Major and Minor Harmonic Keys： The Discrepancy in Chord Classification Under a Computational Tonality Analytical Method

Basing upon the tonality analytic method, the present paper aims at： （1） Drawing attention to the subordination of the minor key vs. the major key in the chord classification, using the same methodology; and （2） Showing the differences for the major key and the minor （harmonic） key in the classification of chords, as an aspect of importance for interpreting a piece＇s tonal structure diagram. The relations between chords appearing in the major and minor （harmonic） key will be shown by applying the comparisons of： （1） third-based chords; and （2） degrees in the C major and A minor keys, on which the same diatonic chords appear.

Some Tonal and Rhythmical Sequences in the Vocal Language of Dogs as Significant Earthquake Precursors

A monitoring of multiple physical parameters in a moderate seismic area in Western Piedmont (NW Italy) and the simultaneous observation of the behaviour of numerous species of domestic and wild animals gave in a period of over twenty years the possibility to distinguish the unusual animal behaviours due to local earthquake nucleation from other causes. In particular, the observation of the body and vocal language of dogs (Canis familiaris) in the same area has permitted not only to specify the different meanings of vocal language in connection to their body language, but also to classify the minimum elements into a vocal language that is linked together by tonal and rhythmical sequences of sounds that form a semantic lexicon. The usage of the same tonal and rhythmical vocal sequences in similar or identical situations, which are experienced by different groups of dogs, induces us to verify whether it could be possible to link particular vocal sequences to precise physical anomalies before earthquakes. The individuation of physical anomalies due to an earthquake nucleation or due to a hydro-geological destabilization, is possible thanks to a continuous long-term monitoring of some parameters. Moreover, the complexity of the vocal language of dogs increases if the dogs live in an area with a law population density. Then the correlation between some vocal sequences and some seismic precursors is better if dogs live free in yard or on farms, if they are in good health, and if they can establish a strong social relation of group. When dogs live closed in yards of houses that are far apart, they communicate with each other with an amazing vocal language, full of questions and answers, imitations of sequences, and information about situations that may be harmful to them.

Some Remarks Regarding Originality and Historical Transformations of Chopin＇s Mazurkas, as Based on the Mathematical Systematic Method of the Tonal Structure Analysis

Musical analysis enables us to study the various elements of a musical work, for example texture, m dynamics, or harmony （including tonality）. Thanks to musical analysis we are able to trace the compos technique, or assess the artistic value of given work. In addition to traditional, descriptive methods of e it ody, onal music analysis, we can observe in 20th century the development of methods based on science （mathematics, otherwise statistics）. Such methodologies allow us to obtain a strict understanding of the structure of musical pieces Applying mathematical methods for musical analysis seems very reasonable in relation to the output of Frederic Chopin, due to large originality of the elements of musical pieces of this composer. Present paper was written as a result of research related to the applying of numerical method of analysis for exploring the tonal structure of Chopin＇s works. The author＇s research method enables a strict analysis of the chord＇s domination that can be classified under given key （range）--taking into consideration the harmonic functions. By the method of analysis we can get charts that depict whole diatonic vertical music material of the given piece. The main objective of the present study is to describe observations on the high uniqueness in the tonal construction of selected Chopin＇s mazurkas, especially, when compared to the miniatures of other composers of the first half of the 19th century and previously analyzed Chopin＇s pieces： etudes, preludes, and songs.

Tonal Noise Prediction of an Automotive Engine Cooling Fan： Comparison between Analytical Models and Acoustic Analogy Results

Valeo, involved in engine cooling fan system design for many years, is interested in noise prediction tools for axial fans. Thus, this paper describes a two-part study of tonal noise computation. The first part deals with the prediction of tonal noise using analytical models. As for the second part, it describes a hybrid approach for predicting tonal noise where the sources are extracted from an Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Naviers-Stocks （URANS） simulation and then propagated into the far, free field using the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings＇ acoustic analogy. The computational domain is meshed with 46 million polyhedral elements and the simulation takes into account the exact geometry of the rotor blades, the stator blades and the shroud. The results from the first part show that analytical models can be used for comparisons between different fan geometries, but are unable to provide accurate noise predictions compared to experimental results. The simulation shows non-periodic blade loading over a whole fan revolution, and different blade loading between the blades. This introduces some bias in the assessment of the acoustic performance of the fan. Overall, the results from the hybrid method are in accordance with the experimental results.

