Assessment of the stiffened panel performance in the OTEC seawater tank design:Parametric study and sensitivity analysis

Ocean thermal energy conversion(OTEC)is a process of generating electricity by exploiting the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater.Due to the high static and dynamic pressures that are caused by seawater circulation,the stiffened panel that constitutes a seawater tank may undergo a reduction in ultimate strength.The current paper investigates the design of stiffening systems for OTEC seawater tanks by examining the effects of stiffening parameters such as stiffener sizes and span-over-bay ratio for the applied combined loadings of lateral and transverse pressure by fluid motion and axial compression due to global bending moment.The ultimate strength calculation was conducted by using the non-linear finite element method via the commercial software known as ABAQUS.The stress and deformation distribution due to pressure loads was computed in the first step and then brought to the second step,in which the axial compression was applied.The effects of pressure on the ultimate strength of the stiffener were investigated for representative stiffened panels,and the significance of the stiffener parameters was assessed by using the sensitivity analysis method.As a result,the ultimate strength was reduced by approximately 1.5%for the span-over-bay ratio of 3 and by 7%for the span-over-bay ratio of 6.

An Efficient Method for Local Buckling Analysis of Stiffened Panels

The local buckling of stiffened panels is one of possible failure modes and concerned by engineers in the preliminary design of lightweight structures. In practice,a simplified model,i.e.,a rectangular plate with elastically restrained along its unloaded edges,is established and the Ritz method is usually employed for solutions. To use the Ritz method,however,the loaded edges of the plate are usually assumed to be simply supported. An empirical correction factor has to be used to account for clamped loaded edges. Here,a simple and efficient method,called the quadrature element method(QEM),is presented for obtaining accurate buckling behavior of rectangular plates with any combinations of boundary conditions, including the elastically restrained conditions. Different from the conventional high order finite element method(FEM),non-uniformly distributed nodes are used,and thus the method can achieve an exponential rate of convergence. Formulations are worked out in detail. A computer program is developed. Improvement of solution accuracy can be easily achieved by changing the number of element nodes in the computer program. Several numerical examples are given. Results are compared with either existing solutions or finite element data for verifications. It is shown that high solution accuracy is achieved. In addition,the proposed method and developed computer program can allow quick analysis of local buckling of stiffened panels and thus is suitable for optimization routines in the preliminary design stage.

Formulation of Reduction Rate for Ultimate Compressive Strength of Stiffened Panel Induced by Opening

The main objective of this study is to numerically investigate the characteristics of ultimate compressive strength of stiffened panels with opening and also to fit the design-oriented formulae. For this purpose, three series of well executed experimental data on longitudinally stiffened steel plates with and without opening subjected to the uniform axial in-pane load which is carried out to study the buckling and post-buckling up to the final failure are chosen. Also, a nonlinear finite element method capable of efficiently analyzing the large elasto-plastic deflection behavior of stiffened panels is developed and used for simulation. The feasibility of the present simulation process is confirmed by a good agreement with the experimental results. More case studies are developed employing the simulation process to analyze the influence of various design variables on the reduction rate of ultimate strength of stiffened panel induced by opening. Based on the computed results, two design formulae are fitted and the accuracy of design formulae is studied. Furthermore, the viability of the design formulae for practical engineering is proved.

Reliability of the Ultimate Strength of Ship Stiffened Panel Subjected to Random Corrosion Degradation

Attentions have been increasingly paid to the influence of the corrosion on the ultimate strength of ship structures. In consideration of the random characteristics of the corrosion of ship structures, the method for the ultimate strength analysis of the ship stiffened panel structure subjected to random corrosion degradation is presented. According to the measured corrosion data of the bulk carriers, the distribution characteristics of the corrosion data for the stiffened panel on the midship deck are analyzed, and a random corrosion model is established. The ultimate strength of the corroded stiffened panel is calculated by lhe nonlinear finite element analysis. The statistical descriptions of the ultimate strength of the corroded stiffened panel are defined through the Monte Carlo simulations. A formula is proposed on the ultimate strength reduction of the stiffened panel as a function of the corrosion volume. The reliability analysis of the ultimate strength of the corroded deck stiffened panel is performed. It shows that both the corrosion data of the deck stiffened panel and the ultimate strength of the random corroded deck stiffened panel follow the log-normal distribution. The ultimate stress ratio of the stiffened panel is inversely proportional to the corrosion volume ratio.

