Inventory of Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions from Burning of Crop Residues in China Based on Satellite-retrieved Farmland Data

The burning of crop residues emits large quantities of atmospheric aerosols.Published studies have developed inventories of emissions from crop residue burning based on statistical data.In contrast,this study used satellite-retrieved land-cover data(1 km×1 km)as activity data to compile an inventory of atmospheric pollutants emitted from the burning of crop residues in China in 2015.The emissions of PM10,PM2.5,VOCs,NOx,SO2,CO,and NH3 from burning crop straw on nonirrigated farmland in China in 2015 were 610.5,598.4,584.4,230.6,35.4,3329.3,and 36.1 Gg(1 Gg=109 g),respectively;the corresponding emissions from burning paddy rice residues were 234.1,229.7,342.3,57.5,57.5,1122.1,and 21.5 Gg,respectively.The emissions from crop residue burning showed large spatial and temporal variations.The emissions of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from crop residue burning in nonirrigated farmland were highest in east China,particularly in Shandong,Henan,Anhui,and Sichuan provinces.Emissions from burning paddy rice residue were highest in east and central China,with particularly high levels in Shandong,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,and Hunan provinces.The monthly variations in atmospheric pollutant emissions were similar among different regions,with the highest levels observed in October in north,northeast,northwest,east,and southwest China and in June and July in central and south China.The developed inventory of emissions from crop residue burning is expected to help improve air quality models by providing high-resolution spatial and temporal data.

The emission inventory of atmospheric industrial pollution sources of the five cities in Zhejiang Province

The amount of several air pollutants emitted in some cities including Hangzhou,Ningbo,Huzhou,Shaoxing and Jiaxing of Zhejiang Province is based on pollution source census data of Zhejiang Province in 2010.This paper focused on the release of air pollutants such as NO_(x2),SO_2,CO,PM2.5,PM10 and VOC,and calculated the total amount of those air pollutants.It analyzed air pollutant emission factors and found that the electricity and heat production industry released the largest amount of pollutants.

A biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory for Yunnan Province

The first detailed inventory for volatile organic compounds(VOC) emissions from vegetation over Yunnan Province, China was presented. The spatially and temporally resolved inventory was developed based on a geographic information system(GIS), remote sensing(RS) data and field measurement data, such as digitized land-use data, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and temperature data from direct real-time measurement. The inventory has a spatial resolution of 5 km×5 km and a time resolution of 1 h. Urban, agriculture, and natural land-use distributions in Yunnan Province were combined with biomass factors for each land-use category to produce a spatially resolved biomass inventory. A biogenic emission inventory was developed by combining the biomass inventory with hourly emission rates for tree, shrub and ground cover species of the study area. Correcting for environmental factors, including light intensity and temperature, a value of 1.1×10 12 gC for total annual biogenic VOC emissions from Yunnan Province, including 6.1×10 11 gC for isoprene, 2.1×10 11 gC for monoterpenes, and 2.6×10 11 gC for OVOC was obtained. The highest VOC emissions occurred in the northwestern, southwestern and north region of Yunnan Province. Some uncertainties were also discussed in this study.

A new model for China’s CO_(2) emission pathway using the top-down and bottom-up approaches

Detailed research on China's CO_(2) emission pathway of the 2030 peak and 2060 carbon neutrality goals is fundamental to promote China's climate change action.Previous studies on emission pathways have been based on long-term emission data or model analyses.However,few studies have achieved synergy and pathway optimization at both the micro and macro levels or focused on China's 2060 carbon neutrality goal,making it difficult to support the systematic management of national and regional emission pathways.In this study,we developed an integrated CO_(2) emission pathway model,the Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning Carbon Pathways 1.2 model,under China's climate change goals.Our pathway coupled the top-down and bottom-up approaches and conducted optimization analysis under social fairness and optimal cost conditions.The results provide a clear CO_(2) emission pathway and offer insights for implementing fine management of CO_(2) emissions at the national,regional,sectoral,and spatial gridded levels.

