Finite element simulation on the deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part

The deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part was simulated based on a self-developed three-dimensional finite element model. After an investigation on forming rules, a virtual orthogonal experimental design was adopted to determine the significance of processing parameters, such as die radius, blank holder force, and friction coefficient, on the forming process. The distributions of thickness and equivalent plastic strain of the drawn part were evaluated. The results show that die radius has a relative major influence on the deep drawing process, followed by friction coefficient and blank holder force.

Alloying elements characterization in a Ti-5.6Al-4.8Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.35Si-1Nd titanium alloy by carbon addition

The effects of carbon addition (0.01wt%-0.43wt%) on a Ti-5.6Al-4.8Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.35Si-1Nd (wt%) alloy with a bimodal microstructure were investigated. Electron probe microanalysis was carried out to examine the partitioning behavior of carbon and the relation of carbon content to the distributions of Al and Mo in the primary αp phase (α p) and β transformed structure (β). It was found that interstitial carbon is enriched in the α p phase and its content slightly reduces with the increase of the volume fraction of α p. The measurements of carbon content in the present alloy with an α p of 15vol% showed that the carbon content in the α p phase increases with the increment of carbon addition until a maximum but keeps almost constant in the β phase. The addition of carbon reduces the solubility of Al and Mo in the α p phase and leads to the increment of Mo partitioning to the β phase. When the carbon content is over 0.17wt% (0.67at%), carbide precipitation occurs in the matrix and its volume fraction is related to the volume fraction of α p which can be explained in term of the difference of carbon solubility in the α p and β phases.

Finite Element Analysis of Push-Out Test of SiC Fiber Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites

Based on the interphase layer model and the spring layer model, an improved interface model was developed to evaluate the interfacial shear strength of Titanium matrix composites(TMCs) and to analyze the effects of various parameters on the interfacial properties. The results showed that the improved interface model is more suitable for calculating the interfacial properties of SiC fiber reinforced titanium matrix composites. The interfacial shear strength of SiC/Timetal-834 predicted is 500 MPa. In addition, in order to better understand the interfacial properties of composites, some push out phenomenon were analyzed.

Improvement of Ductility of Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloys by Addition of Rare Earth Element

Ti-4.5Al-6.0Mo-1.5Fe, Ti-6Al-1Mo-1Fe and Ti-6Al-4V alloys were prepared by blended elemental powder metallurgy （PM） process, and the effects of Nd on the microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. It was found out that the addition of Nd increased the density of sintered titanium alloys slightly by a maximum increment of 1% because small amount of liquid phase occurred during sintering. The addition of Nd shows little effect on the improvement of tensile strength, while the elongation is significantly improved. For example, the elongation of Ti-4.SAl-6.0Mo-1.5Fe can be increased from 1% without addition of Nd to 13% at a Nd content of 1.2 wt pct.

Ultrasonic Welding of Magnesium–Titanium Dissimilar Metals:A Study on Thermo-mechanical Analyses of Welding Process by Experimentation and Finite Element Method

Ultrasonic welding is an effective ways to achieve a non-reactive/immiscible heterogeneous metal connection, such as the connection of magnesium alloy and titanium alloy. But the thermal mechanism of magnesium alloy/titanium alloy ultrasonic welding has not been defined clearly. In this paper, the experimental and the finite element analysis were adopted to study the thermal mechanism during welding. Through the test, the temperature variation law during the welding process is obtained, and the accuracy of the finite element model is verified. The microscopic analysis indicates that at the welding time of 0.5 s, the magnesium alloy in the center of the solder joint is partially melted and generates the liquid phase. Through the finite element analysis, the friction coefficient of the magnesium–titanium ultrasonic welding interface can be considered as an average constant value of 0.28. The maximum temperature at the interface can exceed 600 ℃ to reach the melting point temperature of the magnesium alloy. The plastic deformation begins after 0.35 s and occurs at the magnesium side at the center of the interface.