Numerical Analysis of Static Performance Comparison of Friction Stir Welded versus Riveted 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Stiffened Panels

Most researches on the static performance of stiffened panel joined by friction stir welding（FSW） mainly focus on the compression stability rather than shear stability. To evaluate the potential of FSW as a replacement for traditional rivet fastening for stiffened panel assembly in aviation application, finite element method（FEM） is applied to compare compression and shear stability performances of FSW stiffened panels with stability performances of riveted stiffened panels. FEMs of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy FSW and riveted stiffened panels are developed and nonlinear static analysis method is applied to obtain buckling pattern, buckling load and load carrying capability of each panel model. The accuracy of each FEM of FSW stiffened panel is evaluated by stability experiment of FSW stiffened panel specimens with identical geometry and boundary condition and the accuracy of each FEM of riveted stiffened panel is evaluated by semi-empirical calculation formulas. It is found that FEMs without considering weld-induced initial imperfections notably overestimate the static strengths of FSW stiffened panels. FEM results show that, buckling patterns of both FSW and riveted compression stiffened panels represent local buckling of plate between stiffeners. The initial buckling waves of FSW stiffened panel emerge uniformly in each plate between stiffeners while those of riveted panel mainly emerge in the mid-plate. Buckling patterns of both FSW and riveted shear stiffened panels represent local buckling of plate close to the loading corner. FEM results indicate that, shear buckling of FSW stiffened panel is less sensitive to the initial imperfections than compression buckling. Load carrying capability of FSW stiffened panel is less sensitive to the initial imperfections than initial buckling. It can be concluded that buckling loads of FSW panels are a bit lower than those of riveted panels whereas carrying capabilities of FSW panels are almost equivalent to those of riveted panels with identical geometries. Finite element method for simulating static performances of FSW and riveted stiffened panels is proposed and evaluated and some beneficial conclusions are obtained, which offer useful references for analysis and application of FSW to replace rivet fastening in aviation stiffened panel assembly.

Ultimate Compressive Strength Prediction for Stiffened Panels by Counterpropagation Neural Networks(CPN)

Stiffened Panels are important strength members in ship and offshore structures. A new method based on counterpropagation neural networks (CPN) is proposed in this paper to predict the ultimate compressive strength of stiffened panels. Compared with two-parametric polynomial, this method can take more parameters into account and make more use of experimental data. Numerical study is carried out to verify the validation of this method. The new method may find wide application in practical design.

Structural-acoustic optimization of stiffened panels based on a genetic algorithm

For the structural-acoustic radiation optimization problem under external loading,acoustic radiation power was considered to be an objective function in the optimization method. The finite element method(FEM) and boundary element method(BEM) were adopted in numerical calculations,and structural response and the acoustic response were assumed to be de-coupled in the analysis. A genetic algorithm was used as the strategy in optimization. In order to build the relational expression of the pressure objective function and the power objective function,the enveloping surface model was used to evaluate pressure in the acoustic domain. By taking the stiffened panel structural-acoustic optimization problem as an example,the acoustic power and field pressure after optimized was compared. Optimization results prove that this method is reasonable and effective.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Stiffened Composite Panel Repaired by Bolted Joints under Compressive Load

Numerical and experimental study was conducted to investigate the failure mode and strength performance of stiffened composite panel repaired by bolted joints under compressive load, and the results were then compared with those from virgin stiffened composite panel without any damage. A finite element analysis model was established for repaired and virgin stiffened composite panels under compressive load, the 3D Hashin criteria was applied to identify the composite structure failure, and the secondary stress criteria was adopted to identify the adhesive failure between the base laminate and the stiffener. The failure modes of repaired stiffened composite panels were stiffened composite panels breaking off along the bolt joints. The experimental results were consistent with the finite element analysis results, indicating the reliability of the finite element analysis model.

Manufacturing cost optimization and estimation combined computer of composite-stiffened panels

The primary goal of this study is to fully grasp the production flow of the new processing technologies for manufacturing composite stiffened panels incorporating cost as one of the design variables early in the design process. An approach is presented to determine the optimum process for cost as objective function. A cost estimation model is established based on the integrally molding process. In the model,the cost drivers which are related to the manufacture processes in terms of material,labor,tool and equipment costs are taken into account. At the same time,estimation software combined computer is developed to aid optimization design. A case of manufacturing composite stiffened panels with T-shaped stiffeners is examined. Excellent agreement shows the optimum process for cost is obtained for the composite stiffened panel with cocuring. It is also revealed that the estimation software combined computer is efficient. The estimation methodology is valid to guide design of the manufacturing process for the composite-stiffened panel.

