Non-solvating fluorosulfonyl carboxylate enables temperature-tolerant lithium metal batteries

Advanced electrolyte engineering is an important strategy for developing high-efficacy lithium(Li)metal batteries(LMBs).Unfortunately,the current electrolytes limit the scope for creating batteries that perform well over temperature ranges.Here,we present a new electrolyte design that uses fluorosulfonyl carboxylate as a non-solvating solvent to form difluoroxalate borate(DFOB-)anion-rich solvation sheath,to realize high-performance working of temperature-tolerant LMBs.With this optimized electrolyte,favorable SEI and CEI chemistries on Li metal anode and nickel-rich cathode are achieved,respectively,leading to fast Li^(+)transfer kinetics,dendrite-free Li deposition and suppressed electrolyte deterioration.Therefore,Li||LiNi_(0.80)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_(2)batteries with a thin Li foil(50μm)show a long-term cycling lifespan over 400 cycles at 1C and a superior capacity retention of 90%after 200 cycles at 0.5C under 25℃.Moreover,this electrolyte extends the operating temperature from-10 to 30℃and significantly improve the capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency of batteries are improved at high temperature(60℃).Fluorosulfonyl carboxylates thus have considerable potential for use in high-performance and allweather LMBs,which broadens the new exploring of electrolyte design.

Temperature/salt tolerance and oil recovery of xanthan gum solution enhanced by surface-modified nanosilicas

Amide-and alkyl-modified nanosilicas(AANPs)were synthesized and introduced into Xanthan gum(XG)solution,aiming to improve the temperature/salt tolerance and oil recovery.The rheological behaviors of XG/AANP hybrid dispersions were systematically studied at different concentrations,temperatures and inorganic salts.At high temperature(75C)and high salinity(10,000 mg,L1 NaCl),AANPs increase the apparent viscosity and dynamic modulus of the XG solution,and XG/AANP hybrid dispersion exhibits elastic-dominant properties.The most effective concentrations of XG and AANP interacting with each other are 1750 mg·L^(-1) and 0.74 wt%,respectively.The temperature tolerance of XG solution is not satisfactory,and high temperature further weakens the salt tolerance of XG.However,the AANPs significantly enhance the viscoelasticity the XG solution through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic effect.Under reservoir conditions,XG/AANP hybrid recovers approximately 18.5%more OOIP(original oil in place)than AANP and 11.3%more OOIP than XG.The enhanced oil recovery mechanism of the XG/AANP hybrid is mainly increasing the sweep coefficient,the contribution from the reduction of oil-water interfacial tension is less.

An Environment‑Tolerant Ion‑Conducting Double‑Network Composite Hydrogel for High‑Performance Flexible Electronic Devices

High-performance ion-conducting hydrogels(ICHs)are vital for developing flexible electronic devices.However,the robustness and ion-conducting behavior of ICHs deteriorate at extreme tempera-tures,hampering their use in soft electronics.To resolve these issues,a method involving freeze–thawing and ionizing radiation technology is reported herein for synthesizing a novel double-network(DN)ICH based on a poly(ionic liquid)/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol)(PMP DN ICH)system.The well-designed ICH exhibits outstanding ionic conductivity(63.89 mS cm^(-1) at 25℃),excellent temperature resistance(-60–80℃),prolonged stability(30 d at ambient temperature),high oxidation resist-ance,remarkable antibacterial activity,decent mechanical performance,and adhesion.Additionally,the ICH performs effectively in a flexible wireless strain sensor,thermal sensor,all-solid-state supercapacitor,and single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator,thereby highlighting its viability in constructing soft electronic devices.The highly integrated gel structure endows these flexible electronic devices with stable,reliable signal output performance.In particular,the all-solid-state supercapacitor containing the PMP DN ICH electrolyte exhibits a high areal specific capacitance of 253.38 mF cm^(-2)(current density,1 mA cm^(-2))and excellent environmental adaptability.This study paves the way for the design and fabrication of high-performance mul-tifunctional/flexible ICHs for wearable sensing,energy-storage,and energy-harvesting applications.