Analysis of Pollution and Blockage of Titanium Rod Sintered Microporous Filter Element

Microfiltration is widely used in fine filtration operations, with dead-end filtration and cross-flow filtration. The microfiltration filter element or the microfiltration membrane is easy to be polluted by impurities in the water and causes fouling, resulting in flux attenuation. The flux can be expressed by Darcy’s law and attenuation model. In this paper, two industrial titanium rod sintered filter elements (?60 × 960 mm and ?60 × 960 mm) of different specifications are selected, and tap water (1.0 NTU) is used for constant pressure dead-end filtration. The amount tends to be the same, about 0.435 m3·m?2·h?1, which has nothing to do with the filtration accuracy of the filter element but only depends on the characteristics of the filter cake and the filter membrane. Through the analysis of the two models, it is found that the two filtration flux models are not universal and difficult to be applied in engineering.

Finite Element Modeling of Stress Strain Curve and Micro Stress and Micro Strain Distributions of Titanium Alloys— A Review

Most of the alloys like titanium, steel, brass, copper, etc., are used in engineering applications like automobile, aero- space, marine etc., consist of two or more phases. If a material consists of two or more phases or components it is very difficult to predict the properties like mechanical and other properties based on simple laws such as rule of mixtures. Titanium alloys are capable of producing different microstructures when it subjected to heat treatments, so much of money and time are squandering to study the effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of titanium alloys. This squandering can be reduced with the help of modeling and optimization techniques. There are many modeling tech- niques like Finite element method, Mat lab, Mathematical modeling etc. are available. But Finite element method is widely used for prediction because of capable of producing distributions of stresses and strains at any different loads. From the literature it is observed that there is a good agreement between the calculated and measured stress strain curves. This review paper describes the effect of volume fraction and grain size of alpha phase on the stress strain curve of the titanium alloys. It also can predict the effect of strength ratio on stress strain curve by using FEM. This informa- tion will be of great use in designing and selecting the titanium alloys for various engineering applications.

Biomechanical Effects of Implant Materials on Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Comparison of Polyetheretherketone and Titanium Spacers Using Finite Element Analysis and Considering Bone Density

Few biomechanical data exist regarding whether the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) spacer or titanium spacer is better for posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). This study evaluated the biomechanical influence that these types of spacers with different levels of hardness exert on the vertebra by using finite element analysis including bone strength distribution. To evaluate the risk of spacer subsidence for PLIF, we built a finite element model of the lumbar spine using computed tomography data of osteoporosis patients. Then, we simulated PLIF in L3/4 and built models with the hardness of the interbody spacer set as PEEK and titanium. Bones around the spacer were subjected to different load conditions. Then, fracture elements and some stress states of the two modalities were compared. In both models of PLIF simulation, fracture elements and stress were concentrated in the bones around the spacer. Fracture elements and stress values of the model simulating the PEEK spacer were significantly smaller compared to those of the titanium simulation model. For PLIF of osteoporotic vertebrae, this suggested that the PEEK spacer is in a mechanical environment less susceptible to subsidence caused by microfractures of bone tissue and bone remodeling-related fusion aspects. Therefore, PEEK spacers are bio-mechanically more useful.

THE METABOLISM OF TITANIUM AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN WISTER RATS

The concentrations of Ti and Ca, P, K, Fe, Cu and Zn in blood samples were determined by PIXE after a single intravenous and a single oral dosing with titanium- ascorbate (Ti- Vc) in Wister rats. Following the intravenous injection with 50 mg Ti- Vc/kg body weight, the absorption, distribution and clearance in blood could be described by an exponential equation of three terms. After gavaged with 500 mg Ti-Vc/kg body weight, at 1.5 h the content of Ti reached the highest level. The concentration of Ca was increasing, with the absorption, distribution and clearance of Ti in blood. The contents of Fe and K were decreasing. And the contents of Cu and Zn were significantly fluctuating. The effect of Ti on animal growth could be explained by the fact that Ti- Vc supplementation could promote the absorption of Ca.

