The Core of the Chinese Democracy Is to Respect and Protect Human Rights——A Summary of the Academic Seminar on Chinese Democracy and Human Rights Protection

On March 26,2023,a Seminar on Chinese Democracy and Human Rights Protection was held,jointly organized by the National Human Rights Education and Training Base and the Human Rights Research Center of Central South University under the guidance of the Chinese Society for Human Rights Studies.The event adopted a combination of online and offline channels.Over 30 experts and scholars from universities,research institutions,and practical departments across the country participated in extensive discussions on“Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Chinese Democracy and Protection of Human Rights.”The seminar aimed to focused on the essence,characteristics,advantages,and human rights implications of Chinese democracy and interpreted the concept of Chinese democracy and the protection of human rights through academic and theoretical methods.

Human Rights in China:Exploration and Development of Whole-process People’s Democracy

Whole-process people’s democracy represents a new exploration of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era as well as a novel and important method for protecting the human rights of the Chinese people.It is conducive to solving a multitude of problems hindering the protection of civil rights and political rights.The greatest highlight of whole-process people’s democracy is that the people are the masters of their own country and exercise the power to govern the state through“extensive participation and consultation.”China’s experience and approaches in advancing whole-process people’s democracy provide a reference for other countries.

Democracy on the Road toward the Rule of Law Started from Umbrella Movement

This paper had started its words from the hot current Umbrella Movement in Hongkong, with putting forward the questions that ＂ What is the democracy？ ＂ and ＂ How should the democracy develop？ ＂ . And then, it had reviewed the historical development of the concept of democracy, on that basis, it had explored the socialist democratic system in China and analyzed the dilemmas in the construction of socialist democracy. And it gave the responses to questions in the beginning of the article and explained the reasons in details. At the last, some notes on the construction of democracy in China＇ s journey toward rule of law were written in this article.

On the Whole-Process People’s Democracy and the Construction of Citizens’ Cultural Quality

The Whole-Process People’s Democracy has become an important proposition of the socialist modernization democratic theory with Chinese characteristics,and has important value for the development of the new form of human civilization.The Whole-Process People’s Democracy is not only a“democracy”system,its focus is to achieve“people’s democracy”,its unique feature is to surpass“non process”democracy with the“Whole-Process”,and create a new governance path of a new form of human civilization.Of course,the emphasis of people’s democracy on the consciousness of people’s subjective participation in the whole process also puts forward corresponding requirements for the cultural quality construction of Chinese social citizens in the new era,so it is also of great significance to pay attention to the cultivation of citizens’public spirit.

On the Process and Rights in the Whole-process People’s Democracy

Theoretically, the whole-process people’s democracy involves five processes, namely, political process, policy process, urban and rural community governance process, enterprises and institutions management process, and international exchange process. Fach process includes several links which involve different democratic rights. To comprehensively promote the whole-process people’s democracy, it is necessary to make a detailed distinction between the democratic rights of each process, build a corresponding system and mechanism for the protection of rights, improve the ability of people in democracy, and establish the system and mechanism for evaluating the effect of democracy implementation.

On the Human Rights Implications of the Whole-process People’s Democracy

The whole-process people’s democracy is a prerequisite for the people’s democracy.It is the organic unity of process and outcome democracy,procedural and substantive democracy,direct and indirect democracy,as well as the people’s democracy and the will of the state.The whole-process people’s democracy is the latest theoretical expression of the concept of socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics,a new achievement in the practice of socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics,a new development of the system of the socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics,and a new contribution to the development path of human rights in the world.

Kenya and the Emerging Power-Shift in Global Political-Economy: Right-Wing Populism and Social Media Activism

A potential global power transition characterized by emerging economies of BRICS where China is the likely leading contender against the United States as the only global hegemon seems inevitable.The increasingly multipolar world is evidenced by the attention given to right-wing populism in Europe and USA attributed to China’s aggressive approach to international trade through its stealth entry and subsequent investments in global political-economy.China’s presence in Africa and Trump’s America first policy’s attempt to open“new business frontiers”in emerging economies of Asia and Africa in order to contain Chinese influence and threat in global hegemony are interesting happenstances that require closer scrutiny.Kenya,the biggest economy in East Africa,which is among the fastest growing regions globally,is the gateway to the East African Common Market.Historically,Kenya has a policy of non-alignment in international relations making it possible to receive FDI from both China and the US but with highly contested elections.Therefore,Kenya presents a perfect laboratory for examining the emerging power-shift in global political-economy as the country grapples with traditionally chaotic electoral power transitions and the two biggest economies in the world compete for business in Nairobi.The 2017 elections not only betrayed the international community’s commitment to Western values of human rights and democracy,but also revealed the challenges of governance in post-World War II global liberalism characterized by sophisticated media institutional spaces.

