Effects of Different Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Techniques on Flue-cured Tobacco Production

[Objectives]This study was conducted to find out the most suitable special formula fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco production in tobacco-growing areas of Zhaotong City,so as to provide a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.[Methods]Different formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for tobacco were designed by optimizing and adjusting the application amounts and proportions of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and medium trace elements in fertilizer formulas,and the formulas of special base fertilizer and special topdressing for flue-cured tobacco production were selected through a field plot experiment.[Results]The combination of special base fertilizer and special topdressing was conducive to the early growth and rapid growth of tobacco plants under the condition of reduced fertilizer application,and the treatment using organic-inorganic compound fertilizer as the special base fertilizer was the most obvious,with an average growth period of two days increased.Compared with conventional fertilization,the yield,output value,average price,proportion of superior tobacco and proportion of medium and superior tobacco increased in the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer treatment,with the yield increasing by 5.96%,the output value increasing by 17.08%,the average price increasing by 10.49%,the proportion of superior tobacco increasing by 4.63%,and the proportion of medium and superior tobacco increasing by 2.44%.It was concluded from indexes including growth period,agronomic traits,disease incidence and economic traits,the fertilization mode of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer with the addition of trace elements(boron,magnesium and zinc)applied as the base fertilizer and nitrogen and potassium topdressing was most efficient and economic.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for scientific fertilization and reduced application of inorganic fertilizers with improved efficiency in tobacco production in Zhaotong City.

Structure and Change of Costs for Flue-cured Tobacco Production:A Case Study of Liuyang Tobacco Growing Areas

On the basis of consulting related information and data,costs for flue-cured tobacco production were surveyed and analyzed with Liuyang tobacco growing areas as an example.Results showed that there is rise and fall in fertilizer cost for flue-cured tobacco production;change in pesticide and agricultural plastic film is little;other costs for flue-cured tobacco production rise rapidly in recent years.Besides,there is certain reduction in labor units per mu for flue-cured tobacco production;labor price has an annual growth rate of 15%-25%.The proportion of labor cost to total cost for flue-cured tobacco production is increasing,thus rise of labor cost is the major factor promoting rise of costs for flue-cured tobacco production.Through adjustment of purchasing price and various subsidies,the change of per mu yield is a decisive factor influencing benefits of flue-cured tobacco production.

Problems in the Innovation of Tobacco Production Organization Mode in Sichuan Province and Recommendations

We summarize the main forms of tobacco production organization in Sichuan Province,including traditional peasant households,large scale growers,family farms,tobacco farmers' associations,and specialized tobacco cooperatives.In the process of innovation of production organization mode,some problems are pointed out,such as lack of management talents and long-term incentive mechanism,lack of standardization in operation,bottleneck in land and financing,low economic benefits of cooperatives,and difficulty in protecting farmers' interests and rights.We put forth the following recommendations for advancing the innovation of tobacco production organization mode in Sichuan Province:forming the longterm mechanism for supporting the innovation of production organization forms;standardizing the operation of the specialized cooperative organizations;strengthening personnel training,and establishing tobacco farmers' principal position;expanding cooperative economic production organizations,and achieving moderate concentration of land size;strengthening information services,to boost the development of cooperative production organizations.

Principles and Ways of Innovation on Organizational Model of Tobacco Production in China

The innovation of organizational model of tobacco production is the key to realization of sustainable development of tobacco production in China. From the perspective of sustainable development, we analyze the necessity of innovation of organizational model of tobacco production, put forward the principles on innovation of organizational model of tobacco production, and offer corresponding recommendations for the ways of innovation of organizational model of tobacco production.

Study on Tobacco Leave Lean Production Management System

In recent years, tobacco lean production infrastructure is almost full-fledged through development, and professional service scope expands accordingly. Hence, the developing emphasis has transformed from hardware facilities improvement to software updating of lean management and precise work. With related documents released by China Tobacco and Guizhou Tobacco, the achievement of comprehen- sive lean management probably becomes one of the key goals for the future devel- opment of tobacco business. The construction goal of tobacco leaves lean produc- tion management system is to internalize technology, information, human resources, material and other production elements into value stream of flue-cured tobacco pro- duction, and strict control value stream of input costs and output benefits, and then create management profit, promote enterprise, core competitiveness. The lean pro- duction management is both extension and expansion of modern tobacco agriculture, closely related to agricultural standardization and GAP management, which is based on professional service training and production machinery upgrading, with team management and station working as carriers, and information feedback, key quality monitoring and benefit evaluation as assessment references.