生物可吸收板与微型钛板在不同骨质下颌骨骨折固定中的有限元分析

背景:下颌骨骨折在坚强内固定后的愈合受多种因素影响,包括接骨板的材料、骨折部位以及患者骨密度等,然而,目前对于不同骨质下下颌骨骨折固定稳定性关系的研究相对较少,并且缺乏科学的依据。目的:利用有限元法分析生物可吸收板和微型钛板固定不同骨质条件下颌骨骨折的稳定性。方法:根据ZARB和LEKHOLM提出的骨质分类方法,分别建立Ⅰ-Ⅳ类下颌骨骨折三维有限元模型,每类骨质条件下分别模拟下颌骨正中、体部和下颌角3个部位的骨折模型,采用生物可吸收板(或微型钛板)对上述骨折进行内固定,模拟健侧咬合状态,利用有限元分析骨折段的相对位移与内固定物应力分布情况。结果与结论:①随着骨质等级的增加,内固定物的最大应力值基本呈逐渐增加趋势,微型钛板组、生物可吸收板组下颌体部Ⅳ类骨质下的内固定物最大应力值最高,分别为382.74,96.11 MPa;在相同骨质条件下,钛板组各部位骨折模型的内固定物最大应力值均高于生物可吸收板组。②对于Ⅲ和Ⅳ类下颌骨正中部骨折,微型钛板组、可吸收板固定组骨折断端位移较大,超过了骨愈合极限值(大于150μm);对于Ⅳ类骨质下颌骨体部骨折,生物可吸收板组骨折断端位移超过了愈合极限值,微型钛板组骨折断端位移接近愈合极限值;在相同骨质条件与骨折部位下,微型钛板组骨折断端位移要小于生物可吸收板组。③结果显示,两种内固定物的强度和刚度均足以支持Ⅰ-Ⅳ类骨质下颌骨3种部位骨折的骨愈合,并且生物可吸收板的固定稳定性与微型钛板几乎相同,可以提供骨折早期的愈合条件。在治疗下颌骨骨折时应将下颌骨骨质类型纳入考虑因素,下颌骨骨质等级越高,骨折固定的稳定性越差,术后更易发生骨愈合不良等并发症。

不同材料种植体修复单颗上前牙缺失的三维有限元分析

背景:种植修复已成为治疗前牙缺失的重要手段,选取合适的种植修复材料尤为重要,但目前临床应用的种植体材料均存在一定的不足,研究者们一直在探索合适的种植体材料。目的:对比不同材料种植体修复单颗上前牙缺失的生物力学特征。方法:将1例单颗上颌中切牙缺失患者的锥形束CT数据导入3-matic软件建立单颗上前牙缺失的三维有限元分析模型,将模型导入Marc Mentat中,根据不同的种植体材料(聚醚醚酮、钛锆合金、钛合金和氧化锆,4种材料的弹性模量依次升高)及松质骨密度(高密度、低密度)共设计8组种植体修复模型,模拟正中咬合时上前牙受力情况,比较分析种植体位移、应力以及骨皮质应力和骨松质应变。结果与结论:(1)随着种植体材料弹性模量的增加,种植体的最大位移逐渐降低,聚醚醚酮组种植体最大位移数值超过了10μm;模型中种植体应力集中于唇侧颈部,随着种植体材料弹性模量的增加,种植体最大应力逐渐增大,其中氧化锆-低密度骨质组模型种植体应力最高,达21.31 MPa;所有模型的皮质骨应力均集中于与种植体交界的唇侧皮质骨,聚醚醚酮-低密度骨质组皮质骨应力最高,为29.90 MPa。(2)从生物力学角度来看,钛锆合金、钛合金、氧化锆均可用作修复单颗上前牙缺失的种植体材料,但单纯聚醚醚酮材料在上前牙区种植修复时可能会引起种植体位移过大,导致种植失败。

Dissolution Characteristics of New Titanium Alloys in Electrochemical Machining

We focus on the electrochemical dissolution characteristics of new titanium alloys such as near-αtitanium alloy Ti60,α+βtitanium alloy TC4andβtitanium alloy Ti40 which are often used for aerospace industry.The experiments are carried out by electrochemical machining tool,and the surface morphology of the specimens is observed by the scanning electron microscope(SEM)and three-dimensional video microscope(DVM).The appropriate electrolyte is selected and the relationships between surface roughness and current density are achieved.The results show that the single-phase titanium alloy Ti40 has a better surface roughness after ECM compared with theα+βtitanium alloy TC4 and the near-αtitanium alloy Ti60.The best surface roughness is Ra 0.28μm when the current density is 75A/cm2.Furthermore,the surface roughness of the near-αtitanium alloy Ti60 is the most sensitive with the current density because of the different electrochemical equivalents of substitutional elements and larger grains than TC4.Finally,the suitable current density for each titanium alloy is achieved.