“下交群评”:迈向人民主体性的基层治理——以北京市平谷区接诉即办改革为例

以人民为中心的发展思想日益成为主导基层治理的逻辑,在北京市接诉即办工作不断深化改革的基础上,以北京市平谷区“下交群评”工作为例,探索党建引领多元主体参与社会治理的机制,并重点关注如何引导群众成为基层治理的主体。研究发现,“下交群评”通过治理主体的组织嵌入化、治理单元的熟人社会化、治理规则的崇公抑私化、治理机制的交互整体化形塑了新时代“三治融合”的实践机制,为系统治理和源头治理提供了重要保障;从接诉即办的倒逼式治理到主动性治理,再到自主性治理,人民群众真正成为治理问题的发起者、治理过程的参与者、治理成效的获得者、治理情况的监督者。这是全过程人民民主的生动实践,体现了基层正在从被动的市民诉求驱动迈向人民主体性的治理。

“五四宪法”中人民代表大会制度及其实施的国家治理逻辑

人民代表大会制度在“五四宪法”中有着特定规范内涵,具体包括制度来源论、制度属性论、制度地位论和制度功能论。70年来的制度实践,尽管在文本规范上和具体实施中有所变动,但人民主权原则、最高国家权力机关的本质内涵从未变迁。新时代以来,人民代表大会制度日益凸显其在国家治理体系中的重要理论方位,具体体现于制度方位、民主方位、法治方位和治理方位。在确定和厘清上述理论方位的基础上,人民代表大会制度必将为践行全过程人民民主、促进高质量发展、推动现代化强国建设以及助力中华民族伟大复兴提供更好的发展方略。

决策征求意见的知识生产价值研究——对“形式大于意义”论误区的探讨

随着决策程序越来越规范化,征求意见已成为新时代决策过程践行全过程人民民主的重要载体,但对其价值认知却容易陷入“形式大于意义”的误区。以党的十八大以来历次中央全会政策文件的制定为例,基于知识生产主体—过程的二维框架分析决策征求意见价值的作用路径可以发现:在主体性维度,决策征求意见通过对象的多元化构建了一个涵盖整体性知识与地方性知识、经验性知识与专业性知识、权威性知识与民主性知识的行动者网络;在过程性维度,决策征求意见通过方式的多样化形成了归纳总结、调查研究、对话协商以及集体决策等知识生产类型。经过征求意见,使得政策文件制定的整个过程均能充分吸收各种知识,成为提高政策文件质量的重要机制。以知识生产视角审视决策征求意见的价值作用,有助于回应长期存在的“形式大于意义”价值认知,深入探索知识生产的民主路径,从而提高决策的质量和效果。

中国共产党跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率两个答案中的人民性思想

作为历经百年风雨而风华正茂的马克思主义政党,中国共产党成功的一个重要密码就在于将人民性思想体现在治国理政的全过程中,跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的两个答案就是一个典型范例。从“民主新路”到“自我革命”,是中国共产党在承袭马克思主义人民观、借鉴中国传统民本思想和总结党长期发展经验的基础上,在带领人民实现站起来、富起来到强起来的进程中,对中国共产党实际发展的积极回应,两个答案在价值追求、品质体现、目标导向等方面有着共同特质。新征程上,必须在“变”与“不变”中深化对人民性的理解、在强化制度建设中促使人民性原则落地生根、在良好的党群关系中有效助推党的自我革命,才能更好地理解这两个答案中坚持人民性思想的意义,更好地践行“两个答案”。

