Impact of strain relaxation on the growth rate of heteroepitaxial germanium tin binary alloy

The growth of high-quality germanium tin(Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y))binary alloys on a Si substrate using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)techniques holds immense potential for advancing electronics and optoelectronics applications,including the development of efficient and low-cost mid-infrared detectors and light sources.However,achieving precise control over the Sn concentration and strain relaxation of the Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)epilayer,which directly influence its optical and electrical properties,remain a significant challenge.In this research,the effect of strain relaxation on the growth rate of Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)epilayers,with Sn concentration>11at.%,is investigated.It is successfully demonstrated that the growth rate slows down by~55%due to strain relaxation after passing its critical thickness,which suggests a reduction in the incorporation of Ge into Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)growing layers.Despite the increase in Sn concentration as a result of the decrease in the growth rate,it has been found that the Sn incorporation rate into Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)growing layers has also decreased due to strain relaxation.Such valuable insights could offer a foundation for the development of innovative growth techniques aimed at achieving high-quality Ge_(1–y)Sn_(y)epilayers with tuned Sn concentration and strain relaxation.

Effects of nitrogen flux on microstructure and tribological properties of in-situ TiN coatings deposited on TC11 titanium alloy by electrospark deposition

In order to improve the tribological properties of titanium alloys,the in-situ TiN coatings were prepared by electrospark deposition（ESD） on the surface of TC11 titanium alloy.The effects of nitrogen flux on the microstructure and tribological properties of TiN coatings were investigated.The results show that the coating is relative thin when the nitrogen flux is small and mainly consists of Ti2N,α-Ti,Ti O and TiN phases,and the metastable phase of Ti2N is developed due to the rapid solidification of ESD.While in excessive nitrogen flux condition,many micro-cracks and holes might be generated in the coating.In moderate nitrogen flux,the coating is mainly composed of TiN phase,and is dense and uniform（50-55 μm）.The average hardness is HV0.2 1165.2,which is 3.4 times that of the TC11 substrate.The TiN coatings prepared in moderate nitrogen flux perform the best wear resistance.The wear loss of the coating is 0.4 mg,which is 2/9 that of the TC11 substrate.The main wear mechanisms of the coatings are micro-cutting wear accompanied by multi-plastic deformation wear.

Electrodeposition and corrosion resistance of Ni-P-TiN composite coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy

In order to improve the corrosion resistance and microhardness of AZ91D magnesium alloy, TiN nanoparticles were addedto fabricate Ni-P-TiN composite coating by electrodeposition. The surface, cross-section morphology and composition wereexamined using SEM, EDS and XRD, and the corrosion resistance was checked by electrochemical technology. The results indicatethat TiN nanoparticles were doped successfully in the Ni-P matrix after a series of complex pretreatments including activation, zincimmersion and pre-electroplating, which enhances the stability of magnesium alloy in electrolyte and the adhesion betweenmagnesium alloy and composite coating. The microhardness of the Ni-P coating increases dramatically by adding TiN nanoparticlesand subsequent heat treatment. The corrosion experimental results indicate that the corrosion resistance of Ni-P-TiN compositecoating is much higher than that of uncoated AZ91D magnesium alloy and similar with Ni-P coating in short immersion time.However, TiN nanoparticles play a significant role in long-term corrosion resistance of composite coatings.

