Prospects for Jovian seismology with the Lenghu planetary telescope

Jupiter is one of the top priorities for deep space exploration in China and other countries.The structure of Jupiter’s interior,in particular,is a crucial but still unclear scientific topic.This paper discusses current scientific understanding of Jupiter’s interior by summarizing the history of past and current exploration and data analysis.We review recent space-based and ground-based observation methods and analyze their feasibility.To gain new insight into the internal structure of Jupiter,we propose to study Jupiter’s innards by planetary seismology.Ground-based observation,namely the Jupiter Seismologic Interferometer Polarization Imager(SIPI)in Lenghu,will be developed to obtain the Doppler velocity distribution on the surface of Jupiter and identify oscillation signals.Lenghu has observation conditions that are not only exceptional in China but even in the world,capable of providing novel insight into the interior of Jupiter.This will also be the first study in China of the interior of Jupiter using asteroseismology,which has significant implications for China’s plans to explore Jupiter via spacecraft-mounted instruments.

The AVO Effect of Formation Pressure on Time-Lapse Seismic Monitoring in Marine Carbon Dioxide Storage

The phase change of CO_(2) has a significant bearing on the siting, injection, and monitoring of storage. The phase state of CO_(2) is closely related to pressure. In the process of seismic exploration, the information of formation pressure can be response in the seismic data. Therefore, it is possible to monitor the formation pressure using time-lapse seismic method. Apart from formation pressure, the information of porosity and CO_(2) saturation can be reflected in the seismic data. Here, based on the actual situation of the work area, a rockphysical model is proposed to address the feasibility of time-lapse seismic monitoring during CO_(2) storage in the anisotropic formation. The model takes into account the formation pressure, variety minerals composition, fracture, fluid inhomogeneous distribution, and anisotropy caused by horizontal layering of rock layers(or oriented alignment of minerals). From the proposed rockphysical model and the well-logging, cores and geological data at the target layer, the variation of P-wave and S-wave velocity with formation pressure after CO_(2) injection is calculated. And so are the effects of porosity and CO_(2) saturation. Finally, from anisotropic exact reflection coefficient equation, the reflection coefficients under different formation pressures are calculated. It is proved that the reflection coefficient varies with pressure. Compared with CO_(2) saturation, the pressure has a greater effect on the reflection coefficient. Through the convolution model, the seismic record is calculated. The seismic record shows the difference with different formation pressure. At present, in the marine CO_(2) sequestration monitoring domain, there is no study involving the effect of formation pressure changes on seismic records in seafloor anisotropic formation. This study can provide a basis for the inversion of reservoir parameters in anisotropic seafloor CO_(2) reservoirs.

Seismology and Climatology: A Study of Seismological Impacts of Climate Change in Indonesia

Climate change has been a matter of discourse for the last several decades. Much research has been conducted regarding the causes and impacts of climate change around the world. The current research contributes to the knowledge of the influence of climate change on our environment, with emphasis on earthquake occurrences in the region of Indonesia. Using global temperature anomaly as a measure of climate change, and earthquake data in Indonesia for the period 1900-2022, the paper seeks to find a relationship (if any) between the two variables. Statistical methods used include normal distribution analysis, linear regression and correlation test. The results show peculiar patterns in the progression of earthquake occurrences as well as global temperature anomaly occurring in the same time periods. The findings also indicated that the magnitudes of earthquakes remained unaffected by global temperature anomalies over the years. Nonetheless, there appears to be a potential correlation between temperature anomalies and the frequency of earthquake occurrences. As per the results, an increase in temperature anomaly is associated with a higher frequency of earthquakes.