全过程人民民主话语的生成、内核与构建方式

“全过程人民民主”是对中国人民民主理念的深度诠释。全过程人民民主这一话语在民主这一主题词、人民这一主体词的基础上凸显了过程这条主线、全面这一主旨,是对中国式民主话语的进一步丰富和发展。这一民主话语的生成植根于中华优秀传统文化中的民主价值观,完善于中国特色民主实践中,是对马克思主义民主理论的进一步丰富发展。彰显民主话语之善,更好传播中国民主理念需要以话语内容、话语主体、话语载体为着力点进行剖析才能赢得话语主动。

全过程人民民主:发展历程、现实困境及创新路径

全过程人民民主作为中国式民主的一种新形态,是社会主义民主建设的重要经验,也是符合中国式现代化的内在规定性和本质属性。全过程人民民主思想来源于马克思主义民主理论,百余年来,中国共产党领导中国人民进行伟大的民主实践,形成丰富的民主思想。新民主主义革命时期中国共产党人对人民民主的长期探索和实践运用、社会主义革命和建设时期推进人民民主的制度载体建构、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期推进人民民主制度化发展、中国特色社会主义新时代以来提出并发展全过程人民民主。通过调查发现,当前践行全过程人民民主的制度建设有待完善、民意渠道有待拓宽、实践效能有待提升、协同推进力度有待加强。新时代新征程上,切实推进全过程人民民主建设,需要进一步夯实践行全过程人民民主的理论基础、坚持践行全过程人民民主的民主原则、加强践行全过程人民民主的民主理念、完善践行全过程人民民主的民主制度、提升数字技术赋能践行全过程人民民主的民主效能,不断谱写全过程人民民主的时代新篇章。

The Legal Dimensions of Whole-Process People’s Democracy

The concept of whole-process people’s democracy can be analyzed in terms of four the rule of law dimensions:continuous democracy,authentic democracy,extensive democracy and consultative democracy.Continuous democracy means that democracy provides a continuous and uninterrupted mechanism in terms of stage,time and space,which can ensure the continuous participation of the people in the management of state and social affairs.Authentic democracy is not only embodied creation of opportunities and conditions for the people to have more channels and methods of participation in the management of state and social affairs,but is also reflected in the process of democratic practice,including the protection of legitimate rights and interests of the minority.Extensive democracy means that the people are fully and deeply involved in the management of state and social affairs as well as their own affairs,from the operation of the state system to social life at the community level,and from pre-election to post-election.Consultative democracy is a means of realizing people’s democracy in the whole process.It applies consultation and seeks truth,aiming at building consensus.Moreover,it integrates various channels of consultation,and integrates democracy into all aspects of the work of the Communist Party of China(CPC)and government and in all aspects of the people’s political and social life.

Promoting Whole-Process People’s Democracy Following the Rule of Law

Whole-process people’s democracy profoundly reflects the features of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics,and comprehensively and systematically reveals the concept of people’s democracy as providing important mechanisms of national and social governance.Based on the traditional democratic understanding of democracy as majority rule,whole-process people’s democracy emphasizes the universality and extensive range of democratic governance,but also has the natural value defects of democratic value itself.Therefore,we must organically combine democracy with the values of the rule of law and human rights,to build a well-defined governance order based on people’s democratic value.The whole process in the“whole-process people’s democracy”has really resolved the situation of people’s“absence”from many links of state power operation caused by over-emphasizing the election-democracy in the Western capitalist democratic system.Through the people’s extensive participation and effective supervision,the state power operation mechanism based on the fundamental political system,the people’s congress system,has been ensured to be always in the framework of people’s democratic governance.This effectively realizes the people’s sovereignty and is consistent with the declaration that“all power in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)belongs to the people,”stipulated in the Constitution of China.To improve the governance efficiency of whole-process people’s democracy in practice,we must bring it onto the rule of law,and use the rule of law philosophy and methods to reasonably and effectively resolve all kinds of theoretical and practical problems.

