Digital Development Rights in Developing Countries:Where the Governance Rules for Cross-Border Data Flows

The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.

Key global climate governance problems and Chinese countermeasures

Presently,the full implementation of the negotiations and collaborations under the Paris Agreement faces new key problems and severe challenges.These problems and challenges include the following:how to honor the principle of“common but differentiated responsibilities”to facilitate a comprehensive,balanced,and effective implementation of the key elements of the Paris Agreement,such as adaptation,mitigation,finance,technology,capacity building,and transparency;how to uphold and maintain the status of China and other emerging countries as developing countries in light of the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the historical responsibilities of these countries;and how to assess the goal of limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5℃and what constitutes an equitable carbon mitigation pathway for different types of countries.Developed countries and developing countries have drastically diverging views on carbon border adjustment measures for trade with developing countries proposed by several developed countries such as the European Union.Developed countries have demonstrated obvious intentions and actions designed to weaken and neglect the principle of“common but differentiated responsibilities”,to impose mitigation pressure on developing countries,to shift the responsibilities for emissions onto others,and to pass on the costs of mitigation.The maneuvering among different types of countries and interest groups has become increasingly intense.In response,China must maintain its strategic focus,adhere to the goals and principles established by the Paris Agreement,stick to its strategic positioning as a developing country,solidify strategic support from the developing world,and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries.China played a conducive role in facilitating the Paris Agreement and has become an active participant,contributor,and leader in global climate governance.China must continue to follow Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and its conception of ecological civilization and the concept of building a community of common destiny,to actively lead the cooperation process in the construction of a global climate governance system characterized by equity,justice,and win-win collaborations,and to promote compliance with the Paris Agreement.At the same time,China should accelerate the green,low-carbon,circular transformation of its economy;accelerate the coordinated governance of the economy,environment,and climate change;and formulate and implement a long-term low-carbon development strategy.By the middle of the 21st century,while achieving the goal of building a great modern socialist country,China can also achieve a deep decarbonization development path that is in line with the goal of limiting the global temperature increase to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5℃.

A Study of Xi Jinping Thought on Governing the Country Based on the Unity of “Party Spirit-People’s Nature”

The unity of “party spirit-people’s nature” is the basic proposition of Xi Jinping’s governance.Deng Xiaoping summarized the experience and lessons in the early days of reform and opening up,and put forward the basic line of the “leadership and unity” of the party in the early stage of socialism around “one center,two basic points”;Xi Jinping’s so-called “unification”,which is based on the the basic line of Deng Xiaoping’s initial stage of building a socialist country that is “rich,strong,democratic,civilized,harmonious and beautiful”,has further established the importance of “people as the center” and “party’s leadership”.Therefore,the “people-centered” and “the party’s overall leadership” are unified and become the basic idea of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s governance of the country.Xi Jinping has put forward the unity of “party spirit-people’s nature”,the “consistency” between governing the country and politics,and the “integration” between the people’s interests and the party’s leadership,thus forming “persistence”,“comprehensive”,“confidence”,“maintenance” and other assertions.

An appraisal of the regulatory policies governing the use of herbal traditional medicine

The regulation of herbal traditional medicine(HTM)is of much importance as it ensures the safety,quality and efficacy thereof.However,there are variations in the regulation of HTM worldwide with some countries being more supportive of HTM than others.This literature review aimed to evaluate and compare the regulatory policies governing the use of HTM in developed and developing countries as well as to determine the regulatory challenges faced by regulatory authorities and governments across the world.The countries investigated in this study were Germany,the United States of America,Japan,South Africa,China and India.Variations were evident between countries,however,Germany and Japan were found to be more advanced with regards to the regulation of HTM.Germany and Japan had stricter regulatory policies and lesser safety concerns.South Africa and the United States of America appear to have inadequate or ineffective HTM regulatory systems which was seen by the countries’limited or lack of regulations and additional safety concerns.The findings showed the difference in HTM regulation between developed and developing countries were not as large as could be expected.The United States of America(developed country)was found to have poor HTM regulations,while China and India(developing countries)were found to have thorough regulations.The findings also show that both developed and developing countries continue to face challenges with regards to establishing regulations and registration procedures for HTM.