Seismology in the Light of Fundamental Sciences

According to the definition, seismology is a science that studies the processes and causes of seismic phenomena and the structure of the Earth, i.e. a scientific discipline that studies the movement of blocks of rocks of the Earth’s crust and mantle and related phenomena. Seismology conducts research in the following areas and is designed to scientifically explain two main issues: 1) Study of the nature of seismic phenomena and the internal structure of the Earth. Why, how and where do seismic impacts occur? 2) Protecting humanity from the catastrophic consequences of seismic events. Is it possible to predict seismic impacts? Like any other scientific discipline, seismology is obliged to follow the laws of science and its fundamental principles. This article is devoted to the description of violations of the fundamental laws of science committed by seismologists in the study of seismic processes and raises the question of compliance of the stated research directions with the current level of development of sciences. Answering point No. 1, regarding the structure of the Earth, it is possible to recognize some successes of seismology, which nevertheless cause great doubts in the scientific community of geophysicists, because if the stratigraphic data of ultra-deep wells often refute [1] the conclusions made by seismologists on the structure of the Earth’s crust at shallow depth, then to assert something unambiguously about the structure of the mantle and at the present stage, seismology cannot. Answering the main questions of seismology, why seismic phenomena occur, and how earthquake energy is formed, seismologists have not had, and have not. Answering point No. 2, we can confidently say that in the matter of forecasting seismic phenomena, seismology has not advanced one iota over the past century, and as seismologists have been confused in the search for earthquake prediction algorithms, they are also confused without any hope of success. All that modern seismology can “boast” is the theory of Elastic recoil [2], the absurdity of which does not cause any doubt among the progressive part of geophysicists. But, the fact that most of the leading scientists-seismologists continue to piously believe the conclusions of the Elastic Recoil theory puts seismology in a humiliating position, because Mr. Reid’s theory is the clearest example of a false theory based on scientific incompetence of scientists, a model of brazen violation of the fundamental laws of science and the foundation of false and ignorant conclusions. Based on the results achieved, or rather on their absence, we regret to draw a sad conclusion: modern seismology is in the deepest decline, the cause of which is the incompetence of researchers as a result of their catastrophically low level of academic training, who stuff the scientific community with scientific geophysical rubbish, breeding similar ignoramuses in seismology. We understand that by asserting this, we offend most seismologists, but it is impossible to continue to tolerate this state of affairs in geophysics, because: “Amicus plato, sed magis amica est veritas.” Obviously, the time has come for a new meteorologist, Alfred Wagener [3], who will come and teach seismologists not to guess on coffee grounds, but to investigate seismic processes using the fundamental laws of science. In this article, we not only investigate the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of affairs in seismology, but also give our answers to the questions, of why earthquakes occur and how seismic energy is formed.

Time-lapse培养与桌面台式培养箱胚胎培养对胚胎发育的影响

目的探讨Time-lapse培养与桌面台式培养箱胚胎培养对胚胎发育的影响。方法选取2021年3月—2023年3月在本院生殖中心行IVF-ET/ICSI-ET治疗的613个周期的胚胎发育数据,随机分配胚胎培养方式。分为对照组与研究组,其中对照组为桌面台式培养箱方式(360个周期),研究组为Time-lapse培养与桌面台式培养箱方式(253个周期),统计两组胚胎发育质量。结果研究组中正常受精数、可移植胚胎数、形成囊胚数、优质胚胎数、高评分囊胚数、受精率、冷冻胚胎率、胚囊形成率、优质胚胎率、高评分囊胚率高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论Time-lapse培养与桌面台式培养箱胚胎培养方式优于桌面台式培养箱方式,可为胚胎培养提供适宜的环境、温度、湿度等,有助于胚胎发育,具有较强的实用性和推广性,值得推广应用。

Landslide monitoring in southwestern China via time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography

The dynamic monitoring of landslides in engineering geology has focused on the correlation among landslide stability,rainwater infiltration,and subsurface hydrogeology.However,the understanding of this complicated correlation is still poor and inadequate.Thus,in this study,we investigated a typical landslide in southwestern China via time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography（TLERT） in November 2013 and August 2014.We studied landslide mechanisms based on the spatiotemporal characteristics of surface water infiltration and flow within the landslide body.Combined with borehole data,inverted resistivity models accurately defined the interface between Quaternary sediments and bedrock.Preferential flow pathways attributed to fracture zones and fissures were also delineated.In addition,we found that surface water permeates through these pathways into the slipping mass and drains away as fissure water in the fractured bedrock,probably causing the weakly weathered layer to gradually soften and erode,eventually leading to a landslide.Clearly,TLERT dynamic monitoring can provide precursory information of critical sliding and can be used in landslide stability analysis and prediction.

