THE N-NITROSAMINES IN TOBACCO SMOKE AND ITS ADSORPTION AND DEGRADATION

N-nitrosamines are strong carcinogens for humans. This paper gives an overview of the nitrosmaines in cigarette smoke including the formation, the harmfulness, the analytical methods of the nitrosmaines and the adsorptions and degradations of N –nitrosamines.

Association between Tobacco Smoke Exposure (Environmental and Direct) and Incidence and Control of Bronchial Asthma

Background: Asthma is a chronic multifactorial disease with high prevalence. Among asthma risk factors, the effect of tobacco smoke exposure on bronchial asthma is still debated. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the association between environmental and direct tobacco smoke (cigarette and hookah) exposure and incidence and control of bronchial asthma. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 109 patients with asthma referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ardabil city. Asthma Control Questionnaire was used for evaluating of asthma control. Patients’ asthma control was individually evaluated and compared with together with particular attention to history of tobacco smoke exposure. Chi square and Tav-Kendal were used to analyze the data in SPSS15 software. Results: The history of tobacco smoke exposure was found in 31.2% of the 109 patients. Patients with uncontrolled asthma with 60.6% constituted the largest volume of all samples. There was no significant correlation between tobacco smoke exposure and asthma occurrence (P > 0.05), also there was not found significant correlation between tobacco smoke exposure and asthma control (Error coefficient > 0.10). Conclusion: According to the results, history of tobacco (cigarette and hookah) smoke exposure (environmental and direct) has no effect on the asthma occurs and control status.

The role of XPC protein deficiency in tobacco smoke-induced DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes

DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes has been frequently observed in cancer patients, and therefore, may provide a valuable biomarker for cancer prevention and treatment. DNA hypermethylation may also provide an important mechanism in cancer progression. Lung cancer is strongly associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens, especially tobacco smoke. DNA damage generated by tobacco smoke is believed to play an important role in lung cancer development. XPC is a DNA damage recognition protein required for DNA repair and other DNA damage responses and attenuated XPC protein levels have been detected in many lung cancer patients. We studied the role of XPC protein deficiency in tobacco smoke-caused DNA hypermethylation of important tumor suppressor genes. Using both normal human fibroblasts (NF) and XPC-deficient hu man fibroblasts (XPC), our DNA methylation studies demonstrated that the XPC deficiency caused elevated levels of DNA hypermethylation in both Brca1 and Mlh1 tumor suppressor genes following exposure to tobacco smoke condensate (TSC). The results of our ChIP studies revealed that the XPC deficiency led to an increased binding of DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) at the promoter region CpG island-containing sequences of these genes under the TSC treatment;however, this increase was partially diminished with prior treatment with caffeine. The results of our immuno-precipitation (IP) studies demonstrated a protein-protein interaction of the ATR with DNMT3A. Our western blots revealed that the XPC deficiency caused an increase in TSC-induced ATR phosphorylation at serine 428, an indicator of ATR activation. All these results suggest that XPC deficiency causes an accelerated DNA hypermethylation in important tumor suppressor genes under tobacco smoke exposure and activation of the ATR signaling pathway is involved in this DNA hypermethylation process.

Assessment of urinary concentration of cotinine in Chinese pregnant women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke

Environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)is a wellknown reason of many adverse health consequences in pregnant women.Exposure of ETS during pregnancy may increase the risk of some fetal diseases in pregnant women and/or birth defects in neonates.Many countries have implemented laws to control smoking and free of second hand smoke in all enclosed workplaces.In China,antismoking law was enforced in March 2010.We aimed to assess the exposure of pregnant women to cotinine after anti-smoking law was implemented in China.The urine samples were collected from 2,100 volunteers from Zhejiang Province,China and urinary concentration of cotinine was measured using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.Cotinine was detected in 87%of the pregnant women.The GM and 95th percentile concentration inpregnant women were 4.28 and 44.00 lg/L,respectively.Similarly,the GM and 95th concentration of cotinine were significantly higher in smoking group than in non-smoking group(P\0.0001).Our results indicate that pregnant women in China are at the high risk of exposure ETS.Further attempts are required to make strategies to find out the sources of ETS exposure and prevent smoking at public places especially during pregnancy.