Temperature and light tolerance of representative brown,green and red algae in tumble culture revealed by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements

Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Ulva lactuca, Grateloupia turuturu and Palmaria palmata are suitable species that fit the requirements of a seaweed-animal integrated aquaculture system in terms of their viable biomass, rapid growth and promising nutrient uptake rates. In this investigation, the responses of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield of the five algal species in tumble culture were assessed at a temperature range of 10 - 30℃. The results revealed that Ulva lactuca was the most resistant species to high temperature, withstanding 30℃ for 4 h without apparent decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield . While the arctic alga Palmaria palmata was the most vulnerable one, showing significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield at 25℃ for 2 h. The cold-water species Laminaria japonica, however, demonstrated strong ability to cope with higher temperature （24 -26℃ ） for shorter time （within 24 h） without significant decline in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield . Grateloupia turuturu showed a general decrease in the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield with the rising temperature from 23 to 30℃ , similar to the temperate kelp Undaria pinnatifida. Changes of chlorophyll fluorescence yields of these algae were characterized differently indicating the existence of species-unique strategy to cope with high light. Measurements of the optimal chlorophyll fluorescence yield after short exposure to direct solar irradiance revealed how long these exposures could be without significant photoinhibition or with promising recovery in photosynthetic activities. Seasonal pattern of alternation of algal species in tank culture in the Northern Hemisphere at the latitude of 36°N was proposed according to these basic measurements.

Mutation-Screening of Pleurotus Ferulae with High Temperature Tolerance by Nitrogen Ion Implantation

In order to obtain Pleurotus ferulae with high temperature tolerance, conidiophores of wild type strain ACK were implanted with nitrogen ions in energy of 5 -15 keV and dose of 1.5×10^15 - 1.5 × 10^16 cm^-2, and a mutant CGMCC1763 was isolated subsequently through thermotolerant screening method. It was found that during riper period the surface layer mycelium of the mutant in mushroom bag wasn＇t aging neither grew tegument even above 30℃. The mycelium endurable temperature of the mutant was increased by 5℃ compared to that of the wild type strain. The fruiting bodies growth temperature of the mutant was 18 -22℃ in daytime and 8 -14℃ at night. The highest growth temperature of fruiting bodies of the mutant was increased about 7℃ w.r.t, that of original strain. Through three generations investigations, it was found that the mutant CGMCC1763 was stable with high temperature tolerance.

Combining QTL mapping and expression profile analysis to identify candidate genes of cold tolerance from Dongxiang common wild rice(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)

Rice（Oryza sativa L.）, a tropical and subtropical crop, is susceptible to low temperature stress during seedling, booting, and flowering stages, which leads to lower grain quality levels and decreasing rice yields. Cold tolerance is affected by multiple genetic factors in rice, and the complex genetic mechanisms associated with chilling stress tolerance remain unclear. Here, we detected seven quantitative trait loci（QTLs） for cold tolerance at booting stage and identified one cold tolerant line, SIL157, in an introgression line population derived from a cross between the indica variety Guichao 2, as the recipient, and Dongxiang common wild rice, as the donor. When compared with Guichao 2, SIL157 showed a stronger cold tolerance during different growth stages. Through an integrated strategy that combined QTL-mapping with expression profile analysis, six candidate genes, which were up-regulated under chilling stress at the seedling and booting developmental stages, were studied. The results may help in understanding cold tolerance mechanisms and in using beneficial alleles from wild rice to improve the cold tolerance of rice cultivars through molecular marker-assisted selection.

In situ reduction strategy towards high conductivity,anti-freezing and super-stretchable rGO based hydrogel for diverse flexible electronics

Hydrogels electrolytes with flexibility and high conductivity have been widely used in kinds of flexible electronics.However,hydrogels always suffer from the inevitable freezing of water at subzero temperatures,which results in the sacrificing of their electrical properties.Herein,an anti-freezing,flexible hydrogel based on in situ reduction of graphene oxide(GO)and laponite has been developed as electrolyte for high performance supercapacitor and sensitive sensors.The crosslinked GO and laponite in polyacrylamide(PAM)resulted in an enhanced mechanical property,while the in-situ reduction of GO in the hydrogel enhanced the conductivity and diminishes the aggregated of GO.These features guarantee a reliable electro signal as sensor and a high performance of the supercapacitor.Besides,in the process of preparation of reduced graphene oxide(rGO)hydrogel,the addition of ethylene glycol(EG)and KOH,endows the hydrogel antifreeze properties.This anti-freezing electrolyte can be stretched to a strain of 1600%and maintained a specific capacitance of 37.38 F·g^(-1) at-20℃.In addition,the photothermal conversion character of rGO in the hydrogel,endows it’s the potential application in wound healing.The overall merits of the hydrogel will open up a new avenue for sensitive sensor and energy storage device in practical applications.