使用time-lapse筛选早期IVF/ICSI胚胎及其临床结局

目的通过比较使用time-lapse（延迟摄像）和传统形态学方法筛选IVF/ICSI胚胎的临床结局,评价time-lapse用于早期胚胎观察和筛选的价值。方法回顾性分析139个IVF/ICSI周期的资料,根据胚胎的筛选方法,分为time-lapse monitoring组（TLM组）（n=68）和对照组（n=71）,比较两组间的βHCG阳性率、临床妊娠率和胚胎着床率,并根据女方年龄、受精方式进行亚组分析。结果 TLM组的βHCG阳性率、临床妊娠率、胚胎着床率分别为：66.2%、61.8%、47.1%;对照组的βHCG阳性率、临床妊娠率、胚胎着床率分别为：47.9%、43.7%、30.3%;TLM组的βHCG阳性率、临床妊娠率、胚胎着床率均高于对照组,且差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。亚组分析显示：相较于年龄≤30岁的患者,年龄31~35岁的患者利用time-lapse更能明显改善临床结局;利用time-lapse能明显提高IVF周期的βHCG阳性率、临床妊娠率、胚胎着床率,但对于ICSI和TESA周期,效果则不理想。结论使用time-lapse动态监测胚胎并根据胚胎的形态动力学参数对胚胎进行评价和筛选,与传统方法相比,能获得更好的临床结局;年龄较大的（〉30岁）或者是进行IVF周期的患者更能从中获益。

利用Time-lapse技术筛选早期胚胎对IVF-ET妊娠结局的影响

目的探索利用Time-lapse系统筛选早期胚胎的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析本中心2016年7月至2017年12月,第一次新鲜或复苏周期D3卵裂期胚胎移植的患者资料,根据胚胎评估方法分为Time-lapse系统组(TLM组,n=74)和传统形态学评分组(CMA组,n=951),比较这两种不同胚胎筛选方法对临床结局的影响。结果患者的不孕年限、体重指数、基础FSH、基础LH、E2、AMH、窦卵泡数、内膜厚度和周期类型等一般情况,在TLM组和CMA组均无显著差异(P均>0.05);TLM组年龄显著高于CMA组[(31.8±4.2)vs.(30.8±4.4),P<0.05],而平均移植胚胎数显著少于CMA组[(1.7±0.5)vs.(1.9±0.3),P<0.05];患者的临床结局,包括临床妊娠率、种植率、流产率、宫外孕率、双胎率和移植两个胚胎的双胎率等在两组间均无显著差异(P均>0.05)。进一步按照年龄分层分析,在<35岁患者,患者的一般情况在两组间均无显著差异(P均>0.05),TML组的平均移植胚胎数显著少于CMA组[(1.7±0.5)vs.(1.9±0.3),P<0.05],而患者临床结局在两组间亦无显著差异(P>0.05);在≥35岁患者,TML组的平均移植胚胎数显著少于CMA组[(1.7±0.5)vs.(1.9±0.4),P<0.05],而患者的一般情况和临床结局在两组间亦无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论利用Time-lapse技术选择早期胚胎,可以在显著减少移植胚胎数的基础上,维持稳定的临床妊娠结局。因此,认为Time-lapse技术可以在一定程度上优选出更具发育潜能的胚胎,为早期胚胎单胚胎移植提供新方法。

