and sustained combustion,which can easily lead to serious electrical fire accidents.To address this issue,this paper establishes a fault arc prototype experimental platform,selects multiple commonly used loads for fault arc experiments,and collects data in both normal and fault states.By analyzing waveform characteristics and selecting fault discrimination feature indicators,corresponding feature values are extracted for qualitative analysis to explore changes in timefrequency characteristics of current before and after faults.Multiple features are then selected to form a multidimensional feature vector space to effectively reduce arc misjudgments and construct a fault discrimination feature database.Based on this,a fault arc hazard prediction model is built using random forests.The model’s multiple hyperparameters are simultaneously optimized through grid search,aiming tominimize node information entropy and complete model training,thereby enhancing model robustness and generalization ability.Through experimental verification,the proposed method accurately predicts and classifies fault arcs of different load types,with an average accuracy at least 1%higher than that of the commonly used fault predictionmethods compared in the paper.

Quantitative analysis of laser-generated ultrasonic wave characteristics and their correlation with grain size in polycrystalline materials

Quantitative relationship between nanosecond pulsed laser parameters and the characteristics of laser-generated ultrasonic waves in polycrystalline materials was evaluated.The high energy of the pulsed laser with a large irradiation spot simultaneously generated ultrasonic longitudinal and shear waves at the epicenter under the slight ablation regime.An optimized denoising technique based on wavelet thresholding and variational mode decomposition was applied to reduce noise in shear waves with a low signal-to-noise ratio.An approach for characterizing grain size was proposed using spectral central frequency ratio(SCFR)based on time-frequency analysis.The results demonstrate that the generation regime of ultrasonic waves is not solely determined by the laser power density;even at high power densities,a high energy with a large spot can generate an ultrasonic waveform dominated by the thermoelastic effect.This is ascribed to the intensification of the thermoelastic effect with the proportional increase in laser irradiation spot area for a given laser power density.Furthermore,both longitudinal and shear wave SCFRs are linearly related to grain size in polycrystalline materials;however,the shear wave SCFR is more sensitive to finer-grained materials.This study holds great significance for evaluating metal material properties using laser ultrasound.

Compression of surface texture acceleration signal based on spectrum characteristics

Background Adequate data collection can enhance the realism of online rendering or offline playback of haptic surface textures.A parallel challenge is to reduce communication delays and improve storage space utilization.Methods Based on the similarity of the short-term amplitude spectrum trend,this study proposes a frequency-domain compression method.A compression framework is designed,which first maps the amplitude spectrum into grayscale images,compresses them with a still image compression method,and then adaptively encodes the maximum amplitude and part of the initial phase for each time window to achieve the final compression.Results The comparison between the original signal and the recovered signal shows that when the time-frequency similarity is 90%,the average compression ratio of our method is 9.85%in the case of a single interaction point.The subjective score for similarity was found to be high,with an average of 87.85.Conclusions Our method can be used for offline compression of vibrotactile data.For multi-interaction points in space,the trend similarity grayscale image can be reused,and the compression ratio is further reduced.

Time-frequency characteristics of blasting vibration signals measured in milliseconds

In order to study the time-frequency characteristics of blasting vibration signals, measured in milliseconds, we carried out site blasting vibration tests at an open pit of the Jinduicheng Mine. Based on recorded field data and applying a combination of RSPWVD and wavelet, we analyzed the time-fre- quency characteristics of recorded field data, summarized the time-frequency characteristics of blasting vibration signals in different frequency bands and present detailed information of blasting vibration sig- nals in milliseconds of high time-frequency resolutions. Because RSPWVD can be seen as of definite physical significance to signal energy distribution in time and frequency domains, we studied the energy distribution of blasting vibration signals for various milliseconds intervals from a perspective of energy distribution. The results indicate that the effect of milliseconds intervals on time-frequency characteris- tics of blasting vibration signals is significant; the length of delay time directly affects the energy distri- bution of blasting vibration signals as well as the duration of energy in ffeauencv bands.