Accounting regulation and IPSAS implementation： Efforts of transition countries toward IPSAS compliance

The need for high quality standards to enhance sound and consistent financial reporting and the fact that the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of public sector extended to a belief that public and private sectors did not have to be managed in fundamentally different ways, fostered a wide-ranging discussion about the harmonization of public sector accounting systems and their convergence towards the private sector financial reporting standards. This paper discusses the state and perspective of public sector accounting and financial reporting in transition countries. Precisely, this paper aims to examine the adequacy of governmental accounting and financial reporting model, reflecting the existing accounting regulation and financial reporting framework in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The motivation for this paper emerges from international discussions about IPSASs development and adoption, and the fact that the topic is becoming more and more relevant as many countries are moving towards adopting full accrual accounting using IPSASs as their method of financial reporting. Our results show that the degree and dynamics of government accounting systems＇ transformation in transition countries depends upon several specific factors which have to be taken into account when evaluating the systems and making comparison between government accounting system reforms in countries in the analysis. Thus, the study distinguishes certain similarities but also discrepancies regarding the status and possible further development of governmental accounting in countries examined.

Brexit Implications on Capital Market and International Financial Governance

This paper assumes as a focal point the concept that the ＂post-Brexit＂ may represent a change of era for European and global financial service and particularly for capital market sector. The change of era produces new ＂global systemic interrelation＂ in which financial globalization, governance and regulation will give place to new, largely unknown complexities. In general, the different interests and immediate priorities of euro and non-euro countries, coupled with a need for prompt and, at times, politically sensitive action, have had the result of a greater fragmentation or a differentiated integration in EU governance in the financial sector. On this assumption, we may say that the post-Brexit scenario is in some way preceded by a series of ＂fractures＂ in European governance. The direct effect of the post-Brexit era is that UK regulated financial entities will still need ＂passporting＂ across the EU single market： UK is going to vest the role of third party country, which will require an ＂equivalence regime＂ similar to the ＂substituted compliance＂ used in the same direction by US regulators. At the same time, while an equivalence regime may work in principle to deal cross-border issues at the global level, in the long term, it may be an instrument for a ＂battle of ideas＂ in the new political arena of global financial governance.

国际秩序转型背景下“全球南方”的战略地位和角色作用

当今时代,大国政治博弈加剧,“全球南方”的战略地位与价值日益凸显。地位和角色的转变赋予了“全球南方”独特的理论价值,其逐渐超越传统以经济属性为主的新兴市场国家和发展中国家概念,成为具有更丰富内涵的国际政治新概念,为国际关系理论创新提供了新视角和路径。全球南方国家均非美西方盟友的核心成员,未处于国际权力体系的中心地位,具有相似的国际境遇、利益诉求、发展任务和政治主张。在国际秩序重构方面,全球南方国家主张以联合国宪章和原则为宗旨,建立公平合理的国际新秩序,践行真正的多边主义,实现平等共治、合作共赢。在全球气候治理领域,全球南方国家普遍面临经济发展、消除贫困的迫切要求,主张共同维护以联合国为核心的全球气候治理体系,捍卫共同但有区别的责任原则,推动全球气候治理体系朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。在国际经济领域,全球南方国家倡导开放包容、互利共赢的合作理念,主张坚持多边主义和公平贸易,通过改革与完善国际合作机制应对挑战,构建开放型世界经济。在新的时代背景下,加强政治、经济、科技等领域的南南合作,不仅有助于推动发展中国家自身经济和社会发展,还能为完善现行国际秩序做出重要贡献。

美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社发展经验及其借鉴

农业合作化是农业发展的必然趋势,是共同富裕的关键一环,也是乡村振兴的必由之路。本文选取美国、欧盟和日本这三个农业合作社发展最为成功的典型国家和地区,对其农业合作社发展的经验进行系统总结,并归纳出可资借鉴的经验。首先,简要阐述了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社的历史、职能和现状。其次,扼要分析了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社内部组织结构和治理模式。再次,概括说明了美国、欧盟和日本政府对农业合作社所提供的法律、资金、税收、金融和教育咨询等方面的政策支持。最后,归纳总结了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社发展经验及对中国的启示:一是完善农业合作社的治理机制,坚守成员所有、成员控制和成员受益的原则,增加和强化普通成员在重大事项上的话语权。二是借鉴权责明晰的现代企业制度,充分发挥其优势用于农业合作社的内部治理。三是政府应继续对农业合作社给予强有力的政策支持,但支持政策应更精准化、更精细化。四是借鉴他国农业合作社发展经验时要充分考虑自身实际,走出一条具有中国特色的农业合作化道路。

国际中文教育助力教育强国建设的相关思考

教育强国建设是当下中国的国家战略,国际中文教育既是整体教育的重要构成,又是助力教育强国建设的重要方面。国际中文教育之所以能提供助力,是因为它能增强国际交流与合作,提升教育国际化水平,增强国际影响力,培养国际化人才,构建全球化教育体系,参与全球教育治理。而历史事实和国际经验也提供了助力的重要依据。目前来看,国际中文教育助力教育强国建设需要在以下几个方面着力:进一步增强国际交流与合作,助力教育对外开放;讲好“三个故事”,助力中华优秀语言文化国际传播;创新国际人才教育模式,助力人才培养和双一流高校建设;发展国际中文教育数字化,助力教育数智化;完善国际中文教育规范标准体系,助力标准建设;构建国际中文教育三大体系,助力教育三大体系建设;建立全球中文教育网络系统,助力全球教育治理。