Detection of time varying pitch in tonal languages: an approach based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition

A method based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is proposed for accurately detecting the time varying pitch of speech in tonal languages. Unlike frame-, event-, or subspace-based pitch detectors, the time varying information of pitch within the short duration, which is of crucial importance in speech processing of tonal languages, can be accurately extracted. The Chinese Linguistic Data Consortium (CLDC) database for Mandarin Chinese was employed as standard speech data for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the method. It is shown that the proposed method provides more accurate and reliable results, particularly in estimating the tones of non-monotonically varying pitches like the third one in Mandarin Chinese. Also, it is shown that the new method has strong resistance to noise disturbance.

Interaction tonal noise generated by contra-rotating open rotors

Fast and accurate prediction of sound radiation of Contra-Rotating Open Rotors(CRORs)is an essential element of design methods of low-noise open rotor propulsion systems.In the present work,a previous frequency-domain model is extended to predict CROR noise.It builds explicitly the relationship between harmonic loadings and corresponding tonal noise,by which the influential parameters to noise generation can be clearly understood.The real distribu-tions of steady and unsteady blade loadings are calculated by the Nonlinear Harmonic(NLH)method.In the present hybrid approach,both the CFD and acoustic modules are solved in the fre-quency domain.To assess the accuracy of the developed method,the loading noise of a CROR is calculated and compared against results by using the time-domain FW-H module of NUMECA.The predicted sound directivities by the two methods are in good agreements.The present acoustic model in the frequency domain is proven to be accurate and have high efficiency in far-field noise prediction and data processing.Furthermore,the characteristics of the CROR interaction tonal noise are analyzed and discussed.

Tonal coarticulation patterns in quadrisyllabic words and phrases with normal stress of mandarin

Quadrisyllabic words and phrases with normal stress of Mandarin were used to study the tonal coarticulation. It was firstly found that the F0perturbation at the starting-point and the ending-point of the F0 curve in each syllable caused by tonal coarticulation is larger than the intrinsic F0 difference of vowels at the starting-point and the ending-point of it. As for the tonal coarticulation, it was discovered that tonal coarticulation in word and phrase with normal stress is different to that in the nonsense sequence with even stress, and in word and phrase with normal stress, the tonal coarticulatory effects are unidirectional, and the carryover effect does not extend to the ending-point of tone-section of the following syllable and the anticipatory effect does not extend to the starting-point of tone-section of the preceding one, and the F0 perturbation by tonal coarticulation has its pattern.

Analysis of Tonal Noise Generating Mechanisms in Low-Speed Axial-Flow Fans

The present paper reports a comparison of experimental SPL spectral data related to the tonal noise generated by axial-flow fans.A nine blade rotor has been operated at free discharge conditions and in four geometrical configurations in which different kinds of tonal noise generating mechanisms are present:large-scale inlet turbulent structures,tip-gap flow,turbulent wakes,and rotor-stator interaction.The measurements have been taken in a hemi-anechoic chamber at constant rotational speed and,in order to vary the acoustic source strength,during low angular acceleration,linear speed ramps.In order to avoid erroneous quantitative evaluations if the acoustic propagation effects are not considered,the acoustic response functions of the different test configurations have been computed by means of the spectral decomposition method.Then,the properties of the tonal noise generating mechanisms have been studied.To this aim,the constant-Strouhal number SPL,obtained by means of measurements taken during the speed ramps,have been compared with the propagation function.Finally,the analysis of the phase of the acoustic pressure has allowed to distinguish between random and deterministic tonal noise generating mechanisms and to collect information about the presence of important propagation effects.