Improving the resolution of seismic traces based on the secondary time-frequency spectrum

The resolution of seismic data is critical to seismic data processing and the subsequent interpretation of fine structures. In conventional resolution improvement methods, the seismic data is assumed stationary and the noise level not changes with space, whereas the actual situation does not satisfy this assumption, so that results after resolution improvement processing is not up to the expected effect. To solve these problems, we propose a seismic resolution improvement method based on the secondary time-frequency spectrum. First, we propose the secondary time-frequency spectrum based on S transform （ST） and discuss the reflection coefficient sequence and time-dependent wavelet in the secondary time frequency spectrum. Second, using the secondary time frequency spectrum, we design a two- dimensional filter to extract the amplitude spectrum of the time-dependent wavelet. Then, we discuss the improvement of the resolution operator in noisy environments and propose a novel approach for determining the broad frequency range of the resolution operator in the time- fi＇equency-space domain. Finally, we apply the proposed method to synthetic and real data and compare the results of the traditional spectrum-modeling deconvolution and Q compensation method. The results suggest that the proposed method does not need to estimate the Q value and the resolution is not limited by the bandwidth of the source. Thus, the resolution of the seismic data is improved sufficiently based on the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR）.

Time-frequency response spectrum of rotational ground motion and its application

The rotational seismic motions are estimated from one station records of the 1999 Jiji （Chi-Chi）, Taiwan, earthquake based on the theory of elastic plane wave propagation. The time-frequency response spectrum （TFRS） of the rotational motions is calculated and its characteristics are analyzed, then the TFRS is applied to analyze the damage mechanism of one twelve-storey frame concrete structure. The results show that one of the ground motion components can not reflect the characteristics of the seismic motions completely; the characteristics of each component, especially rotational motions, need to be studied. The damage line of the structure and TFRS of ground motion are important for seismic design, only the TFRS of input seismic wave is suitable, the structure design is reliable.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FREQUENCY SPECTRUM VARIATION OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OF CONVECTION DURING SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

Datasets of equivalent temperature of black body (TBB) and sea surface temperature (SST)ranging from 1980 to 1997 are used to diagnose and analyze the characteristics of frequency spectrum andstrength of intraseasonal variation of convection. The relationship between the strength of intraseasonaloscillation of convection, strength of convection itself and SST in the South China Sea (SCS) is studied. It isshown that, there are distinguishable annual, interannual and interdecadal variations in both strength andfrequency spectrum of intraseasonal variation of convection in SCS. There are connections between strength ofconvection, strength of ISO1 in the summer half (s.h.) year and SST in ensuing winter half (w.h.) year in SCS.The strong (weak) convection and strong (weak) ISO1 are associated with negative (positive) bias of SST inensuing w.h. year in SCS.

SPECTRUM CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR IONCONCENTRATIONS AT WUHAN SECTOIN OF THECHANGJIANG RIVER

ABSTRACT: Spectrum analyses of water quality time series have been carried out for five hydrometric stations including Wuhan hydrometric station of the Changjiang( Yangtze) River, etc. The fluctuations of Ca2 +, Mg2+ and HCO3-concentrations in river water under different physical geography conditions have about two-year cycle which is corresponding to hydrometeorological quasi-biannual-oscillation(QBO). Na + Cl- SO2-4 have about two-year cycle in the area lightly affected by human activities while two-year cycle doesn’t exist in the area heavily affected by human activities. All the fluctuations of major ions have about three-month cycle. The river discharge fluctuation accounts for 43. 9% , 45.1%, 54.3%, 33.9%, 30.3% and 42. 7% of the variance of Ca2 +, Mg2+ HC03-, Na+ Cl-, SO2-4, respectively, at Wuhan from 1962 to 1985. According to the spectrum characteristic of major ions, the duration of the time series has to be at least 13 years for trend analysis of monthly water quality data.

The Time-frequency Characteristic of a Large Volume Airgun Source Wavelet and Its Influencing Factors

Through analyzing the near-field hydrophone records of the airgun experiment in the Jiemian reservoir,Fujian,we study the time-frequency characteristic of airgun source wavelet and the influence of gun depth and firing pressure,and explain the process of bubble oscillation based on the Johnson( 1994) bubble model. The data analysis shows that:( 1) Airgun wavelet is composed of primary pulse and bubble pulse. The primary pulse,which is of large amplitude,short duration and wide frequency band,is usually used in shallow exploration. The bubble pulse,which is concentrated in the low-frequency range,is usually used in deep exploration with deep vertical penetration and far horizontal propagation.( 2) The variation of primary pulse amplitude with gun depth is very small,bubble pulse amplitude and the dominant frequency increase,and peak-bubble ratio and bubble period decrease. When the gun depth is 10 m,primary pulse amplitude and peakbubble ratio are maximum,which is suitable for shallow exploration; when gun depth is25 m,bubble pulse amplitude is large, and peak-bubble ratio is minimum, which is suitable for deep exploration.( 3) The primary pulse amplitude,bubble pulse amplitude,peak-bubble ratio,and bubble period increase and the dominant frequency decreases with increased firing pressure.