Time-lapse是否能预测胚胎染色体整倍性？

Time-lapse技术推进了胚胎评估的方法学,为胚胎评估带来了新的视角。Time-lapse系统理论上应具有预测胚胎染色体整倍性的潜力,但还需临床研究证实。

应用time-lapse技术探讨7～10细胞D3优质胚胎的发育潜能

目的：探讨人体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）中第3天细胞数目为7、8、9、10优质胚胎的发育潜能。方法：选取2014年11月至2015年10月于山东大学附属生殖医院行IVF-ET患者的D3（授精后第三天）胚胎,利用time-lapse（延时摄像）技术分析7~10细胞优质胚胎的早期分裂行为,进而探讨胚胎早期分裂行为对囊胚形成率和临床结局的影响。结果：（1）四种细胞数胚胎早期的分裂行为不同：大多数8细胞胚胎为发育正常（NB）的胚胎;9细胞和10细胞中发生直接分裂（DC,一种异常分裂）的胚胎比例高于发育正常胚胎;所有7细胞胚胎均存在异常分裂,其中主要为逆分裂（RC,一种异常分裂）和同步分裂延迟（t8-t5,S3,胚胎由5细胞分裂为8细胞的时间）。（2）与NB相比,每一种异常分裂（DC,RC,S3）的发生均不同程度降低了胚胎的发育潜能。（3）四种细胞数胚胎的发育结局显示,8细胞胚胎有最高的囊胚形成率和胚胎着床率,其次为9细胞和10细胞胚胎,7细胞胚胎的囊胚形成率和着床率最低。结论：7、8、9、10四种细胞数胚胎早期发育过程中异常分裂的类型和所占比重不同,最终导致其发育潜能的差异。8细胞胚胎的发育潜能最高,其次为9细胞和10细胞胚胎,7细胞胚胎发育潜能最低。

Forensic Seismology and Boundary Element Method Application vis-à-vis ROKS Cheonan Underwater Explosion

On March 26,2010 an underwater explosion(UWE)led to the sinking of the ROKS Cheonan.The official Multinational Civilian-Military Joint Investigation Group(MCMJIG)report concluded that the cause of the underwater explosion was a 250 kg net explosive weight(NEW)detonation at a depth of 6 9 m from a DPRK"CHT-02D"torpedo.Kim and Gitterman(2012a)determined the NEW and seismic magnitude as 136 kg at a depth of approximately 8m and 2.04,respectively using basic hydrodynamics based on theoretical and experimental methods as well as spectral analysis and seismic methods.The purpose of this study was to clarify the cause of the UWE via more detailed methods using bubble dynamics and simulation of propellers as well as forensic seismology.Regarding the observed bubble pulse period of 0.990 s,0.976 s and 1.030 s were found in case of a 136NEW at a detonation depth of 8 m using the boundary element method(BEM)and 3D bubble shape simulations derived for a 136kg NEW detonation at a depth of 8 m approximately 5 m portside from the hull centerline.Here we show through analytical equations,models and 3D bubble shape simulations that the most probable cause of this underwater explosion was a 136 kg NEW detonation at a depth of 8m attributable to a ROK littoral"land control"mine(LCM).

Artificial intelligence in seismology:Advent,performance and future trends

Realistically predicting earthquake is critical for seismic risk assessment,prevention and safe design of major structures.Due to the complex nature of seismic events,it is challengeable to efficiently identify the earthquake response and extract indicative features from the continuously detected seismic data.These challenges severely impact the performance of traditional seismic prediction models and obstacle the development of seismology in general.Taking their advantages in data analysis,artificial intelligence(AI) techniques have been utilized as powerful statistical tools to tackle these issues.This typically involves processing massive detected data with severe noise to enhance the seismic performance of structures.From extracting meaningful sensing data to unveiling seismic events that are below the detection level,AI assists in identifying unknown features to more accurately predicting the earthquake activities.In this focus paper,we provide an overview of the recent AI studies in seismology and evaluate the performance of the major AI techniques including machine learning and deep learning in seismic data analysis.Furthermore,we envision the future direction of the AI methods in earthquake engineering which will involve deep learning-enhanced seismology in an internet-of-things(IoT) platform.

Converted-wave Seismology in Anisotropic Media Revisited, Part II: Application to Parameter Estimation

In transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis （VTI）, the converted-wave （C-wave） moveout over intermediate-to-far offsets is determined by four parameters. These are the C-wave stacking velocity Vc2 , the vertical and effective velocity ratios γ0 and γeff, and the anisotropic parameter χeff. We refer to the four parameters as the C-wave stacking velocity model. The purpose of C-wave velocity analysis is to determine this stacking velocity model. The C-wave stacking velocity model Vc2, γ0, γeff, and χeff can be determined from P-and C-wave reflection moveout data. However, error propagation is a severe problem in C-wave reflection-moveout inversion. The current short-spread stacking velocity as deduced from hyperbolic moveout does not provide sufficient accuracy to yield meaningful inverted values for the anisotropic parameters. The non-hyperbolic moveout over intermediate-offsets （x/z from 1.0 to 1.5） is no longer negligible and can be quantified using a background γ. Non-hyperbolic analysis with a γ correction over the intermediate offsets can yield Vc2 with errors less than 1% for noise free data. The procedure is very robust, allowing initial guesses of γ with up to 20% errors. It is also applicable for vertically inhomogeneous anisotropic media. This improved accuracy makes it possible to estimate anisotropic parameters using 4C seismic data. Two practical work flows are presented for this purpose： the double-scanning flow and the single-scanning flow. Applications to synthetic and real data show that the two flows yield results with similar accuracy but the single-scanning flow is more efficient than the double-scanning flow.