教育强国背景下中外合作办学提升高等教育国际影响力策略研究

在加快建设教育强国进程中,中外合作办学对提升高等教育国际影响力具有重要作用,且在提升拔尖创新人才培育力、国际学生吸引力、科研学术引领力、跨境教育“中国方案”影响力等方面具备了一定基础。然而,目前我国中外合作办学尚存在结构布局不够均衡、拔尖创新人才培养质量有待提高、服务国家和地方发展能力亟须提升、高效能治理体制机制尚需完善等问题。为此,中外合作办学应加大改革创新力度,补齐短板,在适度统筹规模和效益、调整优化结构布局,加大支撑保障力度、多渠道提升人才培养质量,聚焦科技前沿和国家关切、把好引进和审批准入关,完善合作办学治理体系、探索中国特色的合作办学模式等方面持续发力,不断提高中外合作办学水平,切实提升我国高等教育国际影响力。

光绪前期厘金用款的严控限制与督抚筹对

厘金是咸丰初年清廷应对战时财源枯竭,持续支持战时财政而开发的新式财源。自咸丰初期迄光绪前期,厘金财源的扩张收入支持着大规模战争的军费支出,各类善后事业和洋务新政也得以挹注支撑。基于部库收支拮据的严峻现实,清廷自光绪六年对各省厘金用款比例实行严控,各省对此抵触筹对,或暗中敷衍应付,或奋起顶奏维权。双方基于自身视野和利益,均秉持“守经达权”的决策理念,却在实际上逐步走向彼此疏离。近代秉政治国者如何贯通“守经”与“达权”,有机衔接这两种逻辑,既考验着昔日的帝王僚臣,也为今人如何守制创新提供了鉴戒。

教育强国建设进程中民办教育的规范与发展

经过一个阶段的集中规范,我国民办教育的公益属性得到彰显、办学行为更加合规、比例结构渐趋合理、教育生态有所恢复。尽管当前我国教育发展格局已发生显著变化,但在教育强国建设进程中,发展民办教育在扩大优质教育供给、丰富教育服务业态、深化教育综合改革以及推动行业自我变革等方面都具有特殊的意义和特定的价值。新形势下,服务教育强国建设,引导规范民办教育发展要坚持实事求是、需求导向、依法治理的原则,在稳定市场预期的前提下,采取切实有效措施,积极稳妥推动各级各类民办学校实现公益性办学、互补型定位、高质量发展、结构性重组、科学化治理。

后发国家自主现代化的中国经验

现代化是人类的共同事业,但现代化并非一个自然的社会演变过程,而是拥有复杂层次结构和因素变量的长历史演化过程。后发国家被西方“冲击”后的被动现代化“反应”,需遵循发展的政治经济学逻辑,即国家建构、政党领导和政府质量是促成自主现代化的基础要素。从国家建构看,后发国家自主现代化的前置问题是国权问题,国家认同持续注入则是国家建构的根本;从政党领导看,后发国家需要政党的自主现代化共识凝结和政治动员,且后发国家政党应以自身制度化带动国家政治制度化;从政府质量看,渐进经济改革的政策创制是政府质量高低的关键指标,公正、回应和廉洁则是政府质量的价值依归。中国式现代化的国家建构、政党领导和政府质量的目标分别指向国家人民属性和建设人民国家、以人民为中心的现代化新形态以及效能与公信力兼具的法治政府,它们是中国式现代化高度自主性的根本保障。后发国家现代化如果仅聚焦技术层面的工业化或硬性照搬照抄西方制度模式,未基于基本国情以渐进模式促成经济、政治和社会的相适改革演进,则必然遭遇挫折,沦为西方现代化的“附庸”。

共同富裕背景下城乡信息分化治理的行动路径——基于县域治理的分析框架

在信息资源成为新型生产要素的时代背景下,城乡信息分化治理是推动乡村振兴的必要举措,也是推进以共同富裕为特征的中国式现代化的应有之义。城乡信息分化治理具有化智为治、科技引领、数字再生、时空链接等技术赋能的实践价值,但也面临着基础设施建设滞后、人力资源严重短缺、协同治理机制失衡、市场环境表现不佳等困境。因此,以县域为空间尺度和政策发力点,通过完善基础设施、加强人才培育、提升治理效能和促进产业兴旺等县域治理路径,能够推进城乡信息分化的治理和共同富裕战略的实现。