The analysis of frequency-dependent characteristics for fluid detection: a physical model experiment

According to the Chapman multi-scale rock physical model, the seismic response characteristics vary for different fluid-saturated reservoirs. For class I AVO reservoirs and gas-saturation, the seismic response is a high-frequency bright spot as the amplitude energy shifts. However, it is a low-frequency shadow for the Class III AVO reservoirs saturated with hydrocarbons. In this paper, we verified the high-frequency bright spot results of Chapman for the Class I AVO response using the frequency-dependent analysis of a physical model dataset. The physical model is designed as inter-bedded thin sand and shale based on real field geology parameters. We observed two datasets using fixed offset and 2D geometry with different fluid- saturated conditions. Spectral and time-frequency analyses methods are applied to the seismic datasets to describe the response characteristics for gas-, water-, and oil-saturation. The results of physical model dataset processing and analysis indicate that reflection wave tuning and fluid-related dispersion are the main seismic response characteristic mechanisms. Additionally, the gas saturation model can be distinguished from water and oil saturation for Class I AVO utilizing the frequency-dependent abnormal characteristic. The frequency-dependent characteristic analysis of the physical model dataset verified the different spectral response characteristics corresponding to the different fluid-saturated models. Therefore, by careful analysis of real field seismic data, we can obtain the abnormal spectral characteristics induced by the fluid variation and implement fluid detection using seismic data directly.

Study on Physical Properties and Related Spectral Characteristics of Composited Soil with Different Ratio of Feldspathic Sandstone and Sand

[Objective] To study the soil texture, water storage and related spectral characteristics of composited soil. [Method] 3 different ratios of composited soils was designed by using feldspathic sandstone and sand by 3 different ratios, 1：1（C1）, 1：2（C2） and 1：5（C3）, and the CK used loess soil and sand by 1：2, then the soil texture, water storage, soil and winter wheat spectral characteristic were measured and analyzed under those treatments in 2010-2013. [Result] （1） With the increasing of the plant- ing year, treatment C1, C2 and C3 all showed decreasing in the proportions of sand and increasing of silt and the CK showed decreasing of clay and increasing of sand, along 1-30 cm soil depth. Treatment C2 showed the proportion of sand, silt and clay were 76.69%, 18.72% and 4.70%, respectively. （2） The water contents of all the treatments were significant different from other in 0-60 cm soil depth, and showed increasing trend with the increasing of sand proportion. Treatment C2 had higher average water content during the 3 years than treatment CK, C1 and C3 by 21.34%, 11.59% and 3.91% in the same soil depth, respectively. （3） In 2013, the spectral reflection curve characters were similar for all treatment of winter wheat at the jointing stage and filling stage along the full-wave band （350-2 500 nm）, and the reflectance was higher in the jointing stage than the filling stage; the reflection peak was found around 550 nm, a part of green light wave band. Treatment C2 showed the highest canopy that all treatments had similar spectral curves, and the relative reflectance of soil increased during 350-1 750 nm wave length along with the increase of the sand proportion; for treatment CK, C1, C2 and C3, the soil spectral reflectance （y） and wave length （x） appeared highly correlated relationships, they were y=0.18 71 In（x）-0.979 4, y=0.158 7 In（x）-0.801 2, y=0.177 1 In（x）-0.910 8 and y=0.184 5 In（x）-0.944 5, respectively. [Conclusion] Synthesizing the soil physical properties and related spectral character indices, treatment C2 generated the best combination ratio of feldspathic sandstone and sand.

Time-Frequency Signal Processing for Gas-Liquid Two Phase Flow Through a Horizontal Venturi Based on Adaptive Optimal-Kernel Theory

A time-frequency signal processing method for two-phase flow through a horizontal Venturi based on adaptive optimal-kernel （AOK） was presented in this paper.First,the collected dynamic differential pressure signal of gas-liquid two-phase flow was preprocessed,and then the AOK theory was used to analyze the dynamic differ-ential pressure signal.The mechanism of two-phase flow was discussed through the time-frequency spectrum.On the condition of steady water flow rate,with the increasing of gas flow rate,the flow pattern changes from bubbly flow to slug flow,then to plug flow,meanwhile,the energy distribution of signal fluctuations show significant change that energy transfer from 15-35 Hz band to 0-8 Hz band;moreover,when the flow pattern is slug flow,there are two wave peaks showed in the time-frequency spectrum.Finally,a number of characteristic variables were defined by using the time-frequency spectrum and the ridge of AOK.When the characteristic variables were visu-ally analyzed,the relationship between different combination of characteristic variables and flow patterns would be gotten.The results show that,this method can explain the law of flow in different flow patterns.And characteristic variables,defined by this method,can get a clear description of the flow information.This method provides a new way for the flow pattern identification,and the percentage of correct prediction is up to 91.11%.