TC4表面TiN/Ti涂层的热腐蚀行为研究及第一性原理计算

目的综合评估涂层性能、延长压气机叶片的使用寿命,进行TiN/Ti涂层及冲蚀后TiN/Ti涂层的热腐蚀行为机制研究。方法进行了完整TiN/Ti涂层及冲蚀后TiN/Ti涂层300℃/120h的热腐蚀实验,腐蚀介质为95%(质量分数)Na_(2)SO_(4)+5%(质量分数)NaCl。冲蚀实验采用形状不规则的SiO_(2)颗粒,冲蚀角为45°,冲蚀速度为130 m/s,供砂速率为6.4 g/min。建立了完整TiN涂层、表面具有孔洞的TiN涂层及表面具有Ti液滴的TiN涂层3种第一性原理腐蚀计算模型。结果TiN/Ti涂层热腐蚀后,液滴处发生氧化并且变得疏松;样品切割边缘产生腐蚀锈迹,最终出现鼓包和裂纹;冲蚀后,涂层表面的完整性受到破坏,相较于未冲蚀区域,冲蚀坑周围更容易出现腐蚀。在热腐蚀过程中,SO_(4)^(2-)中的O和完整TiN涂层中的Ti以及液滴中的Ti电子云团接触,存在电荷转移及成键倾向,具体为Ti失电子、O得电子,腐蚀主要发生在SO_(4)^(2-)中的O与Ti之间。结论第一性原理计算结果与热腐蚀的实验结果相一致,第一性原理计算结果可以从微观上反映液滴和孔洞等缺陷对涂层热腐蚀行为的影响,能够为分析涂层的热腐蚀机制提供理论依据。

IN718镍基高温合金熔体脱氮和TiN析出热力学研究

低氮含量可控制TiN夹杂物生成,从而提高镍基高温合金冶金质量和综合性能。通过比较镍基和铁基金属液中标准吉布斯自由能和合金元素对N、Ti活度相互作用系数的差别,指出镍基和铁基中两套不同的热力学数据,二者不能混用。以目前已有的镍基高温合金的热力学参数建立了IN718合金脱氮热力学模型,得出在满足其他冶炼条件的前提下,适当降低温度和提高真空度以降低氮气分压是降低合金液中氮含量的直接手段,以及不同合金元素加入对脱氮的不同影响。同时,建立TiN析出的热力学模型以及偏析模型,计算结果得出,在IN718的生产温度1450℃条件下,控制合金液中的w[N]在43.69×10^(-6)以下,凝固过程中溶质元素N、Ti在液相中富集TiN析出,计算析出温度为1468 K,此时固相分率fs为0.829。若要控制固相分率fs分别在90%或95%以上才会析出TiN夹杂物,w[N]需分别控制在25.00×10^(-6)和15.00×10^(-6)以下。

基于机械干态颗粒涂层技术制备cBN@TiN粉体

采用机械干态颗粒涂层技术分别制备了cBN@TiO_(2)(TiO_(2)包覆立方氮化硼)粉体和cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)(TiO_(2)+碳包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,然后在1600℃、N_(2)气氛下进行高温热处理制备cBN@TiN(TiN包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,研究了高温热处理前后粉体的物相组成与微观形貌以及高温反应机理。结果表明:机械干态颗粒涂层技术可以使纳米TiO_(2)和纳米TiO_(2)+C颗粒均匀包裹在cBN颗粒表面。在高温热处理过程中,TiO_(2)与cBN反应生成液相B_(2)O_(3),促进了cBN相变成六方氮化硼(hBN),cBN的高温稳定性差,以cBN@TiO_(2)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成由TiN相和hBN相组成的片状结构层;当存在碳时,TiO_(2)会优先与碳发生还原反应生成TiN,抑制B_(2)O_(3)的生成,从而降低cBN相变量,此时cBN的高温稳定性好,以cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成主要为TiN相的颗粒结构层。

晶面取向对TiN涂层导电性能的影响研究

目的TiN涂层的晶面择优生长取向对其性能有显著影响,当前TiN涂层晶面取向对其导电性能的影响机理尚未明确。因此,将模拟计算与实验研究相结合,开展晶面取向对涂层导电性能影响的研究。方法采用第一性原理计算研究了晶面取向对TiN表面能、能带结构、态密度、电荷布居及自由电子相对浓度的影响。同时,利用HiPIMS技术实现了不同晶面取向TiN涂层的制备。结果经过理论计算,TiN(200)晶面模型具有更高的自由电子相对浓度,主要是因为(200)晶面模型中,Ti—N键对电子的“束缚”更小。接触电阻测试证明,涂层中的(200)晶面生长取向越明显,涂层的ICR值越低。结论经过理论计算与实验验证表明,TiN涂层中的(200)晶面生长取向有利于提升TiN涂层的导电性能,该取向越明显,涂层的ICR值越低。