Purposeless repeated acquisition time-lapse seismic data processing

In China, most oil fields are continental sedimentation with strong heterogeneity, which on one side makes the reservoir prospecting and development more difficult, but on the other side provides more space for searching residual oil in matured fields. Time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring technique is one of most important techniques to define residual oil distribution. According to the demand for and development of time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring in China, purposeless repeated acquisition time-lapse seismic data processing was studied. The four key steps in purposeless repeated acquisition time-lapse seismic data processing, including amplitude-preserved processing with relative consistency, rebinning, match filtering and difference calculation, were analyzed by combining theory and real seismic data processing. Meanwhile, quality control during real time-lapse seismic processing was emphasized.

Influence of Different Quality Sperm on Early Embryo Morphokinetic Parameters and Cleavage Patterns:A Retrospective Time-lapse Study

To investigate whether sperm with low concentration and motility can impact preimplantation embryos and to analyze how the effects present under a time-lapse incubation system,2905 oocytes were collected from 219 couples between January 2014 and December 2015.Patients were divided into three groups according to sperm quality.Morphokinetic parameters and six cleavage patterns in the initial three cleavages were evaluated using the Primo Vision system.Embryo quality and clinic outcomes such as implantation rate,pregnancy rate and live birth rate were measured.The results showed that the concentration and motility of sperm correlated strongly with the rate of 2PN embryos,good-quality embryos on D3,blastocysts on D5/6 and good quality embryos on D5/6.The time-lapse system recordings showed that compromised sperm quality could result in a significant delay in cc l and a decrease in cc2,and impact embryo developmental potential mainly through large fragments or/and blastomere fragmentation in the initial three cleavages.In conclusion,sperm with low concentration and motility can have paternal effects on preimplantation embryos.These paternal effects present both as changes in morphokinetic parameters and cleavage patterns,which occur as early as fertilization and may cause severe damage to the preimplantation embryos.

Monitoring the change in horizontal stress with multi-wave time-lapse seismic response based on nonlinear elasticity theory

Monitoring the change in horizontal stress from the geophysical data is a tough challenge, and it has a crucial impact on broad practical scenarios which involve reservoir exploration and development, carbon dioxide (CO_(2)) injection and storage, shallow surface prospecting and deep-earth structure description. The change in in-situ stress induced by hydrocarbon production and localized tectonic movements causes the changes in rock mechanic properties (e.g. wave velocities, density and anisotropy) and further causes the changes in seismic amplitudes, phases and travel times. In this study, the nonlinear elasticity theory that regards the rock skeleton (solid phase) and pore fluid as an effective whole is used to characterize the effect of horizontal principal stress on rock overall elastic properties and the stress-dependent anisotropy parameters are therefore formulated. Then the approximate P-wave, SV-wave and SH-wave angle-dependent reflection coefficient equations for the horizontal-stress-induced anisotropic media are proposed. It is shown that, on the different reflectors, the stress-induced relative changes in reflectivities (i.e., relative difference) of elastic parameters (i.e., P- and S-wave velocities and density) are much less than the changes in contrasts of anisotropy parameters. Therefore, the effects of stress change on the reflectivities of three elastic parameters are reasonably neglected to further propose an AVO inversion approach incorporating P-, SH- and SV-wave information to estimate the change in horizontal principal stress from the corresponding time-lapse seismic data. Compared with the existing methods, our method eliminates the need for man-made rock-physical or fitting parameters, providing more stable predictive power. 1D test illustrates that the estimated result from time-lapse P-wave reflection data shows the most reasonable agreement with the real model, while the estimated result from SH-wave reflection data shows the largest bias. 2D test illustrates the feasibility of the proposed inversion method for estimating the change in horizontal stress from P-wave time-lapse seismic data.