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a Biomarker of Oxidative DNA Damage Induced by Environmental Tobacco Side-stream Smoke and Its Mechanism

To study the genotoxicity effect of environmental tobacco side-stream smokes (ETSS) on oxidative DNA damage and its molecular mechanism. Methods DNA adduct 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. The level of 8-OHdG in DNA exposed to ETSS was detected by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Organic and inorganic components in ETSS were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrum and atomic absorption spectrum respectively. Results Particle matters (PMs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ETSS could directly induce oxidative DNA damage and formation of 8-OHdG. There were 123 and 84 kinds of organic components in PMs and VOCs respectively, and 7 kinds of inorganic components in ETSS. Some components, especially quinones and polyphenols in ETSS, could produce free radicals in vitro by auto-oxidation without any biological activity systems, and with the catalytic reaction of metals, the DNA adduct 8-OHdG was produced. Conclusion ETSS have biological oxidative effect on DNA in vitro and in vivo, and expressed direct genotoxicity. 8-OHdG is a valuable biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.

江苏省≥18岁居民烟草危害认知水平及影响因素分析

目的了解江苏省≥18岁居民对吸烟和二手烟危害认知水平及影响因素,为完善控烟策略提供依据。方法2015年10月—2016年1月,采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,在江苏省居民慢性病与营养监测14个监测点抽取当地居住≥6个月、年龄≥18岁居民,采用入户面对面问卷形式,调查居民吸烟、二手烟危害认知情况。结果有效调查8689人,吸烟危害知晓率为37.6%,对吸烟可造成心脏病、中风、肺癌的知晓率分别为43.7%、42.7%、70.8%;二手烟暴露危害知晓率为43.6%,对二手烟暴露可造成成人心脏病、儿童肺部疾病、成人肺部疾病的知晓率分别为45.6%、62.7%、64.9%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,农村居民、苏中/苏北居民、女性、文化程度低者、吸烟者的吸烟/二手烟暴露危害知晓率均较低(P值均<0.05);≥60岁年龄组的吸烟危害知晓率较低(P<0.05)。结论江苏省居民烟草危害认知不够全面,应针对重点人群加大烟草危害知识宣传力度,降低人群吸烟率。

肺功能检查联合5A行为干预的短期戒烟效果评价

目的:探讨肺功能检查和宣教联合5A行为干预的短期戒烟效果。方法:选取2019年5月—2021年12月在汕头大学医学院第一附属医院呼吸科门诊就诊且有吸烟史的439例患者为研究对象,均为男性,年龄(54.9±12.5)岁。根据患者的意愿分为肺功能检查联合5A行为干预组(干预组,224例)和仅实施5A行为干预组(对照组,215例),干预时间1个月。采用成功戒烟率及烟草依赖程度评价短期戒烟效果。采用logistic回归分析评价肺功能检查和宣教联合5A行为干预的戒烟效果。以倾向性得分匹配进行敏感性分析,评估多因素logistic回归分析结果的稳健性。结果:干预组的成功戒烟率为43.8%(98/224),对照组为13.5%(29/215),干预组的成功戒烟率高于对照组(χ^(2)=48.86,P<0.001)。在干预后戒烟失败患者中,干预组的重度烟草依赖患者占比较干预前下降,且低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(干预前重度烟草依赖:35.7%比34.9%;干预后重度烟草依赖:19.1%比29.6%)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,与对照组相比,干预组短期成功戒烟率增高(OR=3.92,95%CI:2.18~7.06),干预组中戒烟失败患者的烟草依赖度降低(OR=4.34,95%CI:1.72~10.92)。结论:肺功能检查和宣教联合5A行为干预可能在短期内有助于提高呼吸科门诊吸烟患者的戒烟成功率,降低戒烟失败患者的烟草依赖程度。