Screening for High-Temperature Tolerant Cotton Cultivars by Testing In Vitro Pollen Germination,Pollen Tube Growth and Boll Retention

With radical global climate change and global warming, high temperature stress has become one of major factors exerting a major Influence on crop production, In the cotton （Gossyplum hirsutum L.）-growlng areas of China, especially in the Yangtze River valley, unexpected periodic episodes of extreme heat stress usually occur In July and August, the peak time of cotton flowering and boll loading, resulting In lower boll set and lint yield. Breeding programs for screening high temperature-tolerant cotton germplasm and cultlvars are urgent In order to stabilize yield in the current and future warmer weather conditions. In the present study, 14 cotton cultivars were quantified for in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth in response to temperatures ranging from 10 to 50 ℃ at 5 ℃ intervals. Different cotton genotypes varied In their in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube length responses to the different temperatures. Maximum pollen germination and pollen tube length ranged from 25.2% to 56.2% and from 414 to 682 pro, respectively. The average cardinal temperatures （Tmin,, Topt, and Tmax） also varied among the 14 cultivars and were 11.8, 27.3, and 42.7 ℃ for pollen germination and 11.8, 27.8, and 44.1 ℃ for maximum pollen tube length. Variations In boll retention and boll numbers per plant in field experiments were found for the 14 cotton cultivars and the boll retention and boll retained per plant on 20 August varied considerably In different years according to weather conditions. Boll retention on 20 August was highly correlated with maximum pollen germination （R^2 = 0.84） and pollen tube length （R^2=0.64）. A screening method based on principle component analysis of the combination of pollen characterlatics In an in vitro experiment and boll retention testing In the field environment was used In the present study and, as a result, the 14 cotton cultlvars could be classified as tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately susceptible and susceptible to high temperature.

A green MXene-based organohydrogel with tunable mechanics and freezing tolerance for wearable strain sensors

Conductive hydrogels have attracted considerable attention owing to their potential for use as electronic skin and sensors.However,the loss of the inherent elasticity or conductivity in cold environments severely limits their working conditions.Generally,organic solvents or inorganic salts can be incorporated into hydrogels as cryoprotectants.However,their toxicity and/or corrosive nature as well as the significant water loss during the solvent exchange present serious difficulties.Herein,a liquid-like yet non-toxic polymer-polyethylene glycol(PEG) was attempted as one of the components of solvent for hydrogels.In the premixed PEG-water hybrid solvent,polyacrylamide(PAAm) was in situ polymerized,overcoming the inevitable water loss induced by the high osmotic pressure of the PEG solution and achieving tailored water capacity.Interestingly,the mechanical strength( "soft-to-rigid" transition) and anti-freezing properties of organohydrogels can be simultaneously tuned over a very wide range through adjusting PEG content.This was due to that with increasing PEG in solvent,the PAAm chains transformed from stretching to curling conformation,while PEG bonded with water molecules via hydrogen bonds,weakening the crystallization of water at subzero temperature.Additionally,a highly conductive Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-MXene was further introduced into the organohydrogels,achieving a uniform distribution triggered by the attractive interaction between the rich functional groups of the nanofillers and the polymer chains.The nanocomposite hydrogels demonstrate high electrical conductivity and strain sensitivity,along with a wide working temperature window.Such a material can be used for monitoring human joint movement even at low temperature and has potential applications in wearable strain sensors.

Design of the longitudinal-gradient dipole magnets for HEPS

TheHigh Energy Photon Source(HEPS)is the fourth generation light source with high brilliance and lowemittance.The lattice of the storage ring consists of five different dipoles with longitudinal gradients.The longitudinal-gradient dipoles(BLGs)are permanent magnets.This paper presents the construction of BLGs and the magnetic field results using OPERA3D.By optimizing the shape of the polar surface,the magnetic field uniformity is optimized to about 2×10−4.With some adjustable screws,the magnetic field is controlled accurately.Some temperature compensation shunt sheets are arranged to make the temperature stability of magnets better than±50 ppm/°C.At last,the mechanical tolerances of the magnets are studied.