Relations of intensity just noticeable difference to intensity of tonal bursts with various durations

The relations of intensity Just Noticeable Difference (JND) to intensity for tone bursts maybe,depend on signal durations according to Jont B.Allen's [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102 3, 1997, 3628--3646.]. The intensity just noticeable differences for tone bursts with durations of 1 ms, 10 ms, 100 ms, 1000 ms, 5000 ms and 10000 ms were measured at different intensity levels of 20 dB, 30 dB, 40 dB, 50 dB, 60 dB, 70 dB, 80 dB, 90 dB, 100 dB. The data show that variance of Weber fraction (△I/I) with intensity is distinct from Riesz's result and SPIN theory, and that the relations between Weber fraction and intensity for signals of different durations are similar in spite of Weber fraction decreasing to asymptote with signal duration increasing. This means the difference of pulse measurement of intensity JND from Riesz's result and SPIN theory does not arise from the limited signal duration of pulse method and provides new cue for hearing research.

Alessi Tonale以设计向绘画大师致敬

意大利文Tonale有"色调"的意思,建筑及产品设计师David Chipperfield用这字命名他为Alessi设计的餐具系列,大概是因为其用色源自意大利画家Giorgio Morandi著名的色调处理方法。除了波隆那的风景外,Morandi最常画的便是常见的器物。他花了多年时间来钻研用色,不断地就色调、光度及所绘物件的排列等方面反复练习,提炼出他独有的和谐平静的画面。David Chipperfield把Morandi常用的泥土色系应用在立体的陶瓷、玻璃及木制的器皿上,设计出一系列盘子、酒瓶、碗、杯子等。每一件器皿单独看来或觉平平无奇,然而当它们被随意地排在一起,却构成一道简洁平和的桌上风景。网址:www.alessi.

Speaking Tonal Languages Promotes Perfect Pitch

一项新的研究得出这样一个结论:以有音调语言(如汉语)为母语的音乐家与以无音调语言(如英语)为母语的音乐家相比,前者的音高辨别力会更强些,因此可以这么说:中国人比英美人更有成为音乐家的天赋!

汽车冷却风扇噪声主动控制仿真及声品质评价

以汽车冷却风扇噪声为研究对象,基于采集的噪声生成具有不同音调特性的模拟噪声,利用改进的音调度模型计算音调度,使用等级评分法对生成的模拟噪声进行主观评价实验。根据音调特性十分明显的旋转噪声频率与风扇转速密切相关的特点,提出以风扇转速信号来构造次级声源参考信号进行主动噪声控制。最后建立并联型灰色神经网络模型并检验降噪效果。结果表明,冷却风扇噪声的音调特性是影响感知烦恼的重要因素之一,通过有源噪声控制能有效降低窄带噪声峰值从而降低音调度。引入并联型灰色神经网络进行预测的平均相对误差为2.86%,降噪后烦恼度有较好的改善。

汉语二语学习者韵律表达中的音高实现

本文运用声学分析法,对欧美国家的汉语学习者在汉语韵律表达中的音高实现方式进行了考察。研究发现,汉语韵律表达中存在调型实现和调域实现两种不同的实现方式,汉语母语者在产出声调时主要采用调型实现的方式,在产出语调时主要采用调域实现的方式。大部分二语学习者还不能正确区分并恰当使用两种音高变化以进行汉语的韵律表达。他们在产出语流中声调时,存在大量的调型偏误;在产出疑问边界调时,既使用调型实现又使用调域实现的方式。

基于音调度模型的电驱动总成噪声分析

为分析低速大扭矩电驱动总成不同频段噪声对烦恼度的贡献,以某低速大扭矩电驱动总成为研究对象,结合心理声学理论建立了电驱动总成音调理论分析模型,考虑到不同频率下音调对主观烦恼度影响程度的差异性,建立修正音调(烦恼度)理论分析模型,并结合噪声源分布特征对比分析了由电驱动总成引起的低频噪声(0~400 Hz)、中频噪声(>400~2500 Hz)和高频噪声(>2500 Hz)的声品质烦恼度,结果表明,影响烦恼度的最重要因素是电磁力波和开关频率引起的噪声,其次为变速器齿轮噪声。