Anthropogenic Direct Radiative Forcing of Tropospheric Ozone and Aerosols in 1850 and 2000 Estimated with IPCC AR5 Emissions Inventories

This study estimates direct radiative forcing by tropospheric ozone and all aerosols between the years 1850 and 2000, using the new IPCC AR5 （the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report） emissions inventories and a fully coupled chemistry-aerosol general circulation model. As compared to the previous Global Emissions Inventory Activity （GEIA） data, that have been commonly used for forcing estimates since 1990, the IPCC AR5 emissions inventories report lower anthropogenic emissions of organic carbon and black carbon aerosols and higher sulfur and NOx emissions. The simulated global and annual mean burdens of sulfate, nitrate, black carbon （BC）, primary organic aerosol （POA）, secondary organic aerosol （SOA）, and ozone were 0.79, 0.35, 0.05, 0.49, 0.34, and 269 Tg, respectively, in the year 1850, and 1.90, 0.90, 0.11, 0.71, 0.32, and 377 Tg, respectively, in the year 2000. The estimated annual mean top of the atmosphere （TOA） direct radiative forcing of all anthropogenic aerosols based on the AR5 emissions inventories is -0.60 W m^-2 on a global mean basis from 1850 to 2000. However, this is -2.40 W m-2 when forcing values are averaged over eastern China （18-45°N and 95-125°E）. The value for tropospheric ozone is 0.17 W m^-1 on a global mean basis and 0.24 W m^-2 over eastern China. Forcing values indicate that the climatic effect of aerosols over eastern China is much more significant than the globally averaged effect.

Air pollutants and greenhouse gases emission inventory for power plants in the Antarctic

Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere in Antarctica from power plants with diesel generators(the main sources of energy at Antarctic research stations and the main stationary sources of anthropogenic emissions in the Antarctic)were assessed.A bottom-up approach was used to compile an emission inventory for the Antarctic.This involved estimating emissions at various spatial levels by sequentially aggregating estimate emissions from point emission sources.This is the first time this approach has been proposed and used.Emissions of CO2,NOx,particulate matter(PM10),and CO in the modern period were estimated at the research station,geographic region,natural domain,biogeographic region,continent section,and whole continent scales.Yearly emissions are presented here,but the approach allows emissions at different averaging periods to be estimated.This means mean or maximum yearly,monthly,daily,or hourly emissions can be estimated.The estimates could be used to model pollutant transmission and dispersion,assess the impacts of pollutants,and develop emission forecasts for various scenarios.

Development of National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories in the Context of International Climate Negotiations

Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the UNFCCC has different requirements on national GHG inventories submitted by Annex I and non-Annex I parties. Since 2007, the transparency of mitigation actions by developing countries, the submission frequency of national communications cored on national inventory and the relevant international consultation and analysis have become the key issues in climate negotiations. Relevant responsibilities of developing countries showed an increasing trend. Through the analysis of these different requirements, particularly on technical review system of national inventories on developed countries and of the current situation of China's inventory development, the challenges faced by China are identified and the corresponding countermeasures are also put forward, including improving institutional arrangements and statistic system, building country-specific and comprehensive database and preparing for time-series inventory development.

Compilation of Emission Inventory of Air Pollution Sources in Beijing and Suggestions on Emission Reduction Policies

By establishing emission inventory of air pollution sources in Beijing,and classifying and compiling the pollutant types and corresponding pollution source data in more detail,it could provide the reference for studying causes of haze and related policy impact assessment in Beijing.In this paper,selecting relevant data published in the Beijing Statistical Yearbook,referring to emission coefficients in the technical guidelines for the preparation of various pollution sources,and combining characteristics of energy consumption in Beijing,emission inventory of air pollution sources in six parts is established:thermal power plant,industrial combustion source(by industry),technological process source(by product variety),motor vehicle,building construction and residents life,and the contribution rate of each part to air pollutants is given.Finally,policy suggestions for haze control in Beijing are put forward.

Emission Inventories of Carbon-containing Greenhouse Gases in China and Technological Measures for Their Abatement

The report summarizes surveys on carbon inventories and initiatives on sustainable carbon cycling taken by the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, where the authors work/worked. The first part of the report, which appeared in the preceding issue of this journal, deals with the concept of sustainable carbon cycling, the historic evolution of carbon cycling processes in China, carbon pool enhancement, value addition, carbon sequestration and carbon balance. This very paper, as the second part of the report, covers the results of carbon dynamics modeling, emission inventories of various carbon-containing greenhouse gases and their potential abatement measures.