镁处理对TiN液析行为的影响

为研究镁处理对钛微合金钢在凝固过程中TiN液析行为的影响,采用真空感应炉冶炼了试验钢.利用SEM-EDS结合图像处理软件,分析铸坯径向不同位置处镁处理钢对比非镁处理钢中夹杂物的成分和尺寸变化,并用FactSage软件对夹杂物的形成和析出进行了计算.结果表明:钢中TiN夹杂均在凝固前沿的液相中生成.氮含量增加,凝固过程中TiN的析出温度升高和析出量增加,并对后续Ti4C2S2和MnS的析出产生影响.非镁处理条件下,铸坯1/4处和中心处TiN夹杂的平均粒径分别为2.48和2.11μm,镁处理后,尺寸分别降为1.50,1.45μm和1.48,1.38μm,数密度也有所增大.添加微量Mg,MgO·Al_(2)O_(3)即可稳定存在于钢中并在钢液降温过程中成为TiN的凝固核心,促使TiN夹杂分布弥散,减少了大尺寸TiN的生成.

不同黏度合成油下CrN/TiN多层薄膜的摩擦学特性研究

目的探究在不同黏度合成酯润滑油的作用下,CrN/TiN多层薄膜的摩擦学性能及协同润滑机制。方法选用聚α烯烃(PAO)与三羟甲基丙烷辛癸酸酯(TME)复配,得到不同黏度梯度的合成油。利用全自动黏度测定仪、倾点测试仪、开口闪点测定器和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分别对合成油的运动黏度(40、100℃)、倾点、闪点和表面官能团进行表征。利用反应磁控溅射技术在316不锈钢和单晶硅片基底表面制备CrN/TiN多层薄膜。采用X射线衍射仪和FIB-TEM表征手段对薄膜的微观结构进行分析,并用纳米压痕仪和划痕仪测试了薄膜的力学性能。利用球-盘式摩擦试验机表征薄膜在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,利用XPS对摩擦实验后的磨痕元素价态进行表征。结果CrN/TiN薄膜具有典型的面心立方结构(FCC)、异质多层结构,且其硬度可达32.2 GPa。在干摩擦条件下,与裸316基体相比,经表面镀制CrN/TiN薄膜后平均摩擦因数由0.95降至0.71,磨损深度由25.0μm降至16.8μm。在合成油作用下,316不锈钢-GCr15钢球(钢-钢摩擦副)、CrN/TiN多层薄膜-GCr15钢球(CrN/TiN多层薄膜-钢摩擦副)2种摩擦配副的摩擦因数和磨损率随着合成油黏度的增加均呈现降低趋势,且在同一黏度条件下薄膜试样的磨损率更低。结论CrN/TiN多层薄膜在PAO与TME复配获得的一系列不同黏度合成油的作用下,随着合成油黏度的增加,薄膜的磨损率和磨损深度逐渐下降,其减摩抗磨性能得到显著提升。通过磨痕表面的XPS分析可知,合成油中极性的酯基吸附在滑动界面,增强了油膜的承载性能,从而减缓了对偶间的摩擦阻力。

