This paper mainly deals with two mainstreams in teaching listening comprehension:bottom-up processing approach and top-down processing approach.In the first part of the essay the importance of listening comprehension ...This paper mainly deals with two mainstreams in teaching listening comprehension:bottom-up processing approach and top-down processing approach.In the first part of the essay the importance of listening comprehension in language learning will be demonstrated briefly.Then the author will go on to explore the nature of top-down and bottom-up approaches in teaching listening.Lastly,at the third part of the essay,the author shall try to discuss the possibility of applying these approaches into practice,that is,when and why one of them is more useful.Furthermore in this section,a more integrated view will be introduced.展开更多
<strong>Introduction:</strong> In recent years, health care expenditures have significantly risen across the world and in Turkey. Because of the limited resources allocated to health, it is very important ...<strong>Introduction:</strong> In recent years, health care expenditures have significantly risen across the world and in Turkey. Because of the limited resources allocated to health, it is very important for countries to conduct studies especially on cost of diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) with a high burden of disease and labor loss. The aim of this study was to calculate the cost of treatment for colon and rectal cancers based on two different cost approaches from the perspective of SSI (top-down and bottom-up) and to compare the results obtained. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Data were obtained from the SSI MEDULA System a total of 62,970 colon and rectal cancer patient for the top-down cost approach. In the bottom-up cost approach, treatment costs were determined based on the expert opinions. <strong>Results:</strong> The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 3055.5 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 4146.2 TL with the top-down cost approach. The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 14,920.4 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 17,904.6 TL according to the bottom-up cost approach. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Since the bottom-up cost approach provides more detailed information on the cost of illness, and thereby on the use of resources allocated to health, it is thought that the combined use of these two cost approaches completes each other’s weaknesses.展开更多
目的基于五行理论探究中医五行人中火行人与水行人的认知功能及加工过程差异性,为进一步丰富中医五行人理论内涵、推进我国本土化人格理论模型提供基础。方法在招募的受试者中根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》筛...目的基于五行理论探究中医五行人中火行人与水行人的认知功能及加工过程差异性,为进一步丰富中医五行人理论内涵、推进我国本土化人格理论模型提供基础。方法在招募的受试者中根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》筛选出典型的火行人与水行人,采用成套重复性神经心理测查工具(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS)和Top-down及Bottom-up认知心理测查范式对其认知功能进行测评。采用独立样本t检验对两组受试者的认知功能进行差异性分析。结果招募受试者火行人24人,水行人20人,与水行人组相比,火行人组在注意功能维度得分明显更高,在RBANS各部分得分上数字广度和编码测验任务得分更高;火行人组在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的长时认知加工过程中的反应时更短、准确率更高,水行人在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的短时加工准确率差值更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中医五行人中火行人更易高度集中注意力,更易被线索所吸引,但注意力的维持时间较短,同时水行人在注意力反应时间更长,更不易被线索所影响,且注意力稳定性更强。展开更多
目的基于现代心理学认知测查范式探讨中医五行人中木行人与金行人的认知功能及加工过程差异,为丰富中医五行人理论及中医心理学内涵提供基础。方法根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》,招募典型的木行人与金行人,采...目的基于现代心理学认知测查范式探讨中医五行人中木行人与金行人的认知功能及加工过程差异,为丰富中医五行人理论及中医心理学内涵提供基础。方法根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》,招募典型的木行人与金行人,采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS)、自上而下和自下而上线索化范式测评其认知功能及注意加工差异。采用独立样本t检验和秩和检验对两组受试者的认知功能进行差异性分析。结果共纳入受试者木行人32例、金行人40例。在RBANS中,与木行人相比,金行人视觉广度及其子任务线条定位得分更高(P<0.05);在自下而上线索化范式中,与金行人相比,木行人短时反应时差值更高,与木行人相比,金行人长时反应时差值更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中医五行人中木行人更依赖自下而上的认知加工方式,金行人更擅长处理视空间信息,更节约认知加工资源。展开更多
文摘This paper mainly deals with two mainstreams in teaching listening comprehension:bottom-up processing approach and top-down processing approach.In the first part of the essay the importance of listening comprehension in language learning will be demonstrated briefly.Then the author will go on to explore the nature of top-down and bottom-up approaches in teaching listening.Lastly,at the third part of the essay,the author shall try to discuss the possibility of applying these approaches into practice,that is,when and why one of them is more useful.Furthermore in this section,a more integrated view will be introduced.
文摘<strong>Introduction:</strong> In recent years, health care expenditures have significantly risen across the world and in Turkey. Because of the limited resources allocated to health, it is very important for countries to conduct studies especially on cost of diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) with a high burden of disease and labor loss. The aim of this study was to calculate the cost of treatment for colon and rectal cancers based on two different cost approaches from the perspective of SSI (top-down and bottom-up) and to compare the results obtained. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Data were obtained from the SSI MEDULA System a total of 62,970 colon and rectal cancer patient for the top-down cost approach. In the bottom-up cost approach, treatment costs were determined based on the expert opinions. <strong>Results:</strong> The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 3055.5 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 4146.2 TL with the top-down cost approach. The average cost of treatment per patient for colon cancer was determined as 14,920.4 TL, for rectal cancer was determined as 17,904.6 TL according to the bottom-up cost approach. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Since the bottom-up cost approach provides more detailed information on the cost of illness, and thereby on the use of resources allocated to health, it is thought that the combined use of these two cost approaches completes each other’s weaknesses.
文摘目的基于五行理论探究中医五行人中火行人与水行人的认知功能及加工过程差异性,为进一步丰富中医五行人理论内涵、推进我国本土化人格理论模型提供基础。方法在招募的受试者中根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》筛选出典型的火行人与水行人,采用成套重复性神经心理测查工具(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS)和Top-down及Bottom-up认知心理测查范式对其认知功能进行测评。采用独立样本t检验对两组受试者的认知功能进行差异性分析。结果招募受试者火行人24人,水行人20人,与水行人组相比,火行人组在注意功能维度得分明显更高,在RBANS各部分得分上数字广度和编码测验任务得分更高;火行人组在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的长时认知加工过程中的反应时更短、准确率更高,水行人在Bottom-up认知心理测查范式的短时加工准确率差值更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中医五行人中火行人更易高度集中注意力,更易被线索所吸引,但注意力的维持时间较短,同时水行人在注意力反应时间更长,更不易被线索所影响,且注意力稳定性更强。
文摘目的基于现代心理学认知测查范式探讨中医五行人中木行人与金行人的认知功能及加工过程差异,为丰富中医五行人理论及中医心理学内涵提供基础。方法根据前期制订的《中医五行(形)人面部表型分类量化规范》,招募典型的木行人与金行人,采用重复性成套神经心理状态测验(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS)、自上而下和自下而上线索化范式测评其认知功能及注意加工差异。采用独立样本t检验和秩和检验对两组受试者的认知功能进行差异性分析。结果共纳入受试者木行人32例、金行人40例。在RBANS中,与木行人相比,金行人视觉广度及其子任务线条定位得分更高(P<0.05);在自下而上线索化范式中,与金行人相比,木行人短时反应时差值更高,与木行人相比,金行人长时反应时差值更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中医五行人中木行人更依赖自下而上的认知加工方式,金行人更擅长处理视空间信息,更节约认知加工资源。