Comparison of the Anthropogenic Emission Inventory for CMIP6 Models with a Country-Level Inventory over China and the Simulations of the Aerosol Properties

Anthropogenic emission inventory for aerosols and reactive gases is crucial to the estimation of aerosol radiative forcing and climate effects.Here,the anthropogenic emission inventory for AerChemMIP,endorsed by CMIP6,is briefly introduced.The CMIP6 inventory is compared with a country-level inventory(i.e.,MEIC)over China from 1986 to 2015.Discrepancies are found in the yearly trends of the two inventories,especially after 2006.The yearly trends of the aerosol burdens simulated by CESM2 using the two inventories follow their emission trends and deviate after the mid-2000s,while the simulated aerosol optical depths(AODs)show similar trends.The difference between the simulated AODs is much smaller than the difference between model and observation.Although the simulated AODs agree with the MODIS satellite retrievals for country-wide average,the good agreement is an offset between the underestimation in eastern China and the overestimation in western China.Low-biased precursor gas of SO_(2),overly strong convergence of the wind field,overly strong dilution and transport by summer monsoon circulation,too much wet scavenging by precipitation,and overly weak aerosol swelling due to low-biased relative humidity are suggested to be responsible for the underestimated AOD in eastern China.This indicates that the influence of the emission inventory uncertainties on simulated aerosol properties can be overwhelmed by model biases of meteorology and aerosol processes.It is necessary for climate models to perform reasonably well in the dynamical,physical,and chemical processes that would influence aerosol simulations.

Inventory of unintentional POPs emission from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica

In spite of remote location and very limited human activities,Antarctica is affected by persistent organic pollutants(POPs).POPs investigation in Antarctica has a comparatively long history,but there are still large knowledge gaps in assessment of their emission into environment.In the paper the results of the first inventory of unintentional POPs emission from anthropogenic sources in Antarctica for modern period and preliminary estimate for the late 1980s are presented.Assessment of dioxin/furans(PCDD/Fs)emission in different media,as well as polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)in air is based on methodology of emission factors and indicators of human activity.The following sources of POPs emission have been estimated:power generation and heating,waste incineration,mobile sources and open burning of waste(in the past).According to the data obtained,annual PCDD/Fs air emission for modern period comprises 60.74 mg toxic equivalent(TEQ),PCBs-5.09 mg TEQ,and HCB-457.6 mg.Additionally 2.5 mg TEQ of dioxin/furans is released to residues,so total PCDD/Fs emission is amounted 63.23 mg TEQ.Waste incineration makes the greatest contribution to POPs emission(96% of PCDD/Fs,98%of PCBs and 36% of HCB air emission).In late 1980s open burning of waste was the major source of POPs.Retrospective assessment shows that over a 30-year period air emissions of PCDD/Fs decreased about 13 times,PCBs-15 times and HCB-57 times,primarily due to the prohibition of open burning of waste in compliance with the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty requirements.

Develop an Air Emission Inventory for Potential Point Sources in Northern Key Economic Zone and Simulate Its Impacts on Air Quality in Hanoi City,Vietnam

The Northern Key Economic region of Vietnam is a dynamic economic center that is an important economic locomotive of the North and the whole of Vietnam.In this area,large industrial parks are concentrated,attracting many large FDI projects.Key industries:cement production,cars-motorcycles,electronics,...Economic development entails environmental problems.The industrial sector has been identified as the number one driving force driving the growth of Hanoi city and neighboring provinces.Therefore,industrial development is one of the main causes of environmental pollution.In addition,the growth rate of industry in neighboring provinces significantly affects the air quality in Hanoi city.Some factories in Vinh Phuc,Hung Yen,Bac Ninh and Hai Duong provinces have large sources of gas emissions,potentially affecting air quality around Hanoi city.Monitoring results show that air pollution in Hanoi city is mainly caused by dust pollution,especially PM2.5 superfine dust.This is a very harmful dust to health;it is necessary to determine the cause and control solution.Therefore,the objectives of this study are:(1)inventory of potential emissions sources for industrial activities in the northern key economic region around Hanoi;(2)Simulate air spread by AERMOD model to get an overall picture of the industrial impact of surrounding provinces in Hanoi city;(3)Propose solutions to manage air quality for the city in the coming time.Simulation results for pollutants with the highest concentration of NOx for 1 hour,24 hours and the average of the year is 7.94;1.02;0.222(μg/m3);of CO for 1 hour and 8 hours are 27.616;8.89(μg/m3);of SO2 for 1 hour,24 hours and the average of the year is 4.005;0.288;0.038(μg/m3);of PM2.5 for 1 hour,24 hours and the average of the year is 0.32;0.023;0.003(μg/m3);of PM10 in 1 hour,24 hours and year average are 1.03;0.074;0.098(μg/m3).