全过程人民民主嵌入国家民主形象塑造:现实可能、内在机理与发展进路

全过程人民民主作为国家形象的制度支撑和要素填充,对国家民主形象塑造有着重要意义。国家形象作为全过程人民民主的具象表达与传播渠道,二者的相互嵌入为国家民主形象塑造提供了现实可能。全过程人民民主嵌入国家民主形象塑造有着深刻的内在机理,秉承国家民主形象是民主制度、程序、价值的三维统一,能够统合中国民主特色与大国精神气质,是民主新形态理论和实践作用的结果。在如今“西强东弱”的国际舆论格局下,中国的民主形象亟待主动进行塑造,全过程人民民主发挥文化、价值和制度三个方面的优势加深对国家民主形象塑造的嵌入,并通过优化话语、形塑、舆论策略加强全过程人民民主的国际表达,以实现渠道、议题、场域升级的方式将全过程人民民主的优势进行有效国际传播,塑造符合民主大国气质的国家民主形象。

全过程人民民主助力城市社区治理的实践样态与本质要求——以成都市武侯区“信托制”物业治理模式为例

全过程人民民主是习近平总书记对中国式民主实践最新的理论概括,在城市社区有着最鲜活的治理实践,但已有研究缺乏对全过程人民民主的实证分析。以成都市武侯区“信托制”物业治理模式为分析样本,全过程人民民主在助力城市社区治理中呈现出理念指引、主体协同和环节贯通等关键性结构要素,在此基础上进一步理解把握其本质要求:全过程人民民主通过紧扣以人民为中心的价值内核、铸牢坚持党的领导这一政治保障、以人民完整参与实践激发内生动力、坚持多元协同治理落实基本要求,有效实现了城市社区治理的赋能增效。全过程人民民主是对城市社区民主深化的有效回应,从中观、微观层面挖掘全过程人民民主的实践经验,对推进城市社区治理、将制度优势更多转化为治理效能有着重要意义。

全过程人民民主视阈下的邻避型矛盾纠纷治理

全过程人民民主是全链条、全方位、全覆盖的人民民主。它可以为邻避型矛盾纠纷的治理提供价值导向、制度基础和实践路径。从全过程人民民主视角来看,目前我国邻避型矛盾纠纷及其治理存在治理过程方面民主参与不足、需求表达与满足方面政社供需失衡、治理参与主体方面民主覆盖不全等问题。从意识—制度—能力三个角度来挖掘原因,应从增强治理主体的民主意识、完善多维度的民主治理体制机制、畅通多层次的民主沟通渠道、丰富利益补偿方式、提升政府官员的能力素质等方面来寻求解决邻避型矛盾纠纷的对策。

试论党的二十大报告中“人民”一词的三重含义

在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会报告中,“人民”是使用频率最高的词之一。“人民”一词在党的二十大报告中的高频次使用,既充分彰显了以习近平同志为核心的党中央领导集体对人民群众作为历史创造者、历史进步的推动者以及社会主义中国的真正主人身份的认同与重视,也体现了习近平总书记对人民权力、人民利益、人民幸福等问题的高度关注。整体地看,党的二十大报告中“人民”一词主要有三个维度的含义:首先,作为主体的“人民”,“人民”是党和国家事业的绝对主体,是社会主义国家一切权力的合法性来源——中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民,还是社会主义中国的主人。其次,“人民”既是中华民族文化共同体的成员,又是人类命运共同体的成员。最后,在全过程人民民主制度中,“人民”的身份、地位与作用充分彰显了中国特色社会主义的本质。“人民”概念的这三个维度并非各不相干,而是有着高度的一致性。它们既充分遵循了习近平总书记“人民至上”“以人民为中心”的基本发展思想,又从人民观的维度指明了中国特色社会主义建设与发展应遵循的原则、目标、任务与实践要求。

中国共产党领导人民民主的政治逻辑演进——基于历次党代会报告的分析

从文本逻辑与历史逻辑相统一的视角出发,分析中国共产党历次党代会的报告、宣言或重要决议中对人民民主的相关论述,我们可以发现,透过从“新民主主义革命”到“人民民主专政”到“社会主义民主”再到“全过程人民民主”的话语变化,人民民主的政治逻辑经历了从“探索人民自由的革命逻辑”到“确立人民平等的权利逻辑”到“强化人民权力的制度逻辑”再到“丰富人类政治文明形态的治理逻辑”的演进过程。基于历次党代会报告等文本分析中国共产党领导人民民主的政治逻辑演进脉络,旨在认清社会主义民主政治发展的逻辑主线和发展规律,进而深入理解和科学把握党的二十大为“全过程人民民主”指明的新高度和新路标。