不同圆周卷烟的风格特征与烟气特征分析

【目的】考察卷烟圆周值对烤烟烟叶风格特征及烟气特征的影响。【方法】以八大香型烤烟产地典型烟叶(C3F)为原料,分别制备常规、中支和细支卷烟样品,通过对样品进行感官评价、常规烟气指标和香味成分检测,研究八大香型生态区域烤烟烟叶随卷烟圆周值变化其风格特征和烟气特征的变化规律。【结果】(1)不同生态区烤烟烟叶卷制烟支的香气风格随圆周值的变化存在差异,随着卷制圆周值降低,烟叶原料卷烟的风格特征呈弱化趋势。(2)不同生态区烤烟烟叶卷制烟支的品质特征随圆周值的变化存在差异,随着卷制圆周值的降低,香气量、透发性和成团性等感官指标均有减小趋势,刺激性、干燥感和细腻程度等感官指标有改善趋势。(3)随卷制圆周值降低,不同生态区烤烟烟叶卷制烟支主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量均有减小。(4)随着卷制圆周值的降低,除黑龙江哈尔滨生态区烟叶外,其他生态区烟叶卷制烟支的主流烟气TPM单口释放量为中支烟>常规烟≥细支烟。香味成分酚类、酸类、酯类、内酯类、酰胺类和新植二烯的单口释放量整体表现为中支烟≥常规烟>细支烟,醛类、烃类、杂环类、醇类和酮类物质的单口释放量整体表现为中支烟>常规烟≥细支烟。

不同烤烟新品种在吉林省通化区域适用性研究

为解决吉林省烤烟种植品种单一的问题,该研究在吉林省通化市柳河县以“吉烟九号”为对照,对9个烤烟新品种“中烟特香301”“云烟301”“硃砂烟”等在农艺性状、经济性状、主要化学成分、外观质量评价和评吸鉴定结果等方面进行分析。结果表明:“硃砂烟”在农艺性状、产量产值、外观质量评价、感官分值和主成分分析上表现最好,特别是在经济性状和评吸鉴定结果上具有明显优势;其次“中烟特香301”农艺性状优和经济性状表现好,化学成分协调分值、评吸鉴定结果也较好;“中川208”农艺性状和经济性状的表现属中等,但在外观质量和评吸鉴定结果中表现较好。三个品种主成分分析排序为“硃砂烟”>“中烟特香301”>“中川208”。三个品种需进一步重点考察。

典型电加热卷烟与传统卷烟烟气粒相成分比较研究

【背景和目的】加热卷烟具有烟草的感官特征,但由于受热方式不同,香气风格特征与传统卷烟存在较大区别。为明确加热卷烟烟气组成特征,开展代表性产品烟气成分对比研究。【方法】通过在线液相色谱-气相色谱/质谱联用系统对代表性的传统卷烟及加热卷烟产品进行烟气成分分析。【结果】(1)4种加热卷烟烟气成分种类和含量均低于传统卷烟。(2)4种不同类型加热卷烟产品烟气组成差异不大,但HTP-1烟气组分特征接近于混合型卷烟。(3)加热卷烟烟气特征香气成分包括大马酮、羟基丙酮、糠醇、γ-丁内酯、β-石竹烯、植醇、芳樟醇等,体现了加热卷烟烟草本香、烘焙、烤甜香的典型风格特征。【结论】4种代表性的加热卷烟烟气组成总体上属于传统卷烟烟气组成的子集,同时具有自身的特征。烟气组成是影响加热卷烟和传统卷烟烟气风格特征差异的主要原因。

When smoke meets gut:deciphering the interactions between tobacco smoking and gut microbiota in disease development

Tobacco smoking is a prevalent and detrimental habit practiced worldwide,increasing the risk of various diseases,including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),cardiovascular disease,liver disease,and cancer.Although previous research has explored the detrimental health effects of tobacco smoking,recent studies suggest that gut microbiota dysbiosis may play a critical role in these outcomes.Numerous tobacco smoke components,such as nicotine,are found in the gastrointestinal tract and interact with gut microbiota,leading to lasting impacts on host health and diseases.This review delves into the ways tobacco smoking and its various constituents influence gut microbiota composition and functionality.We also summarize recent advancements in understanding how tobacco smoking-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis affects host health.Furthermore,this review introduces a novel perspective on how changes in gut microbiota following smoking cessation may contribute to withdrawal syndrome and the degree of health improvements in smokers.

