Optimization purchase price and the profit policy undervendor managed inventory

The optimization policy of the purchase price and the profit under vendor managed inventory(VMI) is studied. For a salable product, supply chain mode of VMI is established, which is based on deterministic demand, having initial stock and having stock-out cost. With the further analysis of the mode, VMI is found to increase profits of the buyer in the short-term motivation. But VMI will reduce profits of the supplier under the matching condition. And in the short-term motivation, VMI will increase the purchase price to compensate the transfer cost of the supplier. As a result, the foundation of theory is provided to implement VMI in the supply chain, and have some definituded project significance.

Establishment of Grain Farmers' Supply Response Model and Empirical Analysis under Minimum Grain Purchase Price Policy

Based on farmers' supply behavior theory and price expectations theory,this paper establishes grain farmers' supply response model of two major grain varieties (early indica rice and mixed wheat) in the major producing areas,to test whether the minimum grain purchase price policy can have price-oriented effect on grain production and supply in the major producing areas. Empirical analysis shows that the minimum purchase price published annually by the government has significant positive impact on farmers' grain supply in the major grain producing areas. In recent years,China steadily raises the level of minimum grain purchase price,which has played an important role in effectively protecting grain farmers' interests,mobilizing the enthusiasm of farmers' grain production,and ensuring the market supply of key grain varieties.

Comparative Analysis of the Purchase Price of Raw Milk in the World

This paper selects 20 countries from the major dairy producing continents such as Oceania,the Americas,Europe and Asia,for the comparative analysis of the purchase price of raw milk in the world. Based on the summarization of general features of the world raw milk prices,this paper elaborates the fluctuations in the purchase price of raw milk in Oceania,the Americas,Europe and Asia,respectively,and carries out the comparative study of the gap between the domestic purchase price of raw milk and the world purchase price of raw milk.

Impacts of the Minimum Purchase Price Policy for Grain on the Planting Area of Rice in Hubei Province Based on a Mixed Linear Model

Impacts of the minimum purchase price policy for grain on the planting area of rice in Hubei Province were analyzed based on a mixed linear model.After the indicator system containing the minimum purchase price policy and other factors influencing the planting area of rice was constructed,principal component analysis of the system was conducted,and then a mixed linear model where the planting area of rice was as the dependent variable was established.The results show that after the exclusion of the interference from other factors,the minimum purchase price policy for grain had a positive impact on the planting area of rice in Hubei Province.That is,the minimum purchase price policy significantly stimulated the growth of rice planting area in Hubei Province.

Cryptocurrency technology revolution:are Bitcoin prices and terrorist attacks related?

As a financial innovation of the information age,cryptocurrency is a complex concept with clear advantages and disadvantages and is worthy of discussion.Exploring from a terrorism perspective,this study uses the time-varying parameter/stochastic volatil-ity vector autoregression model to explore the risk hedging and terrorist financing capabilities of Bitcoin.Empirical results show that both terrorist incidents and brutality may explain Bitcoin price,but their effects are slightly different.Compared to terrorist brutality,terrorist incidents have a weaker impact on Bitcoin price,showing that Bitcoin investors are more concerned about the number of deaths than the frequency of ter-rorist attacks.In turn,the impact of Bitcoin price on terrorist attacks is negligible.Bitcoin is a potential means of financing terrorism,but it does not currently play an important role.Our research findings can help investors analyze and predict Bitcoin prices and help improve the theoretical system of anti-terrorist financing,helping to maintain world peace and security.

Price-taker在两个电力市场中的交易决策 (一)购电商的策略

多市场交易量分配问题是电力市场参与者竞标决策中的重要问题之一。研究了考虑电价风险的情况下,Price—taker购电商在两个市场之间的交易量优化问题。讨论了购电商在两市场中优化分配问题的建模及解析解,引入风险因子概念,并用条件概率模型反映电价的不确定性,目标是总费用及风险均较低。用美国加州电力市场的实际数据进行了仿真。

购买力平价汇总方法偏差研究

国际比较项目(ICP)数据质量评估是世界银行ICP技术咨询组关注的研究议题,从偏差视角研究购买力平价(PPP)汇总方法是重点研究方向之一。本文提出一个解释替代偏差的理论框架和两个定理,以探讨两类PPP汇总方法的偏差来源,并选择最短路径法(SP法)作为参照系,测度16种PPP汇总方法的偏差大小。同时,基于我国视角探讨亚太区域现行基尼–埃尔特托–科维斯–苏尔克(GEKS)法是否具备测度优势。研究发现,采用两个解释替代偏差的定理可以明确两类PPP汇总方法的偏差均源自替代偏差;链式方法的偏差低于平均价格法;相比最小距离法(MD)和可加的最小距离法(AMD),GEKS法并不具备测度优势,且该方法对我国而言也并非最优方法。本文研究为认识与测度PPP汇总方法偏差提供了新视角,对明确PPP汇总方法发展的方向、认识与改善ICP数据质量,以及世界银行和亚洲开发银行等国际组织选择更合理的PPP汇总方法提供了有益参考。