基于TIN-GTP算法的煤矿三维地质建模技术研究

【背景】煤矿三维地质模型是指导煤矿安全高效生产的重要前提,对实现煤炭精准开采和地质保障具有重要意义。特别是在复杂地质条件下,地质模型若不能准确描述构造和地层之间的关系,将会影响到煤矿生产过程中的采区规划、采掘工艺及生产效率等方面。【方法】以内蒙古桌子山煤田棋盘井煤矿为例,结合现场的地质资料、断层成果和验证结果,开展高精度的煤矿三维地质建模技术研究。首先,通过空间配准、交叉验证和联合反演等手段对地质数据进行融合,以获取更为精确的建模数据;其次,通过沉积构造规律研究,掌握沉积演化特征和构造发育规律;然后,通过不规则三角网-广义三棱柱(TIN-GTP)算法构建三维地质模型。【结果和结论】结果表明:基于该算法的建模技术能够有效、准确且快速地模拟任意复杂地质体,为处理地层不整合、地层尖灭、煤层分叉和断层切割等问题提供了便利。同时,构建了棋盘井煤矿矿井、采区、工作面及其顶底板等不同尺度地质模型,为实现矿井地质透明化智能开采提供了重要数据支撑。经验证,模型误差值均处于0.2 m以下,且0~0.1 m范围内占整体95%,表明该建模技术具有先进性与合理性。研究成果对于提升煤矿生产的安全性、效率性和可持续性具有重要意义。

真空热处理对不锈钢表面TiN薄膜结构及性能的影响

为提高不锈钢材料在海洋环境中的耐腐蚀能力,采用磁控溅射技术在304不锈钢表面沉积TiN薄膜,并在不同温度下对其进行真空热处理,研究热处理温度对TiN薄膜结构及性能的影响。结果表明:适当的真空热处理可提高304不锈钢表面TiN薄膜的结晶度及致密性,缓解其残余应力。与未处理薄膜相比,500℃真空热处理后薄膜内部应力可降低87%,与基底的结合强度提高78%,其腐蚀电流密度由2.42×10^(-6)A/cm^(2)降低到4.43×10^(-7)A/cm^(2),腐蚀电位由-0.247 V提高到-0.044 V,耐腐蚀性能明显提升。

稀土Ce对BT700L钢中TiN夹杂物形成的热力学分析

汽车大梁钢主要用作重卡汽车底盘上的纵梁、衬梁、横梁等结构件,钢的综合性能对整车的行驶安全和使用寿命至关重要。大尺寸的TiN夹杂物严重危害BT700L钢的加工和使用性能,而稀土能够改善钢中夹杂物数量、形态,提高钢的低温冲击、耐腐蚀性能等。文章基于工业试验和热力学计算,研究了稀土Ce对BT700L钢中TiN夹杂物形成的影响。研究结果表明,不加Ce的BT700L钢中形成的主要是纯TiN夹杂物和复合Al-O+TiN夹杂物,而加Ce后BT700L钢中形成的主要是纯TiN夹杂物和复合Ce-Al-O(-S-Ca)+TiN夹杂物。热力学计算结果表明BT700L钢中随Ce含量增加,TiN夹杂物的析出温度会降低,从而抑制了TiN夹杂物的析出。可采取降低钢中氮和钛含量、增大凝固速率等方式降低TiN夹杂物的尺寸。

TiN纳米陶瓷对ZGMn13微观组织和力学性能影响

为细化ZGMn13的组织,并提升其使用效果。采用TiN纳米陶瓷作为添加剂,以ZGMn13为基体材料,采用吹氩法制备了添加TiN纳米陶瓷的ZGMn13试样,并对试样进行了固溶处理;使用扫描电子显微镜观察了TiN纳米陶瓷对ZGMn13试样微观组织的影响;使用布氏硬度、冲击和磨粒磨损等试验设备,对试样的力学性能、摩擦磨损性能进行测试与研究。结果表明:通过吹氩法加入的TiN纳米陶瓷对ZGMn13的晶粒起到了明显的细化作用,同时组织中的连续网状碳化物也被明显地分散和隔断。添加TiN纳米陶瓷的ZGMn13试样的冲击吸收能量和硬度均有所提升。在试验条件下,添加TiN纳米陶瓷的ZGMn13试样的磨损量降低21.1%,耐磨性明显提高,摩擦磨损性能得到改善。