3D Finite Element Numerical Simulation of Residual Stresses on Electron Beam Welded BT20 Plates

A three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) used for calculating electron beam (EB) welding temperature and stresses fields of thin plates of BT20 titanium has been developed in which the nonlinear thermophysical and thermo-mechanical properties of the material has been considered. The welding temperature field, the distributions of residual stresses in as-welded (AW) and electron beam local post-weld heat treatment (EBLPWHT) conditions have been successfully simulated. The results show that: (1) In the weld center, the maximum magnitude of residual tensile stresses of BT20 thin plates of Ti alloy is equal to 60%- 70% of its yield strength σs. (2) The residual tensile stresses in weld center can be even decreased after EBLPWHT and the longitudinal tensile stresses are decreased about 50% compared to joints in AW conditions. (3) The numerical calculating results of residual stresses by using FEM are basically in agreement with the experimental results. Combined with numerical calculating results, the effects of electron beam welding and EBLPWHT on the distribution of welding residual stresses in thin plates of BT20 have been analyzed in detail.

Numerical simulation of temperature fields for T-joint during TIG welding of titanium alloy

Three-dimensional finite element model was established to simulate temperature fields of T-joint titanium sheets during TIG welding with finite element method （FEM） software. Temperature dependent material properties and the effect of latent heat were considered. A technique of element birth and death was used to simulate the process of welded metal filling. Dynamic variation process of temperature fields during T1G welding was achieved. The simulated results agreed well with the measured results.

HIGH THROUGHPUT DRILLING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS

The experiments of high throughput drilling of Ti-6Al-4V at 183 m/min cutting speed and 156 mm^3/s material removal rate using a 4 mm diameter WC-Co spiral point drill are conducted. At this material removal rate, it took only 0.57 s to drill a hole in a 6.35 mm thick Ti plate. Supplying the cutting fluid via through-the-drill holes and the balance of cutting speed and feed have proven to be critical for drill life. An inverse heat transfer model is developed to predict the heat flux and the drill temperature distribution in drilling. A three-dimensional finite element modeling of drilling is con-ducted to predict the thrust force and torque. Experimental result demonstrates that, using proper machining process parameters, tool geometry, and fine-grained WC-Co tool material, the high throughput machining of Ti alloy is technically feasible.

Numerical simulation of the stress-strain curve and the stress and strain distributions of the titanium-duplex alloy

The stress-strain curve of an α-β Ti-8Mn alloy was measured and then it was calculated with finite element method （FEM） based on the stress-strain curves of the single α and β phase alloys. By comparing the calculated stress-strain curve with the measured one, it can be seen that they fit each other very well. Thus, the FE model built in this work is effective. According to the above mentioned model, the distributions of stress and strain in the α and β phases were simulated. The results show that the stress gradients exist in both α and β phases, and the distributions of stress are inhomogeneous. The stress inside the phase is generally higher than that near the interface. Meanwhile, the stress in the α phase is lower than that in the β phase, whereas the strain in the α phase is higher than that in the β phase.

Influence of Alloy Elements on the Osteoconductivity of Anodized Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr Alloy

Anodizing is expected to be an effective method to improve the osteoconductivity of the Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (TNTZ) alloy because the bioactivity of anodized Ti is good. However, it is not known how the alloy elements influence the surface roughness, composition, hydrophilicity, and osteoconductivity of the anodized film on the Ti alloy. In this study, we investigated the effects of anodizing on the surface properties and the osteoconductivity of the anodized TNTZ alloy, focusing on the functions of the individual alloy elements. The anodized oxides of the Nb, Ta, and Zr metals were hydrophobic at all the voltages applied, in contrast to the anodized oxide of Ti. As well as pure Ti, a TiO2-based oxide film formed on TNTZ after anodizing. However, the oxide film also contained large amounts of Nb species and the molar Nb/Ti ratio in the TNTZ alloy was high, which makes the surface more hydrophobic than the anodized oxide on Ti. In vivo tests showed that the osteoconductivity of the TNTZ alloy was sensitive to both its surface roughness and hydrophilicity. When the TNTZ alloy was anodized, the process increased either the surface hydrophobicity or the surface roughness at the voltage used in this study. These changes in the surface properties did not improve its osteoconductivity.