计及购电需求不确定性的微电网能源竞价交易模型

微电网可以将发电高峰期盈余的可再生能源出售来促进可再生能源消纳并获取最大收益。采用拍卖机制确定交易价格,但交易过程中购电需求的变化也会对可再生能源消纳及微电网收益产生影响,为此,提出一种计及购电需求不确定性的微电网能源竞价交易模型。首先采用统一价格同步向上叫价拍卖机制进行定价,并提出了拍卖机制的改进方案来平衡用能消费者的对不同时段的拍卖需求;考虑到用能消费者的购电需求不确定性,采用鲁棒线性优化算法来规避不确定性参数对最优解的影响。最后通过MATLAB软件仿真分析,证明了该模型能够最大限度地提高可再生能源的出售率及微电网的收益。

基于经济学原理的药品带量采购政策实施效果研究

通过对比带量采购政策实施后的相关数据变化,运用经济学原理,对政策实施效果加以分析。结果显示:带量采购政策实施后,仿制药充分发挥了对原研药的替代作用,在提高市场占有率的同时,促进了药品价格大幅下降,降低了患者用药负担;带量采购政策进一步提高了药品流通领域的资源配置,有利于实现药品供需关系下的帕累托最优状态;带量采购与科斯定理密切相关,药品作为准公共物品,采购的效率性得到极大改善。随着带量采购政策的深入执行,应进一步完善采购机制,加强仿制药一致性评价工作,提高药品质量稳定性,实现药品间的替代与互补关系的合理转化,加强部门协作,充分发挥部门间联动效应,优化供需关系,完善市场最优状态。

农户最低收购价预期与种植结构调整--来自农业生产性投资的调节检验

使用2018年湘、赣、苏三省水稻主产区农户调查数据,研究农户最低收购价预期对种植结构调整的作用机制及农业生产性投资的调节效应。实证结果显示,农户预期最低收购价下降对种植结构变化、调模式行为有显著正向影响,且预期降幅超线对调模式行为的影响更显著,表明最低收购价政策变化传递出较明显的种植结构调整效应。农户预期最低收购价下降、预期降幅超线和专用型设备投资对调面积行为的影响显著为负,且专用型设备投资与预期降幅超线交互项对调面积行为的负向作用更显著。这种负向调节效应源于农户专用型设备投资收益回报机制对水稻种植规模的“锚定”效应,使得专用型设备投资对农户面积减少行为有较大的延迟作用。未来种植结构调整应引导低端农产品向优质、品牌化转型,稳定农户生产性投资收益回报率预期,探索分类引导不同规模农户种植结构调整的政策。

数据驱动下考虑风险规避的闭环供应链分布式鲁棒优化设计

随着可持续发展理念得到社会广泛认同,企业开始逐步关注供应链运作中资源的回收利用。为了合理规划资源,构建了以供应链总成本为目标,考虑多主体参与的闭环供应链混合整数规划模型。进一步考虑了采购价格不确定,结合分布式鲁棒优化方法,使用数据驱动模糊集模拟不确定参数的真实分布,并融入均值-CVaR方法衡量决策者的风险规避特征,通过对偶理论将模型转化为可处理的线性问题。随后在Python中调用Gurobi求解器对模型求解,结果显示分布式鲁棒优化可以较好地处理决策过程中不确定参数的影响,并且模型可以为不同决策偏好以及不同目标预算下的决策提供支持,最后通过灵敏度分析再次验证了模型的实用性。

新能源汽车产品属性对购买意愿影响研究

文章基于刺激—机体—反应理论、计划行为理论及消费者介入理论,构建了新能源汽车产品属性特征、消费者态度、感知价格、介入程度和消费者购买意愿之间的影响关系模型。通过系统化的信效度评价程序,采用直接效应检验、间接效应检验和调节效应检验。结果表明:个人、社会—功能型属性和个人—符号型属性产品属性对购买意愿具有积极影响,消费者态度具有中介作用,感知价格具有负向调节作用,介入程度具有正向调节作用。基于研究结论和新能源汽车独特性的现实情况,本研究提供激活消费者购买意愿的营销启示。

广西糖料蔗收购价演变及未来趋势探析

糖料蔗收购价是链接蔗农和糖厂的纽带,关系着糖业农工环节的利益分配,对于产业持续发展起到重要作用。本文梳理广西糖料蔗收购价的演变过程,重点分析糖-蔗价格挂钩联动的实施效果,并结合广西食糖产业的发展状况、国际先进主产国经验对广西未来的糖料蔗收购定价趋势进行分析展望,最后提出完善糖料蔗收购定价方式;加大糖料蔗种植的扶持力度,保证供应安全;打好政策“组合拳”,充分发挥政策协同合力效应;做好市场监测与预判,引导产业理性发展等对策与建议。