Structure and wear resistance of TiN and TiAlN coatings on AZ91 alloy deposited by multi-arc ion plating

In order to investigate the microstructure of TiN and TiAlN coatings and their effect on the wear resistance of Mg alloy, TiN and TiAlN coatings were deposited on AZ91 magnesium alloy by multi-arc ion plating technology.TiN and Ti70Al30N coatings were prepared on the substrate,respectively,which exhibited dark golden color and compact microstructure.The microstructures of TiN and Ti70Al30N coatings were investigated by X-ray diffractometry(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The micro-hardness and wear resistance of TiN and Ti70Al30N coatings were investigated in comparison with the uncoated AZ91 alloy. The XRD peaks assigned to TiN and TiAlN phases are found.The hardness of TiN coatings is two times as high as that of AZ91 alloy, and Ti70Al30N coating exhibits the highest hardness.The wear resistance of the hard coatings increases obviously as result of their high hardness.

Tribological Behavior of Magnesium Alloy AZ91 Coated with TiN/CrN by Arc-glow Plasma Depositing

With advantages of high specific strength, low elastic module, good damping property et al., the magnesium alloys exhibit great potential applications in aerospace. But poor wear behavior results in limited use of magnesium alloy to static components. In this study, a 2 μm thick coating with 12 sub-layers of CrN and TiN is deposited alternately on the surface of magnesium alloy AZ91 by a novel method of arc-glow plasma depositing to improve its wear resistance. The composition and microstructure of the coating layer are analyzed by means of SEM, XRD and GDS. The friction coefficient is measured by ball on disc rubbing test, and the wear rates are also calculated. The results indicate that the friction coefficient is increased, but the wear rate is dropped sharply as compared with bare metal. The surface hardness is about HK0.01 1400.

Microstructure and tribocorrosion performance of nanocrystalline TiN graded coating on biomedical titanium alloy

A nanocrystalline TiN graded coating was prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. The microstructure and mechanic properties of the coating were investigated. The electrochemical corrosion and tribocorrosion of the coated specimens in physiological environment were compared with those of Ti6Al4V substrate. The results show that the gradient distribution of nanocrystalline TiN is favorable for releasing the inner stress in the coating, which increases adhesion strength to 90 N. The compact structure and refined-grains of the coating result in the surface nanohardness of 28.5 GPa. The corrosion protection efficiency of the nanocrystalline TiN coating reaches 96.6%. The tribocorrosion resistance of the coating increases by 100 times in comparison with that of Ti6Al4V substrate. The high chemical stability and H3/E2 ratio (where H is hardness, and E is elastic modulus) of the nanocrystalline TiN coating are responsible for good corrosion and wear resistances.

Effects of process parameters on microstructure and wear resistance of TiN coatings deposited on TC11 titanium alloy by electrospark deposition

In the present study,the effects of process parameters(output voltage x,nitrogen flux l and specific strengthening time s)on the microstructure and wear resistance properties of TiN coatings prepared by electrospark deposition(ESD)were investigatedsystematically.The microstructure of the coatings was characterized for thickness(TOC),content of TiN(CON)and porosity(POC).A statistical model was developed to identify the significant factors affecting the microstructure and wear resistance of the coatings.The results show that the output voltage x and nitrogen flux l present significant effects on majority of the evaluation indexes such asTOC,friction coefficient(COF)and wear mass loss(Id),while the specific strengthening time s has a significant effect on POC and asmall effect on the other indexes.The optimal process parameters were obtained as follows:output voltage(x,60V),nitrogen flux(l,15L/min)and specific strengthening time(s,3min/cm2).The variation of wear mass loss(Id)by the variation of the outputvoltage(x)and nitrogen flux(l)is attributed to the change of wear mechanisms of TiN coatings.The main wear mechanism of TiNcoating prepared under optimal process parameters is micro-cutting wear accompanied by micro-fracture wear.

