Influence of Machining Parameter on Tool Life While Machining Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites

A metal matrix composite constitutes a continuous metallic matrix and a discontinuous phase known as reinforcement. The hybrid metal matrix composites (Hmmcs) have been used to manufacture drive shafts, disc brake rotors, brake drums, connecting rods pistons, engine block cylinder liners for automotive and rail vehicle applications. The Hmmcs castings of diameter 120 mm and length 300 mm were prepared through sand mould technique following stir casting methodology. The cast components further subjected to evaluation of physical properties and machining tests using two grades of coated inserts and PCD inserts. The experiments were carried out following ISO 3685 standards. The coating thickness of the TiN coated and TiAlN coated inserts were measured using Kalo testing method; the results of the test show that the interface of the substrate and coating was free from the porosity, and the coating thickness of TiN coating was 4.84 microns and TiAlN coating was measured 4.6 microns. The results of the experiments show that performance of the PCD insert was better than coated inserts at 0.1 mm/rev feed; however at 0.2 mm/revolution feed PCD insert failed by micro chipping of cutting edge while machining Hmmcs. When TiAlN coated inserts were used to machine Hmmcs the coated inserts failed by gradual wear and BUE formation.

Tool life modeling for evaluating the effects of cutting speed and reinforcements on the machining of particle reinforced metal matrix composites

The wear of cutting tools in the machining of 2024Al alloy composites reinforced with Al2O3 particles using varying sizes and volume fractions of particles up to 23.3vol% was investigated by a turning process using coated carbide tools K10 and TP30 at different cut- ting speeds. Machining tests were performed with a plan of experiments based on the Taguchi method. The tool life model was developed in terms of cutting speed, size, and volume fraction of particles by multiple linear regressions. The analysis of variance （ANOVA） was also employed to carry out the effects of these parameters on the cutting tool life. The test results show that the tool life decreases with the increase of cutting speed for both cutting tools K10 and TP30, and the tool life of the K10 tool is significantly longer than that of the TP30 tool. For the tool life, cutting speed is found to be the most effective factor followed by particle content and particle size, respectively. The predicted tool life of cutting tools is found to be in very good agreement with the experimentally observed ones.

Influence of Machining Parameter on Surface Roughness and Tool Life While Machining EN24 Grade Alloy Steel

The requirements of high quality machined surface as well as demand of enhanced contact time of cutting tools drive towards adopting multilayer coated carbide inserts. The industry requires higher productivity, hence higher machining parameters need to be used in order to meet the industry requirements. The alloy steel material used to fabricate machine parts consists of alloying elements like nickel, chromium and molybdenum difficult to machine, since the cutting tool fails by high tool wear, if we use uncoated carbide inserts to machine alloy steels. Hence in the present research work it is intended to use tungsten carbide inserts coated with different coatings for the experiments. The turning experiments were carried out using different grades of uncoated and coated carbide inserts of identical tool signature. The cutting speed selected for the experiments was 100 to 500 m/min in steps of 100 m/min, and the feed per revolution was 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm in step of 0.1 mm. The experimentation was carried out following ISO3685 standards. The results of the experiments revealed that the surface roughness measured was the least at cutting speed 500 m/min and feed per revolution of 0.1 mm, however the chip breaking found better when the feed used was greater than 0.2 mm/revolution.

Investigation on tool wear and tool life prediction in micro-milling of Ti-6Al-4V

Short tool life and rapid tool wear in micromachining of hard-to-machine materials remain a barrier to the process being economically viable. In this study, standard procedures and conditions set by the ISO for tool life testing in milling were used to analyze the wear of tungsten carbide micro-end-milling tools through slot milling conducted on titanium alloy Ti-6 Al-4 V. Tool wear was characterized by flank wear rate,cutting-edge radius change, and tool volumetric change. The effect of machining parameters, such as cutting speed and feedrate, on tool wear was investigated with reference to surface roughness and geometric accuracy of the finished workpiece. Experimental data indicate different modes of tool wear throughout machining, where nonuniform flank wear and abrasive wear are the dominant wear modes. High cutting speed and low feedrate can reduce the tool wear rate and improve the tool life during micromachining.However, the low feedrate enhances the plowing effect on the cutting zone, resulting in reduced surface quality and leading to burr formation and premature tool failure. This study concludes with a proposal of tool rejection criteria for micro-milling of Ti-6 Al-4 V.