Study on the Production Benefit of Large-scale Tobacco Growers

The tobacco growers with the growing area of greater than or equal to 100 mu,have become an important subject of tobacco production in Weng'an County of Guizhou Province. Regulating and developing the production and business activities of large-scale tobacco growers, plays an important role in stabilizing tobacco production,reducing costs and increasing efficiency in Weng'an County. Through the field survey of large-scale growers' production activities,this article analyzes the input and output levels,and explores the key factors influencing benefit, in order to provide a basis for further regulating the tobacco growing practices and improving the flue-cured tobacco production benefit.

气相色谱-质谱法测定加热卷烟气溶胶中14种焦甜香成分

建立气相色谱-质谱法测定加热卷烟气溶胶中14种焦甜香成分释放量。采用直线型吸烟机,在HCI(加拿大深度)抽吸模式下对加热卷烟进行抽吸,采用剑桥滤片对加热卷烟气溶胶进行捕集,用二氯甲烷溶液萃取剑桥滤片,萃取液经过滤后用气相色谱-质谱法测定,以选择离子监测(SIM)模式采集质谱数据,以D8-苯乙酮作为内标定量分析。14种焦甜香化合物的质量浓度在0.1~80μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均不小于0.998,方法检出限为0.004~0.028μg/mL,定量限为0.012~0.093μg/mL。空白样品加标回收率为85.0%~110.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为5.84%~9.48%(n=5)。该方法简单快速、测定结果准确可靠,适用于加热卷烟气溶胶中14种焦甜香成分的定量测定。

不同尺寸片烟游离氨基酸和阿马杜里化合物差异分析

【目的】明确打叶复烤后不同尺寸片烟游离氨基酸和阿马杜里(Amadori)化合物的变化规律,为稳定卷烟质量和调整配方提供理论依据。【方法】以河南中烟工业有限责任公司6个中间香型烤烟多等级配打模块打叶后的片烟为研究对象,经叶片振动分选筛筛分后得到大片、中片、小片、碎片和碎末5种不同尺寸的片烟,分别测定其游离氨基酸和阿马杜里化合物含量,并对其分别进行差异显著性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。【结果】(1)不同尺寸片烟21种游离氨基酸总量为14 586.82~18 614.04μg/g,其中脯氨酸、天冬酰胺、丙氨酸和天冬氨酸含量较高;不同尺寸片烟17种阿马杜里化合物总量为21 674.68~29 371.17μg/g,其中果糖-脯氨酸(Fru-Pro)、果糖-丙氨酸(Fru-Ala)、果糖-氨基丁酸(Fru-Amb)和果糖-天冬酰胺(Fru-Asn)含量较高;不同尺寸片烟在多个游离氨基酸组分、阿马杜里化合物组分及阿马杜里化合物总量上存在显著差异。(2)主成分分析表明,游离氨基酸前3个主成分的累积方差贡献率为89.89%,表明这3个主成分可以反映21个变量(游离氨基酸成分)的大部分信息;阿马杜里化合物前4个主成分的累积方差贡献率为88.95%,表明这4个主成分能够反映17个变量(阿马杜里化合物)的大部分信息。(3)聚类分析结果表明,根据游离氨基酸主成分综合得分,可将不同尺寸片烟聚为3类,其中大片、中片和小片烟聚为一类;碎片烟和碎末烟各自单独聚为一类;根据阿马杜里化合物主成分综合得分,可将不同尺寸片烟聚为2类,其中大片、中片和小片烟聚为一类;碎片烟和碎末烟聚为一类。【结论】大片片烟和中片片烟具有较好的品质,工业可用性较高;碎片烟和碎末烟品质较差,在打叶复烤时应尽量减少其产出。

Preliminary Studies on Evaluation and Change Trends of Dominant Components in New Types of Tobacco Sheets by Thick Pulp Process

[Objectives]This study was conducted to deeply understand the effects of production process on the quality of new types of tobacco sheets with different flavors.[Methods]Based on the pilot production process of thick pulp method,four different flavors of tobacco sheets were sampled at several links in the production process,for the detection of the contents of the main components in the samples,including propylene glycol,glycerol,menthol and glyceryl triacetate,so as to explore the change trends of various components in the thick pulp process.[Results]The change laws of propylene glycol and glycerol contents had a very high similarity,showing a trend of first decreasing and increasing then.The changes of menthol content and glyceryl triacetate content were greatly affected by the specific flavor formula.As one of the indexes of the new tobacco evaluation system,the alcohol-to-ester ratio data need to be further improved in the actual production and application process.[Conclusions]This study provides basic data support for improving the quality of tobacco sheets.