后调性对位的表象与本质

“后调性音乐”泛指一切非功能调性的音乐。其对位的表现与本质主要体现在横向时间维度与纵向空间维度两个层面,特别是线条、织体、音乐元素、音色音响、逻辑程序等方面。梳理和总结后调性对位的相关形态与技法,并通过对比和关联分析,深入探讨后调性对位与传统对位在表象与本质上的区别与趋同。

调值演化与音变竞争:胶辽官话去分阴阳及相关演变研究

山东境内的平度型方言存在去声无规则归人阴平和阳平的现象。文章通过分析轻前变调,指出该类方言的去声在历史上分作阴去和阳去两类,并把平度型方言的古调值构拟为:阴平*21、阳平*55、上声*213、阴去*31、阳去*42,而现代方言中去声的无规则分化是源于*55>42>31和*31>42的竞争性音变。

忻府“山西八大套”及其音乐特征研究

半个多世纪以来,很多学者曾对山西八大套进行过探讨,相关研究涉及乐种、乐谱、宫调、音乐形态、文化传承等方面,已有研究对于人们认识山西八大套具有非常重要的作用。事实上,山西八大套的演奏场合在赵成贵逝世前后并不相同,从私家乐坊转向了民间乐事活动,忻府“山西八大套”就是在后一种演奏场合中传承下来的。“忻州八音艺术团”是当前山西地区能够完整演奏山西八大套的唯一班社,该文以“忻州八音艺术团”演奏的忻府“山西八大套”为主要研究对象,对其在曲体结构、宫调、旋法等音乐形态上的特征进行分析,探讨忻府“山西八大套”所具有的个性音乐特征问题。

敦煌词《山花子》词调归属献疑——兼论词调归属判断的若干原则

《山花子》(去年今日长相对)为敦煌词中不可多得之作。70多年来,有关敦煌词《山花子》词调归属的处理,可分为三派,其中任中敏认为敦煌词《山花子》与传统《浣溪沙》不同,并提出四点依据,此后,因循者甚多,为目前学界的主流观点。总的来看,任先生所析理由,看似言之有据,实则多难成立。大抵而言,同一词调而兼叶平、仄韵,本唐宋词调固有之现象,传世《浣溪沙》即有之;同一词调既有平、仄韵两体,所用平仄句式必多相异,且传世《浣溪沙》也有上下片格律完全相同者,不独敦煌词《山花子》为然。《教坊记》并载《山花子》《浣溪沙》二名,依此书体例来看,不无异名同调之嫌疑,即非如此,《教坊记》与敦煌词所署《山花子》也有同名异调之可能。以上论断,不仅适用于敦煌《山花子》词调归属的判断,对于古今众多词调的调属鉴别也能成立。

景颇语致使范畴声调交替的历时演变构拟

本文以景颇语中声调交替的致使动词为研究对象,试图从历史语言学的角度对该现象提出构拟和解释。本文论证了景颇语致使范畴的声调交替源自致使前缀脱落这一分析方法存在的问题,并参照基兰提支语言的相关现象提出了另外一种更可行的分析,即景颇语致使范畴的声调交替不是因致使前缀脱落造成的变化,而是施用态-t后缀脱落留下的痕迹。

基于参数尺度变换的多谐波自适应前馈主动控制方法

螺旋桨脉动力会产生与轴频、叶频及倍频相关的周期激励信号,在频谱中表现为多个低频窄带线谱。此外,激励幅值、频率及相位会随着轴系转速、油膜润滑等条件的变化而产生未知波动,具有显著的时变特征。该文针对船舶动力系统的时变多谐波线谱振动特征,提出了一种基于参数尺度变换的自适应前馈主动控制方法。基于多跨多支承推进轴系动力学模型,进行了多谐波自适应前馈算法仿真验证,实现了对多个未知窄带干扰的有效衰减。考虑通道耦合响应关系,建立了多输入-多输出系统的多通道振动主动控制策略,开展了多通道交叉耦合谐波振动控制效果分析。结果表明,该文所提出的基于参数尺度变换的自适应前馈主动控制方法对多跨多支承推进轴系的时变多线谱振动具有良好的控制效果。