典型钛合金壁板高温环境下振动疲劳分析与试验研究

振动和高温一直是影响飞机结构安全的重要因素,受到振动载荷和高温环境联合作用的飞机结构更容易出现疲劳破坏。本研究中的典型钛合金壁板结构形式包括加筋壁板和蜂窝壁板,通过改变壁板厚度、加筋间距以及结构连接方式,使用分析和试验的手段对壁板的振动特性、振动疲劳寿命及破坏部位开展规律性研究。研究发现,加筋壁板破坏部位出现在加筋或连接角片上,蜂窝壁板在8 h试验时间内未出现破坏,壁板厚度、加筋间距以及结构连接形式对壁板振动疲劳寿命影响较小。

中心开孔加筋壁板压缩性能研究

为了研究飞机结构中不同开孔尺寸加筋壁板在压缩载荷下的屈曲行为和后屈曲行为,本文设计了相应的试验方法和试验夹具,完成了壁板压缩试验。得到了不同开孔尺寸加筋壁板的屈曲/破坏载荷、失稳过程及破坏模式。结果表明:加筋壁板的屈曲模式是筋条间蒙皮和筋条外蒙皮发生相反的变形,且屈曲模态随载荷的增加发生多次跳变;加筋壁板的压缩破坏模式是在屈曲变形的基础上筋条伴有明显的变形。针对不同开孔尺寸的加筋壁板进行压缩加载有限元仿真,得到的屈曲与破坏模式和试验的吻合,屈曲/破坏载荷与试验结果的误差在4%以内,验证了有限元模型的有效性。随着开孔尺寸的增加,加筋壁板的屈服载荷先缓慢减小后快速增大;壁板的破坏载荷逐渐减小,最终结构失去后屈曲承载能力。

平纹编织复合材料加筋壁板低速冲击及冲击后压缩性能多尺度分析

该文通过构建平纹编织复合材料(plain woven composites,PWC)的微/细/宏观多尺度模型,对复合材料T型和工型加筋壁板的低速冲击(low-velocity impact,LVI)和冲击后压缩(compression after impact,CAI)性能进行分析。根据PWC内部结构特征,构建微观和细观代表性体积单元(representative volume element,RVE)模型,通过施加不同的载荷条件,预测其等效力学参数。同时,基于局部均匀化方法,将细观RVE模型转化为包含0°和90°子胞的等效交叉层合板(equivalent cross-ply laminate,ECPL)胞元。通过ECPL胞元建立PWC加筋壁板的宏观分析模型,并进行LVI和CAI性能分析。首先进行了能量为8 J、10 J和12 J的LVI试验和多尺度模拟,研究了PWC加筋壁板在LVI载荷下的力学行为。随后,对不同能量冲击后的加筋壁板进行CAI试验和数值模拟,研究其冲击后压缩剩余力学性能和损伤行为。最后,通过对比分析不同能量冲击下的LVI和CAI试验和预测结果,发现多尺度模型对加筋壁板力学性能的预测误差均小于6%,验证了该多尺度模型的有效性。试验和预测结果表明,在CAI载荷作用下,PWC加筋壁板的蒙皮部分沿着冲击损伤的位置发生完全断裂,其中,纤维断裂和层间分层成为PWC加筋壁板的主要损伤形式。此外,工型加筋壁板表现出更好的抵抗压缩强度衰减能力。

带筋壁板筋条双侧激光喷丸成形研究

带筋壁板能显著提高飞行器的结构效率与气密性,是现代航空航天飞行器广泛采用的结构形式,而激光喷丸成形作为新型无模柔性成形工艺,是带筋壁板成形的有效工艺途径。带筋壁板的可喷丸区域包括筋条双侧与内外侧蒙皮,考虑筋条双侧喷丸可精确调控带筋壁板的几何形状,首先对带筋壁板筋条双侧激光喷丸的变形特征进行分析,并基于激光喷丸固有应变理论推导筋条双侧喷丸等效弯矩解析公式,进而建立筋条双侧喷丸等效弯矩数值模型。研究表明,建立的等效弯矩模型可为筋条双侧喷丸的带筋壁板激光喷丸成形的变形预测与工艺规划提供有效途径。

裂纹加筋和缺口加筋对钢加筋板极限强度的影响

This paper numerically evaluates the effect of the crack position on the ultimate strength of stiffened panels.Imperfections such as notches and cracks in aged marine stiffened panels can reduce their ultimate strength.To investigate the effect of crack length and position,a series of nonlinear finite element analyses were carried out and two cases were considered,i.e.,case 1 with thin stiffeners and case 2 with thick stiffeners.In both cases,the stiffeners have the same cross-section area.To have a basis for comparison,the intact panels were modeled as well.The cracks and notches were in the longitudinal and transverse direction and were assumed to be in the middle part of the panel.The cracks and notches were assumed to be through the thickness and there is neither crack propagation nor contact between crack faces.Based on the numerical results,longitudinal cracks affect the behavior of the stiffened panels in the postbuckling region.When the stiffeners are thinner,they buckle first and provide no reserved strength after plate buckling.Thus,cracks in the stiffeners do not affect the ultimate strength in the case of the thinner stiffeners.Generally,when stiffeners are thicker,they affect the postbuckling behavior more.In that case,cracks in the stiffeners affect the buckling and failure modes of the stiffened panels.The effect of notch was also studied.In contrast to the longitudinal crack in stiffeners,a notch in the stiffeners reduces the ultimate strength of the stiffened panel for both slender and thick stiffeners.