Research on the Seebeck effect in efficient turning process and improving tool life

In this paper, for the tool wear problem of the cutting process, the study on improving tool life has been done through the analysis of the Seebeck effect in the efficient turning process. The generation principle of the self-excited electric current in the cutting process is studied, and also its effect on the life of the turning cutter is studied, so as to reveal the mechanism of the self-excited electric current accelerating the wear of cutting tools. The study results show that the self-excited electric current which is generated during the cutting process is one of the main reasons that cause both the accelerated hardening and the low life of cutting tools to happen. Thus, if the generation of self-excited current is avoided and reduced, the cutting performance of cutting tools can be effectively improved, so to improve the tool life. The study can provide the anti-friction and anti-wear theory basis for the design of the efficient cutting tools.

WEAR AND LIFE OF PCBN TOOLS WHEN DRY-CUTTING BEARING STEEL GCr15

The wear forms and reasons of PCBN tools when dry-cutting bearing steel GCr15are studied systematically. The effect law of the workpiece hardness on PCBN tools is gained andtool wearing with the quickest speed at the workpiece critical hardness is proved. The life equationat two kinds of workpiece hardness demonstrates that the effect of the cutting speed on the PCBNtool life is less than that of carbide tools and ceramic tools.

Multi-verse optimizer based parameters decision with considering tool life in dry hobbing process

Dry hobbing has received extensive attention for its environmentally friendly processing pattern.Due to the absence of lubricants,hobbing process is highly dependent on process parameters combination since using unreasonable parameters tends to affect the machining performance.Besides,the consideration of tool life is frequently ignored in gear hobbing.Thus,to settle the above issues,a multiobjective parameters decision approach considering tool life is developed.Firstly,detailed quantitative analysis between process parameters and hobbing performance,i.e.,machining time,production cost and tool life is introduced.Secondly,a multi-objective parameters decision-making model is constructed in search for optimum cutting parameters(cutting velocity v,axial feed rate f_(a))and hob parameters(hob diameter d_(0),threads z_(0)).Thirdly,a novel algorithm named multi-objective multi-verse optimizer(MOMVO)is utilized to solve the presented model.A case study is exhibited to show the feasibility and reliability of the proposed approach.The results reveal that(i)a balance can be achieved among machining time,production cost and tool life via appropriate process parameters determination;(ii)optimizing cutting parameters and hob parameters simultaneously contributes to optimal objectives;(iii)considering tool life provides usage precautions support and process parameters guidance for practical machining.

Comparative study on machinability improvement in hard turning using coated and uncoated carbide inserts： part II modeling, multi-response optimization, tool life, and economic aspects

The present study focused on mathematical modeling, multi response optimization, tool life, and eco- nomical analysis in finish hard turning of AISI D2 steel （（55 4- 1） HRC） using CVD-coated carbide （TiN/TiCN/ A1203） and uncoated carbide inserts under dry environ- mental conditions. Regression methodology and the grey relational approach were implemented for modeling and multi-response optimization, respectively. Comparative economic statistics were carried out for both inserts, and the adequacy of the correlation model was verified. The experimental and predicted values for all responses were very close to each other, implying the significance of the model and indicating that the correlation coefficients were close to unity. The optimal parametric combinations for A1203 coated carbide were dl-fl-v2 （depth of cut = 0.1 mm, feed = 0.04 mm/r and cutting speed = 108 m/min）, and those for the uncoated tool were dl-（0.1 mm）-fl （0.04 mm/r）-vl （63 rn/min）. The observed tool life for the coated carbide insert was 15 times higher than that for the uncoated carbide insert, considering flank wear criteria of 0.3 mm. The chip volume after machining for the coated carbide insert was 26.14 times higher than that of the uncoated carbide insert and could be better utilized for higher material removal rate. Abrasion, diffusion, notch- ing, chipping, and built-up edge have been observed to be the principal wear mechanisms for tool life estimation. Use of the coated carbide tool reduced machining costs by about 3.55 times compared to the use of the uncoated carbide insert, and provided economic benefits in hard turning.

MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE CUTTING FLUID FLOW AND PARAMETERS FOR INCREASING TOOL LIFE IN SLOT MILLING ON St52

In this paper the CNC machining of St52 was modeled using an artificial neural network(ANN)in the form of a four-layer multi-layer perceptron(MLP).The cutting parameters used in the model were cutting fluid flow,feed rate,spindle speed and the depth of cut and the model output was the tool life.For obtaining more accuracy and spending less time Taguchi design of experiment(DOE)has been used and correlation between the output of the ANN and the experimental results was 96%.Further optimization process has been done by use of a genetic algorithm(GA).After optimization process tool life was increased about 8%equal to 33 min and was corroborated by experimental tests.This demonstrates that the coupling of an ANN with the GA optimization technique is a valid and useful approach to use.

Influences of Tool Wear on Residual Stress and Fatigue Life of Workpiece in Hard Cutting Process

Tool wear has an important influence on the residual stress distribution on the machined surface.Also,it will influence the fatigue life of finished workpiece. In this research,the hard turning process of hardened die steel Cr12 MoV was studied by using PCBN tool with considering tool wear. Based on the numerical treatment of residual stress,the dispersion and distribution curves of different tool wear were fitted,and the influence mechanism of tool wear on the residual stress distribution of machined surface was analyzed.Based on the theory of fatigue mechanics and mathematical statistics,the mathematical model for difference of stress dispersion and fatigue life was established. The rotating and bending tests were carried out on the standard parts after cutting process for the workpiece. The influence of tool wear on fatigue life was revealed by fracture surface morphology and fatigue life study. The results provide theoretical support for control of residual stress and the fatigue property of the machined surface under the actual working conditions.

铣削高温合金GH3039刀具寿命预测及磨损机理

为揭示高温合金GH3039铣削参数对刀具寿命的影响规律,采用正交试验法对其进行铣削试验,运用多元回归法建立刀具寿命预测模型,分析铣削参数对刀具寿命的影响规律,通过观测铣刀后刀面的磨损情况,探究不同主轴转速下铣刀的磨损机理。结果表明:主轴转速对刀具寿命的影响程度最大,最小为轴向切深;当主轴转速为750 r/min时,铣刀磨损区域主要以黏结磨损和磨粒磨损为主;当铣削速度为950 r/min时,氧化磨损与扩散磨损开始增强;当铣削速度为1 180 r/min时,磨粒磨损与黏结磨损开始减弱甚至消失,氧化磨损与扩散磨损占据主导地位。

骨质疏松症患者生活质量评估工具的研究

骨质疏松症(OP)是老年人常见的慢性疾病,其引发的脆性骨折、疼痛等并发症严重威胁患者的生活质量,目前国内对OP患者生活质量测评研究较少。本文通过文献复习,阐述各评估工具适用人群、测评内容、特点、应用情况及优势与不足,旨在为OP患者生活质量评估工具的研制及应用提供参考。

基于Pareto控制的多目标PSO算法在铣削参数优化中的应用

工艺参数是影响零件加工质量和效率的关键因素,工艺参数的优化和调节是改善加工工艺的最有效方法。针对铣削加工参数优化问题,提出了一种基于应用实例的多目标切削参数优化方法。首先,以材料去除率、切削力和刀具寿命为目标函数,建立了统一的切削工艺参数多目标优化数学模型。随后,使用切削数据对目标函数进行组合,建立了该问题的数学模型,研究了适用的求解方法以获得最优解,并通过实验验证了参数优化的有效性。该方法可为加工参数的选择提供指导和依据。

基于GA-BP与NSGA-Ⅱ的数控铣削参数优化研究

高效低碳制造是可持续发展的关键,而数控铣削作为常用的金属表面加工方法存在刀具寿命短、碳排放量高的问题。提出基于NSGA-Ⅱ的GA-BP多目标优化方法,通过分析不同加工参数条件下的数控铣削刀具寿命及碳排放数据集,建立GA-BP神经网络刀具寿命及碳排放预测模型。基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法建立以刀具寿命、碳排放量为目标的主体优化模型,调用构建的GA-BP神经网络模型作为目标函数进行优化求解,得到Pareto最优解集。对Pareto最优解集进行TOPSIS最优解决策,得到综合优化刀具寿命与碳排放量的加工参数组合。优化结果表明:该方法既可以对数控铣削刀具寿命及碳排放量进行准确预测,还可以对两者进行有效优化,对数控铣削参数优化具有一定的理论指导意义。

肛瘘病人生活质量评估工具的研究进展

对现有肛瘘病人生活质量评估工具进行综述,概述肛瘘病人普适性、疾病特异性生活质量评估工具的主要内容及应用现状,分析评估工具的特点及局限性,旨在为临床选择恰当的评估工具提供借鉴,为研发符合我国文化背景的肛瘘病人生活质量评估工具提供参考。