基于.NET的钢铁企业铁矿评价系统设计

为了提高各种铁矿资源的利用价值,以推动我国钢铁企业的发展,设计基于.NET的钢铁企业铁矿评价系统,分别对简易型评价矿和科学型评价矿提出研究方法。两种评价方法针对的评价内容不同,但都是得到评价矿的最佳采购价格。简易型评价的过程中,只涉及到铁矿石的化学成分;科学型评价的过程中,除了要考虑铁矿石的化学成分,还要考虑物理、冶金及单烧性能等,对铁矿石进行综合全面的评价。实验数据表明,不同场合利用不同的评价模型,得到铁矿石的最佳采购价格,具有很好的实际应用价值。

食品价格波动环境中消费者理性购买策略探究

本文分析了食品价格频繁波动环境下消费者理性购买面临的困境,重点探讨了价格波动对消费者购买决策的干扰、食品价格信息不对称、消费者价格风险认知不足以及购买力下降等问题。为引导消费者理性购买,提出了构建价格决策辅助系统、完善价格信息透明度机制、开展价格风险教育等对策建议。

The time‑varying effects of oil prices on oil-gas stock returns of the fragile five countries

This study analyzes oil price exposure of the oil–gas sector stock returns for the fragile five countries based on a multi-factor asset pricing model using daily data from 29 May 1996 to 27 January 2020.The endogenous structural break test suggests the presence of serious parameter instabilities due to fluctuations in the oil and stock markets over the period under study.Moreover,the time-varying estimates indicate that the oil–gas sectors of these countries are riskier than the overall stock market.The results further suggest that,except for Indonesia,oil prices have a positive impact on the sectoral returns of all markets,whereas the impact of the exchange rates on the oil–gas sector returns varies across time and countries.

Markov-Switching Time-Varying Copula Modeling of Dependence Structure between Oil and GCC Stock Markets

This paper proposes a Markov-switching copula model to examine the presence of regime change in the time-varying dependence structure between oil price changes and stock market returns in six GCC countries. The marginal distributions are assumed to follow a long-memory model while the copula parameters are supposed to evolve according to the Markov-switching process. Furthermore, we estimate the Value-at-Risk (VaR) based on the proposed approach. The empirical results provide evidence of three regime changes, representing precrisis, financial crisis and post-crisis, in the dependence structure between energy and GCC stock markets. In particular, in the pre- and post-crisis regimes, there is no dependence, while in the crisis regime, there is significant tail dependence. For OPEC countries, we find lower tail dependence whereas in non-OPEC countries, we see upper tail dependence. VaR experiments show that the Markov-switching time- varying copula model performs better than the time-varying copula model.

Comparative Analysis of Food Price Policies in the Developed Countries

As the basis for maintenance of national security and global strategic material,food has always captured the attention of governments in the world.After reaching a certain stage of industrialization,most countries will take the food support and protection measures,and the policy objectives and policy tools have evolved into a set of policy systems through continuous adjustment,but the intervention in food price has always been present.The food price intervention only plays a role in regulating food market supply and demand and guaranteeing minimum income for grain producers,and it can not reflect the cost of food production and continuously improve grain producers' income,but because of its simple operation,low cost and immediate effect,it is suitable for the countries with a large number of grain producers but small operation scale in the short term.

The Price Forecasting of Military Aircraft Based on SVR

The difficulty of the prediction of military aircraft purchase price lies in the small sample data, and the sample data have the complicated non-linear characteristics. By analyzing the influence of parameters of aircraft purchase price, SVR is proposed to predict the aircraft purchasing price model, and uses the model to predict the aircraft purchase price. The calculation results show that the prediction of the purchase price to establish military aircraft model has higher prediction accuracy.

The Relationship between the Ethiopian Economic Growth and the Decrease in Purchasing Power of Consumers

There is no clear theory which states fixed relationship between inflation and growth.Controversy by quantity and institutional inflation theories also confirm this.According to quantity theorists,there is a long-run trade-off between inflation and economic growth but the supporters of institutional theory of inflation,are less sure about presence of negative relationship about inflation and growth.Thus,the relationship between inflation and economic growth is debatable both in the world and specifically to Ethiopia.Therefore,the objective of this critical review is to determine the relationship between the current status of the Ethiopian economy and the consumer price index by considering the economic development indictors and consumer price index.The nexus of inflation and economic growth is one of the most important macroeconomic policy problems that take the attention of researchers,policy makers and different scholars.Conducting this review will benefit developing countries by discovering what their current status is,as far as a person with a higher level of consumption is regarded as having a higher level of economic wellbeing than someone with a lower level of consumption.This study falls within the ambit of the pragmatism philosophical stance and exploratory in nature.This study applied the inductive method of reasoning and used secondary data.The Study found that there is a negative relationship between the Ethiopian economic growth and the purchasing power of consumer(consumer price index)synonymously measured by the inflation-macroeconomic growth trade-off.The review reveals that Ethiopian economy is highly growing and the consumer price index(purchasing power of consumers)is decreasing.This shows that the purchasing power consumer(consumer price index)in Ethiopia is not solely determined by the macroeconomic development,which in turn requires further investigation.It is recommended therefore that future research works will explore more on the relationship between the Ethiopian economic growth and the purchasing power of consumer or clearly can explore the effect of economic growth on the purchasing power of consumers(consumer price index).