复合材料加筋板高能量低速冲击损伤特性数值研究

高能量大面积钝物冲击对复合材料飞机运营安全带来较大的威胁。采用Hashin准则和双线性渐进损伤模型模拟层内损伤,采用Cohesive界面元模拟层间损伤,采用Ogden超弹性材料模型作为橡胶材料本构模型,并进行了模型有效性验证,针对复合材料加筋板开展了高能量软体、硬体低速冲击下的损伤特性数值研究。分别分析了加筋板不同位置在刚性冲头和橡胶冲头高能量低速冲击下的冲击响应和损伤过程,对比研究了在冲击过程中加筋板变形和损伤模式。结果表明,刚性冲击下接触压力较大,局部变形和损伤更严重。橡胶冲击下橡胶变形起到了一定缓冲和分散压力的作用,但接触力峰值与刚性冲击相比高出约23%。冲击位置位于筋条时在刚性冲击下的损伤最严重,损伤主要位于蒙皮、筋条腹板和缘条,在橡胶冲击下损伤主要位于蒙皮背部和筋条腹板。与刚性冲击相比,不同位置橡胶冲击下的损伤较小且几乎外部目视不可见。

复合材料帽型加筋壁板典型件共固化成型技术研究

文章对复合材料帽型加筋壁板典型件进行了共固化成型技术研究,通过研究该典型件结构发现,该复合材料典型件结构复杂,需要实现加筋与壁板的一体化组合加工。因此,文章采用了共固化成型技术,该技术可以通过一次压力将多个构件进行联合固化,从而实现构件的一体化,且该技术具有成本低、生产效率高的优势,可以推广应用于类似结构的复合材料制造。

变厚度帽型长桁加筋壁板自动铺丝工艺成形技术研究

针对帽型长桁加筋壁板的自动铺丝工艺成形技术进行了研究,并提出了帽型长桁加筋壁板各工序的关键工艺参数,通过研究自动铺丝设备的结构设计和控制系统设计,探究了帽型长桁加筋壁板的自动铺丝成形工艺,明确了自动铺丝间隙控制和工艺参数设计的基础,为帽型长桁加筋壁板的自动铺丝工艺成形技术的研究形成了一定的技术积累,具有较好的应用前景和经济效益。

FEM equivalent model for press bend forming of aircraft integral panel

An original plastic equivalent model was proposed to solve the problem of excessive FEM simulation time when designing the press bend forming path and optimizing the process parameters of press bend forming of the integrally stiffened aircraft panels. Based on the in-depth analysis of the mechanics of the bending and springback of the detailed model and the equivalent model of the integral panels,the plastic equivalent model of the virtual material with special initial yield stress and hardening coefficients was constructed. FEM results indicate that the objective of getting the similar contour with the same press bend forming path is achieved with the error less than 6%,and the efficiency of FEM simulation is improved by more than 80%. The plastic equivalent model is valuable and essential for the further research on the press bend forming process of large scale complicated integral panels.

Influence of local stiffeners and cutout shapes on the vibration and stability characteristics of quasi-isotropic laminates under hygro-thermo-mechanical loadings

The perforated stiffened panel is generally found as a sub-component of sophisticated structures.The fundamental purpose of this panel is to withstand against buckling under complicated loading and environmental conditions.Hence,an accurate knowledge of critical buckling behaviour of stiffened panels is very much essential for a reliable and lightweight structural design.In this paper,the focus is on quasi-laminated panels with different cutout shapes of various sizes and their responses to hygrothermal environments under nonlinearly varying edge loads and is compared with the locally stiffened panels.Towards this,the modelling of the panel and stiffener is done by adopting nine-noded heterosis plate elements and three noded beam elements respectively.The stiffener formulation is suitably modified in order to take the torsional effect also into consideration along with the effect of shear deformation.Initially,the plate and the stiffener elements are treated separately,and then the displacement compatibility is maintained between them by using the transformation matrix.For a given loading and geometric discontinuity,the stress distribution within the perforated panel is highly non-uniform in nature and hence a dynamic approach has been used to calculate buckling loads by adopting two sets of boundary conditions,one set for pre-buckling stress analysis and the second set for buckling analysis.Four different quasi-isotropic stacking sequences are deliberated in this work by varying different ply-orientation in each scheme.The study also addresses the effect of various parameters such as nonlinear loads,hygro-thermal loads,cutout size and shapes,position of cutout,stiffener parameters,stacking sequences,thickness of plate and boundary conditions.