偏最小二乘辅助紫外可见光谱法同时测定烟草中的葡萄糖与木糖含量

烟草中含有葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、木糖等多种糖类物质,占据烟草干重的25%~50%,是烟草的重要组成部分,也是评估烟草内在品质的重要指标。不同的糖类物质在卷烟燃烧过程中会生成不同产物,从而直接或间接地影响卷烟的香气和口感。建立烟草中各种单糖的测定方法,对烟草制品的质量控制具有现实意义。传统的检测方法如费林试剂法、连续流动分析法只能对烟草中的水溶性糖或总糖含量进行测定,无法对单一糖组分进行定量检测;气相色谱、液相色谱等方法虽能检测出不同单项,但是存在样品前处理过程麻烦、检测耗时较长等局限性。该工作在传统间苯三酚显色法测定木糖的基础上,以显色机理对该方法进行改进,解决了该检测体系下葡萄糖显色效果不佳的技术问题,可通过紫外可见光谱技术简单、高效地实现对烟草及卷烟制品中葡萄糖和木糖含量的精准测定。当同时测定上述两种糖组分时,由于二者的紫外可见光谱出峰位置相近,会相互影响彼此的测量准确性。为消除这一干扰,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)建立光谱分析的多元校正模型,辅助改进后的间苯三酚法对烟草及其制品中葡萄糖和木糖含量进行同时检测。研究结果表明:改进后的间苯三酚法对于葡萄糖和木糖的单糖溶液,浓度分别在0.05~0.4和0.10~0.80 mmol·L^(-1)范围内时线性关系良好,该方法的检出限和定量限分别为0.001 7、 0.005 7 mmol·L^(-1)和0.007 2、 0.024 mmol·L^(-1),批内变异系数的范围为0.69%~3.03%,加标回收率范围为96.72%~102.85%,提取液中木素含量对测定结果没有显著干扰。对于葡萄糖和木糖组成的混糖溶液,采用外部检验对模型效果进行评价,外部检验集的预测值与理论值的相关系数R^(2)=0.994 7,相对偏差小于10%。该方法能够快速准确的测定烟草及烟草制品中葡萄糖和木糖含量,为烟草行业提供一种有效的单糖分析方法。

不同位置及加香水平对加热卷烟释放行为的影响

【目的】探索不同位置及加香水平对加热卷烟释放行为的影响。【方法】通过控制单支加热卷烟香精总量在一定的允差范围内,设计6组薄荷味加热卷烟并考察了烟碱、丙三醇、薄荷醇和N,2,3-三甲基-2-异丙基丁酰胺(WS-23)的释放规律。【结果】(1)对于烟碱和丙三醇,6组加热卷烟中烟碱的释放率和转移率都要大于丙三醇。(2)对于薄荷醇和WS-23,6组加热卷烟的释放率和转移率均存在较大差异,其中1#、2#、5#加热卷烟的释放率和转移率较高。释放率和转移率的波动受加热卷烟各段加香差异的影响。(3)每种成分的释放量均表现出先增大再减小的趋势,其中5#加热卷烟表现出相对较好的稳定性。

基于增量式PID算法的香精施加系统设计

为解决加热不燃烧烟草制品生产过程中香精施加量无法根据薄片质量变化进行实时调控的问题,设计了一种基于增量式PID算法的香精施加系统。该系统由称重单元、螺杆泵、喷嘴、流量传感器等组成,通过称重单元实时获取薄片质量数据,根据理论计算模型确定香精施加量,基于增量式PID算法驱动螺杆泵定量输出香精至喷嘴中,利用流量传感器对香精施加量实时反馈,实现香精精准施加。验证结果表明,当薄片质量发生变化时,香精施加量可快速调整,最大超调量为1%,最长调整时间为1.8 s,系统具有较好的跟踪性能;施加量检测值与理论值的偏移率为0.23%~0.52%,施加量组内波动为3.11%~4.17%,系统可实现香精的准确、均匀、稳定施加。