Characteristics of coal re-oxidation based on microstructural and spectral observation

In order to investigate the characteristics of re-oxidation of residual coal in goafs in close coal seam mining,scanning electron microscope and infrared spectrometer are used to study the changes of coal microstructure and chemical reaction of functional groups of eight coal samples at different ranks.Result shows that after initial oxidation,the surface morphology of pore are different,and the porosity of coal is increased and the oxygen adsorption capacity of coal is improved.The change of coal molecular structure and presence of a large amount of active oxygen-containing functional groups lead to increasing tendency of coal to further oxidation.In addition,the higher lever of the initial oxidation is,the easier the re-oxidation occurs.

Analysis of vibration reduction characteristics and applicability of steel-spring floating-slab track

A coupled dynamics computation model for metro vehicles, along with a steel-spring floating-slab track, is developed based on the theory of vehicle-track coupled dynamics. Using the developed model, the influences of the thickness, length and mass of floating-slab, spring rate and its arrangement space, running speed, etc. on the time and frequency domain characteristics of steel-spring fulcrum force are analyzed. The applicability of steel-spring floatingslab track is discussed through two integrated example cases of metro and buildings possessing distinct natural vibra- tion characteristics. It is concluded that, it is quite significant, in the optimization modular design of the parameters of steel-spring floating-slab track, to take the matching relationship of both the amplitude-frequency characteristics of steel-spring fulcrum force and natural vibration characteristics of integrated structures into comprehensive consideration. In this way the expensive steel-spring floating-slab track can be economically and efficiently utilized according to the site condition, and at the same time, the economic losses and bad social impact resulted from the resonance during usage of steel-spring floating-slab track can be avoided.

Characteristics of transmitting channel wave in a coal seam

An embedded underground coal seam carries channel waves of low seismic velocity along a stratigraphic rock-coal-rock sequence.In a homogeneous and isotropic seam, seismic waves propagate as trapped waves within the seam, which leads to propagation of channel waves.We describe how to set up a field test for transmission in order to acquire channel waves in a coal seam.Because channel wave signals are non-stationary in their frequencies and amplitudes, a necessary velocity spectrum and wavelet transformation analysis are applied to interpret the characteristics of channel waves.The advantage of using a wavelet transformation is that different resolutions can be obtained at different times and different frequencies.According to analysis of the seismic signals acquired in the S7 sensor hole, it was clearly shown that the characteristics of channel waves are lower frequencies and attenuation which can guide an effective wave for detecting voids, boundaries and faults in coal seams with strong roofs and floors.

Oil spill detection by a support vector machine based on polarization decomposition characteristics

Marine oil spills have caused major threats to marine environment over the past few years.The early detection of the oil spill is of great significance for the prevention and control of marine disasters.At present,remote sensing is one of the major approaches for monitoring the oil spill.Full polarization synthetic aperture radarc SAR data are employed to extract polarization decomposition parameters including entropy（H） and reflection entropy（A）.The characteristic spectrum of the entropy and reflection entropy combination has analyzed and the polarization characteristic spectrum of the oil spill has developed to support remote sensing of the oil spill.The findings show that the information extracted from（1-A）×（1-H） and（1-H）×A parameters is relatively evident effects.The results of extraction of the oil spill information based on H×A parameter are relatively not good.The combination of the two has something to do with H and A values.In general,when H〉0.7,A value is relatively small.Here,the extraction of the oil spill information using（1-A）×（1-H） and（1-H）×A parameters obtains evident effects.Whichever combined parameter is adopted,oil well data would cause certain false alarm to the extraction of the oil spill information.In particular the false alarm of the extracted oil spill information based on（1-A）×（1-H） is relatively high,while the false alarm based on（1-A）×H and（1-H）×A parameters is relatively small,but an image noise is relatively big.The oil spill detection employing polarization characteristic spectrum support vector machine can effectively identify the oil spill information with more accuracy than that of the detection method based on single polarization feature.