新时代知识产权强国建设中的制度转换--结合党的二十届三中全会精神的解读

《知识产权强国建设纲要(2021—2035年)》是继《国家知识产权战略纲要(2008—2020年)》之后,推动我国知识产权“由大到强”所作出的重大战略部署。党的二十届三中全会为知识产权强国建设进一步指明了方向。知识产权强国建设以知识产权现代化治理作为总基调,以现代化的制度体系建设为核心,从以下四个方面进行制度转换:(一)以创新为基本原则,强化知识产权保护的同时,限制不公平竞争行为;(二)从行政与司法的“双轨制”,转变为“协同保护体系”建设;(三)从注重国内市场的自我发展,到统筹国内和国外,深度参与全球知识产权治理;(四)从强化知识产权指标体系,到拓宽知识产权的制度基础,积极开展知识产权的基础建设。

交通强国战略下交通院校建筑类研究生特色化培养机制研究

交通强国战略导向下,交通院校应适应国家经济社会建设发展需要,充分发挥学校的办学优势,进行建筑类研究生特色化培养,以满足我国交通建设的高素质国际化人才需求。对国内8所交通特色院校建筑类研究生的培养方案进行调研发现,理论课程及设计实习均较少涉及对交通建设问题的探索,国际教育受限于学制和学籍管理而系统性和特色性不强,研究及实践未结合交通建设的前沿问题而创新性不足。因此,结合研究生高质量培养和交通强国战略的要求,在对国内外相关研究进行深入剖析的基础上,提出交通院校建筑类研究生特色化培养机制:建立多学科交叉、理论联合实际的研究生课程体系;建立政产学研协同育人的研究生培养机制;坚持“引进来”和“走出去”并重的国际联合培养机制。这对我国交通院校建筑类研究生特色化培养具有重要意义。

农村职业教育赋能农业强国:逻辑向度、现实困境与实践路径

农业强国是农业现代化进程中的重要环节,是社会主义现代化强国的根基,具有农业产业强、农业科技强、农业生态强和农业竞争力强的特征。农村职业教育扎根农村,服务农业,是建设农业强国的不竭动力之源。农村职业教育赋能农业强国遵循着经济逻辑、技术逻辑、生态逻辑和治理逻辑的耦合逻辑向度,契合了农业强国的“四强”特征。当然,农村职业教育赋能农业强国的过程还存在着观念束缚、产教脱节、治理分化和生态忽视的障碍,因此,需要从以下几个方面着手,切实提高农村职业教育的赋能效果:扭转观念,增强农村职业教育社会认同感;共治共享,构建多元治理生态圈;产教协同,打造农业强国产业集群;生态振兴,助推农村经济可持续发展等。

主要发达国家小城镇更新中政府干预方式的演变与启示

文章通过梳理主要发达国家小城镇的发展历程,以英国、美国、德国和日本四个国家小城镇为例,将小城镇的更新建设分为四个主要阶段。并从规划、法规、机制和经济四个方面分析政府干预方式在小城镇更新中的演变与启示,对我国的小城镇更新提出可借鉴的国际经验。

习近平治国理政的传统智慧及其阐释逻辑——以“治大国若烹小鲜”为例

习近平法治思想从多方面展现大国治理的传统智慧,在方法论问题上,习近平特别提到老子的“治大国若烹小鲜”。从历史逻辑上讲,习近平古语新说,遵循逻辑与历史相统一的辩证法,为“治大国若烹小鲜”注入了更多的新时代内涵。从法理逻辑上讲,“治大国若烹小鲜”蕴含的传统智慧与全面依法治国、比例适度原则、权力监督制约等现代法治理念和宪法精神深度契合,从总体性、协同性和控制论等不同维度生动诠释了习近平的法治方法论。从实践逻辑上讲,“治大国若烹小鲜”的治国理念是宪法权衡思维的生动体现,对于在法治轨道上全面推进民主政治、市场经济、和谐社会、先进文化和生态文明等方面的建设具有重要的方法论意义。

全面依法治国背景下公安院校人才培养路径探析

当前国内外环境日趋复杂,各类风险和深层次矛盾交织出现,给公安院校人才培养带来前所未有的挑战,全面依法治国的重要性越发凸显。我国公安院校人才培养重视复合型人才培养、寻求多元化主体合作、采用信息化手段教学,已经形成了较为丰富的公安院校人才培养模式。检视法治育人实效,仍存在法治理念教育有待加强、法治课程体系有待完善、师资队伍质量有待提升、合作共享机制有待优化等问题。鉴于此,公安院校的人才培养应优化教育资源、重视法治思维、加强外部合作、贯彻民主法治。