Preface to the special issue of Dense Array Seismology

Both earthquake seismology and structural seismology rely on observations, which in turn contribute critically to the development of seismology, especially in recent years.In order to understand specific geologic structures and interior processes of the Earth, seismic arrays are widely

The application of neural networks to comprehensive prediction by seismology prediction method

BP neural networks is used to mid-term earthquake prediction in this paper. Some usual prediction parameters of seismology are used as the import units of neural networks. And the export units of neural networks is called as the character parameter W_0 describing enhancement of seismicity. We applied this method to space scanning of North China. The result shows that the mid-term anomalous zone of W_0-value usually appeared obviously around the future epicenter 1~3 years before earthquake. It is effective to mid-term prediction.

应用Time-lapse研究人3PN胚胎的卵裂模式

目的比较IVF3PN、IVF2PN、ICSI3PN和ICSI2PN胚胎的卵裂模式和胚胎动力学参数的差异。方法回顾性分析2017年7月至2018年6月在我院生殖中心就诊经时差胚胎监测(Time-lapse)培养箱培养的393个胚胎发育动力学参数,根据受精结局分为4组:IVF3PN组(n=132)、IVF2PN组(n=150)、ICSI3PN组(n=11)和ICSI2PN组(n=100),分析比较各组胚胎的卵裂模式和原核出现时间、原核消失时间、第一次卵裂时间、t4、t3-t5等胚胎动力学参数。结果IVF3PN组胚胎第一次卵裂模式异常率(100%)显著高于IVF2PN组胚胎(4.67%)、ICSI3PN组胚胎(18.18%)和ICSI2PN组胚胎(5.00%)(P<0.001),而ICSI3PN组、ICSI2PN组和IVF2PN组胚胎之间的第一次卵裂模式异常率无显著差异(P>0.05)。IVF3PN组胚胎原核消失时间[(25.76±1.33)h]显著长于IVF2PN组[(21.43±1.76)h]、ICSI3PN组[(21.86±1.63)h]和ICSI2PN组[(20.14±1.78)h](P<0.05),IVF3PN胚胎第一次卵裂时间亦显著长于其余3组[(27.06±1.59)hvs.(22.64±1.38)h、(22.32±1.56)h、(22.78±1.66)h](P<0.05);ICSI3PN组、ICSI2PN组和IVF2PN组胚胎之间的原核消失时间和第一次卵裂时间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论IVF3PN胚胎与IVF2PN、ICSI3PN和ICSI2PN胚胎的卵裂模式和原核消失时间、第一次卵裂时间等动力学参数不同。

Time-lapse培养与传统胚胎培养胚胎发育和临床结局比较以及Time-lapse早期胚胎形态动力学参数应用探讨

目的比较Time-lapse及传统胚胎培养对体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)患者胚胎发育情况及临床结局的影响,探讨Time-lapse胚胎形态动力学参数的应用价值。方法选取扬州大学医学院附属淮安市妇幼保健院142对接受IVF-ET治疗的夫妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析,共纳入142个IVF-ET新鲜周期,按照胚胎培养方法分为观察组(n=55)和对照组(n=87)。观察组采用Time-lapse培养箱进行胚胎培养;对照组采用传统培养系统进行胚胎培养。比较两组的获卵数、正常受精数、可移植胚胎数、优质胚胎数、冷冻数及临床妊娠率等指标。比较观察组种植胚胎与未种植胚胎早期胚胎形态动力学参数(t2、t3、t4、t5、cc2及s2),采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估有差异的时间参数对胚胎种植失败的预测价值。结果观察组可移植胚胎数及囊胚形成数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。种植胚胎t2、t4、s2、cc2均显著短于未种植胚胎(P<0.05);但t3和t5比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ROC曲线显示,t2、t4、s2、cc2对胚胎种植失败有预测价值。结论IVF-ET患者胚胎受精后采用Time-lapse培养,能够提高可移植胚胎数及形成囊胚数;部分早期胚胎动力学参数对新鲜周期移植失败具有一定的预测价值。