Effect of TiN/Ti multilayer on fretting fatigue resistance of Ti-811 alloy at elevated temperature

The TiN/Ti multilayer was deposited on Ti-811 alloy surface by magnetron sputtering(MS) technique for improving fretting fatigue(FF) resistance of the titanium alloy at elevated temperature. The element distribution, bonding strength, micro-hardness and ductility of the TiN/Ti multilayer were measured. The effects of the TiN/Ti multilayer on the tribological property and fretting fatigue resistance of the titanium alloy substrate at elevated temperature were compared. The results indicate that by MS technique a TiN/Ti multilayer with high hardness, good ductility and high bearing load capability can be prepared. The MS TiN/Ti multilayer, for its good toughness and tribological behavior, can significantly improve the wear resistance and FF resistance of the Ti-811 alloy at 350 ℃.

磁过滤电弧离子镀TiN与N离子注入性能研究

目的研究磁过滤电弧离子镀TiN与N离子注入对金属基体的保护效果。方法采用磁过滤电弧离子镀和离子注入在不锈钢表面分别制备了TiN薄膜与N注入改性层,以及二者的复合膜层。对薄膜的相结构、微观形貌进行了表征,对薄膜进行了极化曲线测试,同时在半球样品表面制备涂层并进行盐雾测试。结果所制备的TiN涂层为(111)晶面择优取向,离子注N预处理后沉积的TiN薄膜,仍保持(111)面的择优取向;电化学测试结果显示,TiN和N离子注入能够使不锈钢基体自腐蚀电位分别提高0.64、0.25 V,TiN薄膜具有最低的维钝电流密度4.9×10^(-6) A/cm^(2),N离子注入+TiN复合薄膜的维钝电流密度与N离子注入样品接近;盐雾试验结果表明,TiN以及N离子注入+TiN复合薄膜样品能够保证铜半球在12h的中性盐雾试验中无明显腐蚀痕迹。结论N离子注入预处理对MFAIPTiN涂层耐蚀性能的提升效果有限,单一的MFAIP TiN涂层便可应用于复杂形状的工程材料表面镀膜,可以增强其抗腐蚀能力,延长使用寿命。

TiN/TiNO/SiO_(2)太阳能选择性吸收涂层的优化设计及热稳定性评价

目的太阳能选择性吸收涂层是太阳能热利用的核心材料。方法采用磁控溅射法制备Ti N/TiNO/SiO_(2)太阳能选择性吸收涂层,测定红外反射层Ti N、吸收层Ti NO的折射率n、消光系数k,对Ti N层建立Tauc-Lorentz模型进行数据迭代优化拟合,对Ti NO层建立Drude模型进行数据迭代优化拟合。通过TFCalc光学镀膜设计软件,设置连续目标在300~1500 nm光谱区反射率低于5%,得到软件优化的反射率曲线、各层的最优厚度,确定优化的工艺参数。利用UV-VIS-NIR、FTIR、SEM、XRD、EDS、AFM和XPS表征优化涂层的光学性能、评价热稳定性。结果优化后的涂层,吸收率为0.906、发射率为0.0852;经265℃、600 h热处理后,涂层的吸收率和发射率分别为0.933和0.1033,PC值小于0.01。随热处理时间的增长,α有小幅上升;热处理时间对ε的影响较小;这与表面Si O_(2)氧化物薄膜层在一定程度上阻止了晶粒的长大有关。热处理后,发现涂层表面局部位置有少量的小坑,但涂层的表面成分不变。非晶基质Si O_(2)和Ti O_(2)的再结晶是吸收率提高的主要原因;热处理后的涂层表面非常致密,粗糙度的降低有利于阻碍氧原子向内层的扩散,可以有效提高涂层的热稳定性。结论优化的Ti N/TiNO/SiO_(2)涂层,选择性吸收性能及热稳定性得到有效提高,具有较好的实际应用前景。