空间站电动工具开关按钮性能退化特性加速寿命试验与可靠性评估

面向中国空间站在轨寿命评估与延寿需求,以舱外电动工具开关按钮为对象,开展综合考虑在轨长期贮存与短期作业交替影响的加速寿命试验,设置多温度水平,研究开关按钮性能退化特性和失效机理,并采用基于伪寿命分布的可靠性评估方法开展评估工作。加速寿命试验结果显示:开关按钮在50℃和80℃温度下出现按压力松弛现象,按压力退化与时间呈线性关系;在110℃和140℃温度下出现卡滞、卡死和润滑脂溢出现象,且按压力迟滞量在贮存后期显著增大。可靠性评估结果显示:开关按钮满足10年寿命末期可靠度0.9954的指标要求。文章所述研究方法可为空间站内其他长期贮存单机的可靠性评估提供借鉴。

硬质合金铣刀在铣削钛合金过程中的磨损实验研究

针对硬质合金刀具在铣削钛合金过程中容易失效而导致平均寿命低的问题,开发了0.5μm WC颗粒和12%Co配比的新型硬质合金材料刀具,与市场上2种主流刀具进行钛合金湿式铣削磨损对比实验。根据拍摄的刀具前后刀面磨损形貌,分析了3种刀具的失效形式及磨损机理。结果表明,在铣削前期新型刀具圆周后刀面呈现出均匀的磨损带,磨损以粘结磨损和磨粒磨损为主,在铣削后期出现裂纹、崩缺等不均匀磨损;整个磨损过程主要经历初期磨损、稳定磨损和急剧磨损3个阶段。与对比刀具相比,新型材料刀具平均寿命更高、抗崩性能更好、更利于钛合金的加工。

差速器壳体铰孔刀具寿命优化探究

某差速器壳体产品在铰削十字孔的过程中,加工尺寸不稳定、刀具磨损较快且磨损后期孔壁划痕严重,使用寿命也普遍较低.通过按照国标计算出合理的铰刀直径公差范围,对比经验数据并考虑经济因素,选取铰刀的几何参数和计算经济刀具寿命。统计分析了批量加工的壳体十字孔直径数据与刀具寿命,确定了影响刀具寿命与加工质量的主要因素并对其进行改进实验验证,铰刀寿命提高了1倍多,大大降低了刀具使用成本。

Machinability of Hastelloy C-276 Using Hot-pressed Sintered Ti(C_7N_3)-based Cermet Cutting Tools

C-276 nickel-based alloy is a difficult-to-cut material. In high-speed machining of Hastelloy C-276, notching is a prominent failure mode due to high mechanical properties of work piece, which results in the short tool life and low productivity. In this paper, a newly developed Ti（C7N3）-based cermet insert manufactured by a hot-pressing method is used to machine the C-276 nickel-based alloy, and its cutting performances are studied. Based on orthogonal experiment method, the influence of cutting parameters on tool life, material removal rates and surface roughness are investigated. Experimental research results indicate that the optimal cutting condition is a cutting speed of 50 m/min, depth of cut of 0.4 mm and feed rate of 0.15 mm/r if the tool life and material removal rates are considered comprehensively. In this case, the tool life is 32 min and material removal rates are 3000 mm^3/min, which is appropriate to the rough machining. If the tool life and surface roughness are considered, the better cutting condition is a cutting speed of 75 m/min, depth of cut of 0.6 mm and feed rate of 0.1 mm/r. In this case, the surface roughness is 0.59μm. Notch wear, flank wear, chipping at the tool nose, built-up edge（BUE） and micro-cracks are found when Ti（C7N3）-based cermet insert turned Hastelloy C-276. Oxidation, adhesive, abrasive and diffusion are the wear mechanisms, which can be investigated by the observations of scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. This research will help to guide studies on the evaluation of machining parameters to further advance the productivity of nickel based alloy Hastelloy C-276 machining.

新型高强度钛合金切削刀具技术研究

针对TB18航空结构件在实际加工过程中加工效率低、刀具寿命短等问题,开展TB18材料与通用钛合金材料的切削过程对比试验,分析影响刀具切削性能的关键因素,并结合具体的加工需求,通过典型刀具选型改进、新型刀具研制和切削参数优化,提高TB18材料加工效率,延长刀具使用寿命。