Tobacco, air pollution, environmental carcinogenesis, and thoughts on conquering strategies of lung cancer

Each year there will be an estimated 2.1 million new lung cancer cases and 1.8 million lung cancer deaths worldwide.Tobacco smoke is the No.1 risk factors of lung cancer,accounting for>85%lung cancer deaths.Air pollution,or haze,comprises ambient air pollution and household air pollution,which are reported to cause 252,000 and 304,000 lung cancer deaths each year,respectively.Tobacco smoke and haze(hereafter,smohaze)contain fine particles originated from insufficient combustion of biomass or coal,have quite similar carcinogens,and cause similar diseases.Smohaze exert hazardous effects on exposed populations,including induction of a large amount of mutations in the genome,alternative splicing of mRNAs,abnormalities in epigenomics,initiation of tumor-promoting chronic inflammation,and facilitating immune escape of transformed cells.Tackling smohaze and development of multi-targets-based preventive and therapeutic approaches targeting smohaze-induced carcinogenesis are the key to conquer lung cancer in the future.

基于SIDA-GC-QqQ-MS/MS的烤烟中痕量香气化合物2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉的测定

【目的】精确测定烤烟中痕量香气化合物2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉(2AP)的含量。【方法】采用稳定同位素稀释结合气相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱仪MRM多反应监测模式对烤烟中2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉进行精确定量分析。【结果】(1)方法在2~200μg/kg范围内线性良好(R^(2)=0.9998),检测限为0.38μg/kg,定量限为1.26μg/kg,平均回收率为90.75%~96.10%。(2)烤烟烟叶中2AP含量为2.02~62.48μg/kg,主流烟气中含量为7.29~94.12μg/kg,其中粒相物和气相物的含量范围分别为2.08~79.08μg/kg和5.15~18.68μg/kg。【结论】方法稳定可行、高效简便,具有较高的精度和灵敏度,可为烟用香精香料配方设计开发提供数据支撑,为烤烟中其他痕量香气化合物的精确定量分析研究提供方法参考。

河北省初中生尝试吸烟行为及影响因素分析

目的了解河北省初中生尝试吸烟情况及相关影响因素,为开展控烟干预工作和提出控烟政策提供支持。方法2021年8—11月采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取河北省初中在校学生为调查对象,使用中国疾病预防控制中心制定的《2021年中国青少年烟草流行调查问卷》,调查学生基本情况、烟草使用情况、二手烟暴露和烟草广告获取等信息,分析学生尝试吸烟情况及其影响因素。结果河北省31486名初中生中,尝试吸烟者3049人,加权后尝试吸烟率为9.42%(95%CI:8.00~11.05),男生明显高于女生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);过去30 d内有过烟草广告及促销暴露的学生为17139人,烟草广告及促销暴露率为54.36%,其中,在电视或视频暴露最高比例为48.67%(95%CI:46.65%~50.70%),其次在互联网暴露比例为15.41%(95%CI:14.60%~16.27%);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男生(OR=1.594,95%CI:1.997~2.709)、二年级(OR=1.320,95%CI:1.108~1.574)、1周零花钱>40元(OR=1.412,95%CI:1.253~1.592)、父母吸烟(OR=1.260,95%CI:1.078~1.472)、朋友吸烟(OR=6.680,95%CI:5.482~8.141)、教师吸烟(OR=1.686,95%CI:1.410~2.016)、二手烟暴露(OR=3.084,95%CI:2.667~3.566)、烟草广告及促销暴露(OR=1.451,95%CI:1.259~1.674)因素为初中生尝试吸烟的危险因素,接触过媒体控烟信息(OR=0.617,95%CI:0.555~0.685)是初中生尝试吸烟的保护因素。结论河北省初中生尝试吸烟率较高,烟草广告暴露情况较为严重,今后应净化社会、校园及周边环境烟草广告及促销对学生的影响,减少学生尝试吸烟行为的发生。

卷烟燃烧过程减害降焦研究进展

吸烟的危害主要来自于卷烟燃烧产生的焦油、多环芳烃、一氧化碳、氰化物等有害物质,这些有害物质会引发心血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、癌症以及慢性炎症等多种疾病,减少卷烟的危害、降低焦油等有害物质的含量已刻不容缓。为此,深入研究了卷烟烟气中有害物质的产生规律以及卷烟减害降焦的主流技术,介绍了数值模拟技术在卷烟燃烧领域和卷烟减害方面的应用,为深入了解卷烟及其相关问题、降低吸烟对健康的危害提供了理论基础和实践指南。