Estimation of vegetative mercury emissions in China

Vegetative mercury emissions were estimated within the framework of Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS3 V3.11). In this estimation, the 19 categories of U.S. Geological Survey landcover data were incorporated to generate the vegetation-specific mercury emissions in a 81-km Lambert Conformal model grid covering the total Chinese continent. The surface temperature and cloud-corrected solar radiation from a Mesoscale Meteorological model (MM5) were retrieved and used for calculating the diurnal variation...

Multi-model comparison of CO2 emissions peaking in China:Lessons from CEMF01 study

The paper summarizes results of the China Energy Modeling Forum's(CEMF)first study.Carbon emissions peaking scenarios,consistent with China's Paris commitment,have been simulated with seven national and industry-level energy models and compared.The CO2 emission trends in the considered scenarios peak from 2015 to 2030 at the level of 9e11 Gt.Sector-level analysis suggests that total emissions pathways before 2030 will be determined mainly by dynamics of emissions in the electric power industry and transportation sector.Both sectors will experience significant increase in demand,but have low-carbon alternative options for development.Based on a side-by-side comparison of modeling input and results,conclusions have been drawn regarding the sources of emissions projections differences,which include data,views on economic perspectives,or models'structure and theoretical framework.Some suggestions have been made regarding energy models'development priorities for further research.

Analysis of CO_2 emission and mitigation methods in integrated iron and steel works

CO2 emission of the steel industry takes up a great proportion of the total emission of the world. It is necessary to reduce the CO2 intensity of steel products in order to save energy,protect the environment and keep a sustainable development in the steel industry. Based on the research of steel products＇ life cycle inventory, those who conducted this research have focused on the analysis of CO2 emission factors and measures. Adopting the life cycle inventory model of a certain steelmaking site,together with the Tornado Chart, the researchers have identified significant factors, provided some explanation, and suggested some possible measures to reduce CO2 emission. The results have shown that the most important factors are the CO2 intensity of blast furnace gas （BFG）, hot metal ratio of basic oxygen furnace （BOF） and the material utilization efficiency. Accordingly,some measures such as removing CO2 in BFG,decreasing the hot metal proportion in BOF, and improve material utilization efficiency in each process ,may be taken to decrease CO2 emission.

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Data for 2003-2005 Model Year Trucks

Heavy-duty trucks account for a substantial portion of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) inventory. The data presented in this paper will help the research community be interested in developing models that predict the NOx and CO2 levels in real use. Continuous data of emissions were recorded from chassis dynamometer testing of five 2003-2005 model year (MY) heavy-duty trucks. The instantaneous emissions rate was plotted against axle power in all cases. The effect of vehicle test weight and the drive cycle employed on the relation between emissions rate (grams per sec) and axle power was studied. The NOx/CO2 ratio was found to be independent of the test cycle. The average NOx/CO2 ratio for the 2003-2005 MY trucks was found to be 0.0051, which agrees reasonably well with the estimated ratio of 0.0048, based on certification standards. The data were compared to those from 1994-2002 MY trucks;the average NOx/CO2 ratio for those trucks was 0.0141. For the 2003-2005 MY trucks, the distance specific NOx (grams per mile) and the fuel economy (miles per gallon) were less than those of 1994-2002 MY trucks.

Study on carbon emission in prefecture-level cities of china

The study on greenhouse gas inventory in urban China lags far behind the global level. The important factor that curbs the carbon inventory of cities of China is inventory methodology and scope. Given the insufficiency of Chinese cities carbon inventory, a system and accounting model （scopel＋ scope2） as well as principles and boundaries were proposed for China. The carbon emissions in scopel and scopel＋ scope2 were calculated in Chinese prefecture-level cities. The EDGAR dataset was used for the calculation of scopel carbon emissions in cities in China and the level of uncertainty was analyzed as well. The results showed that the direct carbon emission of cities in China was about 31.65% of China total emissions. The scopel＋ scope2 carbon emissions in cities of China were calculated based on the GIS and RS model. The results showed that the sum of direct （scopel） and indirect （scope2） carbon emissions of cities in China accounted for 38.80% of total China carbon emissions.