Analysis of Energy Characteristics in the Process of Freak Wave Generation

The energy characteristics in the evolution of the wave train are investigated to understand the inherent cause of the freak wave generation. The Morlet wavelet spectrum method is employed to analyze the numerical, laboratory and field evolution data of this generation process. Their energy distributions and variations are discussed with consideration of corresponding surface elevations. Through comparing the energy characteristics of three cases, it is shown that the freak wave generation depends not only on the continuous transfer of wave train energy to a certain region where finally the maximum energy occurs, but also on the distinct shift of the converged energy to high-frequency components in a very short time. And the typical energy characteristics of freak waves are also given.

Ultrasonic attenuation estimation based on time-frequency analysis

The quality factor(or Q value)is an important parameter for characterizing the inelastic properties of rock.Achieving a Q value estimation with high accuracy and stability is still challenging.In this study,a new method for estimating ultrasonic attenuation using a spectral ratio based on an S transform(SR-ST)is presented to improve the stability and accuracy of Q estimation.The variable window of ST is used to solve the time window problem.We add two window factors to the Gaussian window function in the ST.The window factors can adjust the scale of the Gaussian window function to the ultrasonic signal,which reduces the calculation error attributed to the conventional Gaussian window function.Meanwhile,the frequency bandwidth selection rules for the linear regression of the amplitude ratio are given to further improve stability and accuracy.First,the feasibility and influencing factors of the SR-ST method are studied through numerical testing and standard sample experiments.Second,artificial samples with different Q values are used to study the adaptability and stability of the SR-ST method.Finally,a further comparison between the new method and the conventional spectral ratio method(SR)is conducted using rock field samples,again addressing stability and accuracy.The experimental results show that this method will yield an error of approximately 36%using the conventional Gaussian window function.This problem can be solved by adding the time window factors to the Gaussian window function.The frequency bandwidth selection rules and mean slope value of the amplitude ratio used in the SR-ST method can ensure that the maximum error of different Q values estimation(Q>15)is less than 10%.

Characteristics of near-fault ground motion containing velocity pulses

There are many reports about the research on near-fault velocity pulses, which focus on the generation of velocity pulse and simplify the velocity pulse so as to be used in the seismic design of structure, However few researches have put emphasis on the characteristics of near-fault ground motions containing velocity pulses, especially the characteristics relevant with the design response spectrum prescribed by the code. Through collection of a large number of near-fault records containing velocity pulses, the response spectra and the characteristic periods of records containing no pulses are compared with those of records containing pulses. Response spectra of near-fault records are compared with standard spectra given by code; furthermore, the response spectra and the characteristic periods of each earthquake are compared with that given by code. The result shows that at long periods （longer than 1.5 s）, the response spectrum of pulse-containing records is bigger than the response spectrum of no-pulse-containing records; when the characteristic period of near-fault records is calculated, the method that does not fix frequency is more reasonable because the T1 and T2 have a lagging tendency; regardless of the site Ⅰ and site Ⅱ, the characteristic period of pulse-containing records is over twice bigger than the characteristic period given by the code,

Chemical and physical characteristics of quartz from gold deposits in the North China platform: relationship to gold mineralization

This paper seeks to identify macroscopic metallogenic mechanisms of various mineral deposits by studying microscopic typomorphic characteristics of typical minerals associated with the deposits and to reveal the mechanism of lattice gold in detail by studying both physical and chemical characteristics of quartz from representative gold deposits in the North China Platform.As part of their extensive research,the authors examine the relationship between trace elements with wall rock,the ore-forming media,and gold immigration of various types of gold deposits,including their salinity,type,temperature.These are key factors to revealing the mineralization mechanism,and indicators for mineral prospecting,exploration,mining,and metallurgical technology.In order to address the questions posed,the following methods were used:field investigations of geology and sampling of the representative gold deposits,physical study and chemical analysis of quartz including,but not limited to,fluid inclusions as well as their compositions and trace elements in quartz,the unit cell parameters,electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum(EPR),and infrared spectroscopic analysis(ISA).As a result of this study,the authors observe the following key findings:unit cell parameters of quartz vary with their contents of foreign elements including gold,paragenetic stage,wall rock type,and other factors;the higher the forming temperature and the lower the gold content in quartz,the smaller the unit cell parameters,and vice versa.Additionally,the EPR absorption lines resulted from the O–Al defect center.The density of these types of hole centers increases and the EPR signal strengthens when the temperature decreases.Based on the findings,the authors conclude that lattice gold exists in quartz.Gold,in the form of Au^(+)and/or Au^(3+),entering quartz and producing an electron–hole center,namely,the O-Au hole center,makes the center produce spin resonance absorption and results in the EPR absorption peak#I.Both unit cell parameters and EPR of quartz can potentially be used in mineral prospecting,relative ore-forming temperature determination,and grade control during mining.