颈椎前路椎体次全切除减压融合钛笼倾斜角度与术后钛笼下沉的有限元分析

背景:颈椎前路椎体次全切除减压融合是治疗颈椎退行性疾病的常规手段,钛笼是椎体次全切后维持颈椎稳定的重要植入物,近几年临床发现,术后很多患者出现钛笼下沉等并发症,其原因存在很大争议。目的:探讨颈椎前路椎体次全切除减压融合钛笼倾斜角度与术后钛笼下沉的内在生物力学关系。方法:通过正常人体颈椎CT图像建立C_(4)-C_(6)节段三维有限元模型,在三维模型中模拟颈椎前路C5椎体次全切除减压融合,并模拟置入不同倾斜角度的钛笼(-6°至-1°称之为负角度,即钛笼前缘短于钛笼后缘为负角度;1°-6°称之为正角度,即钛笼前缘长于钛笼后缘为正角度)。在C_(4)椎体上分别施加预载荷50,100和150 N的应力作用,记录钛笼与C_(4)下终板和C_(6)上终板各个接触点的应力值(钛网接触面的各7个应力接触点),并进行统计学分析。结果与结论:①钛笼倾斜角正角度组和负角度组分别在C_(4)椎体施加50,100和150 N应力下产生的数据经Mann-Whitn检验发现,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);钛笼倾斜角正角度组在50,100和150 N应力条件下,其离散系数均小于负角度组;②在C_(4)椎体施加50,100和150 N应力条件下,钛笼倾斜角正角度组内Wilcoxon符号秩检验发现当角度设为1°-5°时,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);但当钛笼倾斜角设为6°时,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);③在C_(4)椎体施加50,100和150 N应力条件下,钛笼倾斜角负角度组内Wilcoxon符号秩检验发现当倾斜角设为-1°至-6°时,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);④提示矢状位上,钛笼倾斜角为正角度时比倾斜角为负角度时更加稳定,更加适合临床使用;钛笼倾斜角在1°-5°区间内表现相对稳定,当倾斜角为6°时则稳定性开始下降,容易出现术后钛笼下沉的并发症,临床上根据术中情况更适合选用倾斜角度在1°-5°的钛笼,以提高疗效。

Effects of rare earth element lanthanum on the microstructure of copper matrix diamond tool materials

Effects of rare earth element La on the microstructure of Cumatrix diamond tools were researched under the conditions of variousmaterials components and the process parameters in order to improvematerials properties. SEM, XPS and X-ray were used to investigate thefracture section, microstructure and the element valence inmaterials. The Results shown that the combination of rare earthelement La and transition element Ti is advantageous to the bondingstate Between diamond particles and matrix, so it can improve thematerials properties. Suitable sintering temperature is 790 deg. C.

航空液压管路轴向挤压式接头组件连接强度的数值分析

针对目前航空液压管接头无法满足高工作压力要求的问题,以Φ12 mm的钛合金轴向挤压式接头为研究对象,利用Abaqus平台建立了轴向挤压连接成形与拉脱试验过程的有限元模型,通过同参数条件下的拉脱试验验证了有限元模型的准确性。结果表明,有限元模型计算误差仅为3.4%,接头组件连接强度是由导管与管套凹槽的轴向对抗阻力和导管与管套径向接触力共同决定的。系统研究了管套材料力学性能、凹槽结构、摩擦因数对接头组件连接强度的影响规律,管套材料屈服强度越高,连接强度越强;管套凹槽宽度每增长0.2 mm,连接强度提高约2.4%;摩擦因数每增加0.01,接头连接强度平均提升18%左右。