典型电加热卷烟与传统卷烟烟气粒相成分比较研究

【背景和目的】加热卷烟具有烟草的感官特征,但由于受热方式不同,香气风格特征与传统卷烟存在较大区别。为明确加热卷烟烟气组成特征,开展代表性产品烟气成分对比研究。【方法】通过在线液相色谱-气相色谱/质谱联用系统对代表性的传统卷烟及加热卷烟产品进行烟气成分分析。【结果】(1)4种加热卷烟烟气成分种类和含量均低于传统卷烟。(2)4种不同类型加热卷烟产品烟气组成差异不大,但HTP-1烟气组分特征接近于混合型卷烟。(3)加热卷烟烟气特征香气成分包括大马酮、羟基丙酮、糠醇、γ-丁内酯、β-石竹烯、植醇、芳樟醇等,体现了加热卷烟烟草本香、烘焙、烤甜香的典型风格特征。【结论】4种代表性的加热卷烟烟气组成总体上属于传统卷烟烟气组成的子集,同时具有自身的特征。烟气组成是影响加热卷烟和传统卷烟烟气风格特征差异的主要原因。

感应加热卷烟烟具用电磁屏蔽材料

本研究采用COMSOL有限元软件仿真能量转换效率随屏蔽材料磁导率的变化规律,结果表明,当μ″=0时,μ'越大,能量转换效率越高;当μ″≠0,则存在μ'与μ″的最佳匹配值。根据仿真结果,选取合适的屏蔽材料,在感应加热卷烟烟具保持谐振状态,且发热体温度满足要求的基础上,采用功率分析仪测试烟具1个工作循环的能耗。测试结果表明:在240~320 kHz频率范围内,采用铁氧体材料,μ'越高,效果越优。当μ'为220时,可将1个工作循环能耗由978.14 J降至833.40 J,能量转转效率提升14.80%。采用纳米晶材料,当μ=2064-j349时,性能最优,1个工作循环能耗可降至811.30 J,能量转换效率提升17.06%,随μ'及μ″的进一步提高,能耗逐渐增大,此规律与仿真结果一致。因此,通过合理选择电磁屏蔽材料可提高感应加热卷烟烟具的能量转换效率。

基于高光谱成像技术烟叶田间高效氯氟氰菊酯用量的快速检测技术研究

为了能够有效预防烟叶田间用药过量所产生的农药残留危害,加强烟叶生产过程中的农药用量管控,研究了不同用量高效氯氟氰菊酯处理下的田间鲜烟叶高光谱曲线特征并构建了预测模型。应用可见—近红外高光谱成像系统(400~900 nm)采集不同浓度(CK、1∶2000,1∶1000,1∶350)的高效氯氟氰菊酯处理24 h后的鲜烟叶样本的高光谱图像。使用4种常用的光谱预处理方法进行数据预处理,分别采用连续投影法(SPA)、竞争性自适应重加权采样法(CARS)进行数据降维,最后分别构建了最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)和随机森林(RF)模型预测模型。结果表明:(1)光谱数据经二阶导数(D2)预处理后,LSSVM和RF模型的准确率均达到100%,经一阶导数(D1)预处理后,RF测试集准确率也达到100%;(2)SPA特征选择数量少于CARS,其中D1预处理后经SPA特征选择的波长数量最少;(3)综合考虑模型复杂度和稳定性,最终选择D1-SPA-RF为最优预测模型,选择11个特征波长,测试集准确率为97.70%。基于高光谱图像的D1-SPA-RF模型预测性能优异,可用于烟叶田间高效氯氟氰菊酯用量的快速检测。

烤烟生产投入间接碳排放分析——以湖北省恩施州烟区为例

以湖北省恩施州烟区为例,通过生产调研与数据统计,对烤烟不同生产阶段(育苗期、大田生长期和采后烘烤期)以及整个生产过程的间接碳排放量进行了核算。结果表明:烤烟生产过程中主要碳源的碳排放量表现为烘烤能源>电力>农膜和肥料>农药、机械油耗和人工;采后烘烤期的碳排放量最大,大田生长期的次之,育苗期的最小;在大田生长期,不同肥力和不同种植规模烟田的碳排放总量有所差异,其中由肥料产生的碳排放量占总碳排放量的比例最大;按照烤房类型划分,烤烟整个生产过程的间接碳排放量表现为燃煤型烤房(5167.80 kg C/hm^(2))>生物质能源型烤房(2256.75 kg C/hm^(2))。恩施州烤烟生产中间接碳排放的主要影响因素为烘烤能源、电力,其次为农膜和肥料。因此,用生物质燃料全面替代煤炭作为烘烤能源是烤烟生产减少碳排放的重要途径。