卷烟烟气甜感研究进展

甜味是烟草味觉感受的重要方面,“甜感”能提升抽吸的舒适感,有效改善抽吸品质。结合国内外研究进展,系统梳理了烟气中的甜感物质、烟叶化学成分与甜度的相关性、甜感检测评价、烟草“增甜”技术等内容,对卷烟烟气甜感的研究进展进行了综述。

造纸法再造烟叶对卷烟产品感官质量与烟气指标的影响研究

造纸法再造烟叶的技术已经相对成熟,国内外卷烟厂对造纸法再造烟叶的使用需求也在不断扩大。对此,简述了造纸法再造烟叶的特点和应用价值,分析了造纸法再造烟叶的生产工艺。为了解造纸法再造烟叶卷烟产品质量的差异性,选择4种造纸法再造烟叶制成卷烟样品,由评吸员对样品的香气特性、协调特性、烟气特性、口感特性等项目进行评价。之后采用同种造纸法再造烟叶以不同的比例掺配到卷烟产品中,根据相关测试标准测定不同添加量下卷烟产品的烟气指标变化。结果表明,该评价方法对造纸法再造烟叶卷烟产品感官质量的判定具有指导意义;随着再造烟叶使用比例的增加,卷烟中的焦油量、烟气烟碱量以及抽吸口数都呈逐步降低的趋势。

中国主产烟区不同焦油量中部烟叶化学成分差异及其与烟气质量的关系

以中国主产烟区53份C3F等级中部烟叶为样品,对其焦油含量、化学成分、烟气质量之间的关系进行分析。结果表明,低、中、高焦油量烟叶的样品数分别为27、18、8个,低、中、高焦油量烟叶样品的焦油量均值分别为10.41、11.82、13.29 mg/支。对高、中、低焦油量烟叶的化学成分含量进行比较,高焦油量烟叶中还原糖含量、总糖含量较高,中焦油量烟叶中总植物碱含量、总氮含量较高,低焦油量烟叶中K含量、氯含量较高。对于烟气质量而言,随着烟叶焦油量的升高,抽吸口数、总粒相物、一氧化碳释放量和烟碱含量均呈升高趋势,而水分含量呈先降低后升高的趋势。低焦油量烟叶中总粒相物与总植物碱、总氮呈显著正相关,水分与总植物碱呈显著正相关,焦油与总氮呈显著正相关;中焦油量烟叶中一氧化碳、烟碱与K呈极显著负相关,水分与总植物碱呈极显著正相关,水分与总糖呈显著负相关;高焦油量烟叶中水分与总植物碱呈显著正相关。

2022年重庆市巴南区成人烟草使用监测结果分析

为了解2022年重庆市巴南区成人烟草使用现状,分析相关影响因素,为控烟策略或政策的有效制定与改进提供科学依据,结合多阶段分层整群随机抽样法、PPS抽样调研法及简单随机抽样法对重庆市巴南区居民进行调查,统计其人口学特征、吸烟率、戒烟率、电子烟知晓率、非吸烟者二手烟暴露率等信息。调查结果显示,巴南区居民吸烟率为19.35%,不同性别间的差异具有统计学意义,性别是影响巴南区居民吸烟率的主要因素。非吸烟者二手烟暴露率为34.67%,不同年龄、文化程度及城乡间的差异具有统计学意义。吸烟率与非吸烟者二手烟暴露率均显著低于2020年监测指标及国内平均水平。戒烟率及电子烟知晓率分别为24.38%、39.8%,不同年龄、文化程度受访者的电子烟知晓率差异具有统计学意义。基于此,应加强宣传,完善相关法律法规,完善戒烟服务体系,从而使居民有效控烟戒烟。

The Prevalence of Smoking in Caribbean Towns and Correlation with Disease States: A Survey

Background: Smoking continues to be one of the most popular recreational practices despite its known harmful effects. Aim: The purpose of this survey was to assess the prevalence of smoking in the Caribbean and the correlation of smoking with the disease states of high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol whose risk is known to be higher among smokers. Findings: Our study found a smoking prevalence of 22% in the population, similar to that reported by the World Health Organization (20%) and a positive correlation between smoking and diabetes. Conclusion: The survey shows that smoking numbers within the population are still high and that smoking increases the risk of certain disease states within smokers. Aggressive global efforts to reduce smoking should continue so as to minimize the negative impact of smoking on health.