Atmospheric Emission Sources in the Po-Basin from the LIFE-IP PREPAIR Project

This paper presents the focus on emission estimates in the Italian Regions of the Po-basin obtained by the development of a common air pollutant emission dataset on the Po-basin and Slovenia foreseen in the project LIFE PREPAIR (https://www.lifeprepair.eu/). The objective is to update emission inventories developed by the environmental protection agencies and regions of Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Valle d’Aosta, the province of Bolzano (participating as stakeholder) and the province of Trento. A data flux is defined considering the activities on emission estimates by the different administrations according to the current Italian legislation. This activity has allowed the completion of two different datasets on the area for 2013 and 2017. The estimates of primary emissions of the main atmospheric pollutants have a high spatial resolution defined at the municipal level. The non-industrial combustion of biomass in small domestic appliances is the main source of primary PM10 in the Po-basin. NOx primary emissions are determined for quite of a half by road transport. Manure management and fertilization in the agriculture sector are the sources of NH3. The ensemble of the collected data shows a very good comparability even if all local compilers perform independently the estimates, thanks to a good alignment in using reference methodologies and to projects of common methodological development, as reported by the INEMAR project (https://www.inemar.eu/). The estimates of PM10, NOx and NH3 are comparable with data reported by the European Environment Agency EEA for the European Member States EU-28 (until 1 February 2020) and for Italy, reported under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and European Union National Emission Ceiling Directive.

Preliminary Results of Application Mobilev Traffic model to Calculate Air Emission and Assessing Policies for Reducing Air Emissions in an ASEAN City

Traffic is one of the main air pollution source in urban cities,especially in Ho Chi Minh City.Annually,it emits a huge amount of pollutants into the atmosphere;and air quality in HCMC becomes worse due to circulation of outdate private vehicles.Therefore,clean air plan(CAP)is necessary for reducing air pollution level in the city and air emission inventory(EI)is an essential step to develop CAP.Mobilev model from Germany was chosen to conduct EI for HCMC.Objectives include of this study:(i)elaborating an air emission inventory(EI)from road traffic activities over HCMC;and(ii)assessing emission control policies and study abatement strategies to reduce air pollution level from traffic activities for HCMC in 2020.The results indicated that motorcycles are the main sources of air emission in HCMC.The emissions of CO are 3,586.707 tons/year,following ish VOC,NOx,CH4,NO2,SO2 and particulate matter(PM).In addition,CO2,which is one of the main greenhouse gases,also included and contributed 36,293.501 ton/year.These pollutants concentrated in the center which has crowded roads and population,affecting directly human health.Therefore,a replaced private vehicle with public transportation is necessary to reduce emissions.Two abatement strategies to 2020 for reducing emissions were performed and showed that if the HCMC government has severe policies on motor vehicles,the emission will be reduced until 60%,opposite emissions in 2020 will be increased to 200%.

Estimates and Spatial Distribution of Emissions from Sugar Cane Bagasse Fired Thermal Power Plants in Brazil

Sugar cane bagasse is one of the largest fuels used for electricity generation in Brazil and its usage has continuously increased to supply the energy demand. This paper presents emission inventory based on power plants burning sugar cane bagasse. The inventory involves the spatial distribution and the estimated flows for the following major pollutants: nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate material (PM), carbon dioxide (CO2) and total organic carbon (TOC). A total of 384 power plants were inventoried, representing a generated power of 9.9 GW, about 26% of the energy produced by thermal power plants sector. The plants are concentrated in two main poles: one of them in S?o Paulo State and nearby areas and the other one in coast of Brazilian Northeast. The limits proposed by the AP-42 Regulations of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for the emission factors were applied. Additional emission factors identified in the scientific literature were also included in the analysis in order to assess the uncertainties associated to the estimative. The estimated emissions showed values in the range 16.0 - 20.5 Gg?year?1 for NOx, 18.0 - 267.0 Gg?year?1 for MP and 20.5 - 26.7 Tg?year?1 for CO2. The contribution of TOC showed a minor contribution around 10 - 20 Mg?year?1. PM showed to be the most representative pollutant emitted by the thermal plants burning sugar cane bagasse, but with a large range of uncertainty. There is a high level of uncertainty associated to the preparation of cane as well as the use of collectors to control particulate emissions. The adequate control over all stages could reduce the bagasse ash content in 90% or more.