玉米秸秆还田形态对棕壤性土土壤肥力及烤烟产量品质的影响

为探究不同形态秸秆还田对棕壤性土植烟土壤肥力的影响效应,以不施秸秆为对照(CK),设置玉米秸秆粉碎1 cm(FS1)、粉碎5 cm(FS5)、粉碎10 cm(FS10)和秸秆粉末1 mm(FM)4种形态的秸秆还田试验,表征0~20 cm土层土壤物理性质、养分状况以及土壤酶活性,并综合评价土壤肥力质量以及烤烟产质量。两年试验结果表明,(1)与CK相比,秸秆还田处理均能改善土壤物理性状,可降低土壤容重2.88%~10.99%,提高田间持水量5.96%~34.02%,降低土层平均穿透阻力19.17%~25.87%,以FS5处理的降低或提升效果最显著(P<0.05);(2)不同形态秸秆还田对土壤碳氮的提升具有差异,FS5和FM处理能较CK显著增加土壤总有机碳含量74.08%和44.84%(P<0.05),FS1、FS5和FS10处理分别显著增加微生物量碳含量80.79%、125.31%和70.39%(P<0.05),以FS5处理增加量最高,同时能分别提升土壤全氮、碳氮比和硝态氮含量34.40%、20.22%和749.06%(P<0.05);(3)与CK相比,不同形态秸秆还田分别显著提升土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性52.40%~222.39%和6.19%~26.88%,以FS5处理的提升幅度最高(P<0.05);(4)土壤肥力评价结果表明,FS5处理综合质量得分最高(0.72),可作为提升棕壤性土植烟土壤肥力的有效秸秆形态,其中,土壤硝态氮、土壤微生物量碳和纤维素酶是影响土壤肥力的关键因子;(5)FS1和FS5处理可增加烤后烟产量8.46%~23.34%。综上所述,不同秸秆还田形态在短期内可改善棕壤性土植烟土壤的理化性状和酶活性,其中以秸秆粉碎5 cm还田效果较好,可实现土壤综合肥力的快速提升。

基于层次分析法的加热卷烟感官评价指标筛选及其权重建立

为建立更加准确、全面的加热卷烟感官评价方法,选择10款代表性加热卷烟产品开展感官评吸,基于口味提出并筛选感官描述词,利用层次分析法确定最终感官评价指标及其权重。结果表明:经评吸、筛选和整理,得到烟雾量、香味、灼热感、余味、谐调、杂气、劲头、浓度、均匀性、刺激性共10个描述词,可用于加热卷烟感官评价;参考传统评价指标对这些描述词进行合并、删减后,最终确定加热卷烟感官评价指标重要度排名前6位的为香味、烟气、劲头、刺激性、余味和均匀性,其权重分别为25%、30%、10%、10%、15%和10%。该加热卷烟感官评价指标及权重的建立,有助于合理、综合、直观地评价各款加热卷烟产品的感官品质。

烟叶精益生产模式的建设路径及实践成效探析——以普洱市景东县为例

近年来精益生产正逐步向农业生产领域渗透,为农业生产的结构转型提供了良好契机。为推动景东产区烟草农业的现代化建设,解除烟叶发展中不平衡、不协调、不可持续等因素的制约,实现烟叶生产降工减本、提质增效、可持续发展的核心目标,以广东中烟优质基地单元建设为载体,通过对景东产区烟叶生产现状的分析,结合实际探索烟叶精益生产模式的建设路径,以及对其实践成效进行评价分析。通过实践建设,初步建立了良性发展的管理机制,取得了良好的经济效益,逐步完善了广东中烟普洱基地单元高端烟叶原料定制化生产技术体系,提升了烟农收益水平以及基地原料保障水平,并对于持续推进景东县烟叶精益生产模式建设的思考进行了进一步的探析。

国内外雪茄烟叶热解产物差异性研究

采用U型固定床反应系统对国内外8个不同产地的35种雪茄烟叶进行热解实验,利用光电离质谱(PI-MS)对产生的气态热解产物进行实时在线分析,并运用主成分分析法(PCA)对获得的MS数据进行统计学分析。结果表明:35种雪茄烟叶中共鉴定出74种共有热解产物,主要为烃类、酚类、酮类、醇酸酯类和含氮物质。国内外雪茄烟叶的热解产物组成具有显著差异,主要表现为国内茄衣热解产物中烟碱类物质相对含量高于大部分国外茄衣,而甲基环戊烯酮、2,3-二甲基-2-环戊烯酮和2,5-二甲基环戊酮等香气成分的相对含量则低于国外茄衣;国内茄芯热解产物中3-甲基吡啶、2,5-二甲基环戊酮和(+)-柠檬烯等香气成分的相对含量低于国外茄芯。此外,PCA筛选出的雪茄烟叶的特征热解产物与常规化学成分分析的结果相符,验证了该实验结果的准确性。