Transcriptome analysis differentially expressed genes with total carotenoid contents in pearl oyster(Pinctada fucata martensii)

Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between individuals with high(HC)and low(LC)total carotenoid content(TCC)were sampled from a selected line of Pinctada fucata martensii with black shell in the prismatic layer.The expression levels of candidate genes were verified by qRT-PCR.Targeted resequencing was used to detect SNPs in a candidate gene,PmSR-BI.The association of TCC with SNPs in PmSR-BI was determined.Results showed that a total of 1025 DEGs were identified between HC and LC.The expression levels of the candidate gene PmSR-BI in HC were higher than those in LC.Seven SNPs in the exon and eight SNPs in the 5′regulatory regions of PmSR-BI were found.Association analysis showed that one SNP in the exon and two SNPs in the 5′regulatory regions of PmSR-BI were significantly associated with the TCC(P<0.05).All SNPs of PmSR-BI were divided into four blocks.CC haplotype in Block 1 and AG haplotype in Block 3 were significantly higher than other haplotypes.These results help elucidate the mechanism underlying carotenoid metabolism and develop marker-assisted breeding design in the species.

Apple Peel Biochemical Changes after Foliar Application of Combined Boron and Calcium II. Photosynthetic Pigments, Total Peroxides and Photochemical Efficiency

Understanding of the physiological effect of post-full-bloom foliar boron combined with calcium (B+Ca) on apple (Malus domestica) peel tissues is envisaged to give way to the unknown mode-of-action by which these mineral regimens suppress fruit sunburn-browning incidence in orchards. Promotion of this mineral approach among growers, as a certainly cheaper alternative to mitigate fruit sunburn-browning incidence in apple orchards necessitates clear elucidation of its mode-of-action. This study investigated peel photosynthetic pigments and total peroxides (as a measure of oxidative stress) in three apple cultivars, ‘Cripps Pink’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Granny Smith’ which were treated with four B+Ca treatments varying in levels of B and Ca as well as inclusion of zinc (Zn) in one treatment. Randomized complete block design experiments with five replications were conducted at commercial farms in Western Cape, South Africa. Significant (p < 0.05) treatment effect for major pigment aspects and total peroxides occurred in all cultivars, but with strong influence of cultivar and fruit age. For instance, effect of varying B, Ca and possible B+Ca duet-effect on photosynthetic pigments occurred in ‘Cripps Pink’, whereas the Zn-treatment was mainly responsible for significant treatment effects in both ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples. Significant treatment effect for total peroxides occurred in ‘Cripps Pink’ and ‘Granny Smith’, yet significant interaction effect occurred with ‘Golden Delicious’, however, these significant results did not yield meaningful peel oxidative stress differences among the treatments. Foliar treatment differences in photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were not significant. The study concludes with firm evidence that foliar B+Ca treatment composition has a significant effect on apple peel photosynthetic pigments depending on cultivar, and Zn is not desirable in the formulation of these treatments.

Polyphenols, Carotenoids, Vitamin C Content in Tropical Fruits and Vegetables and Impact of Processing Methods

Thirty-five fruits and seventeen vegetables from Martinique were evaluated for total phenol content (TPC), Vitamin C and carotenoid content. TPC, Vitamin C and carotenoid contents ranged from 11.7 to 978.6 mg/100g, 0.1 to 2853.8 mg/100g and 9.7 to 9269.7 μg/100g respectively. Fruits and vegetables from Martinique have equivalent or higher TPC, Vitamin C and carotenoid contents than fruits and vegetables from temperate climates. Cashew apple had high values for all three parameters (55.8 mg/100g of Vitamin C, 603 mg/100g of TPC and 924 μg/100g of carotenoids). Bassignac mango and mamey apple had the highest carotenoid contents, with 3800.3 and 3199.7 μg/100g respectively. Acerola had the highest Vitamin C and polyphenol contents with 2853.8 μg/100g and 727.4 mg/100g respectively. Pigeon peas had high values for all three parameters (569.2 mg/100g of Vitamin C, 978.6 mg/100g of TPC and 364.3 μg/100g of carotenoids). Pumpkin and watercress had the highest carotenoid content, with 9269.7 and 4339 μg/100g respectively. TPC, Vitamin C and carotenoid content were significantly impacted by processing techniques. TPC, Vitamin C and carotenoid contents decreased by up to 75.78%, 100% and 70.18% respectively, depending on the processing technique used.

沙拉酱对胡萝卜中活性物质体外消化的影响

以胡萝卜为原料,与沙拉酱复配成质量比为6∶1(T1)、4∶1(T2)、2∶1(T3)的胡萝卜沙拉样品,以不加沙拉酱的胡萝卜为对照(CK),采用体外静态INFOGEST消化模型,评估胡萝卜沙拉中主要活性物质(β-胡萝卜素、总酚和V-C)的生物可及性和消化特性。结果显示:除CK和T3的V-C外,活性物质含量经胃消化后均急剧下降,经肠道消化后又上升;添加沙拉酱明显提高了β-胡萝卜素、总酚和V-C的稳定性和生物可及性,T3组中3种生物活性物质在模拟消化过程中较稳定,生物可及性较高;各组的平均粒径D[3,2]和粒径分布强度均先增大,在模拟胃消化阶段消化60 min时最大,随后减至最小,T3组的D[3,2]在模拟消化过程中较小(0.13~5.03μm)。可见,沙拉酱可提高胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素、总酚和V-C的生物可及性,并具有较好的消化特性,其中以T3组效果较佳。

Stabilization of membrane bound ATPases and lipid peroxidation by carotenoids from Chlorococcum humicola in Benzo(a)pyrene induced toxicity

Objective:To identify the alleralinn of the membrane polenlial and llie effect of carolenoid extracts from Chlorococcum hnmicola(C.humicola) on membrane hound ATPases and lipid peroxidation.Methods:The lolal carotenoids were extracted from C.humicola.Four groups of Swiss albino mice were treated as control,Benzo(a)pyrene[B(a)P],total carotenoids,B(a)P+ total caralenoids respectively for a period of 60 days.Membrane lipid peroxidation and ATPases(Total ATPases,Ca^(2+)-ATPases.Mg^(2+)-ATPases.Na^+K^+- ATPasei were determined in lung,liver and erythrocyte samples.Results:The activity of lolal ATPase was found to be significantly increased in the B(a)P treated liver and lung tissue.Erythrocyte membrane also showed higher ATPase activity which was significantly reverted on total carolenoid treatment.Conclusions: It can be concluded that the changes in membrane potential favour the functional deterioration of physiological system.The overall findings demonstrates that the animals post treated with carolenoid extract from C.humicola may maintains the alterations in membrane bound ATPase and lipid peroxidation in tissues against the carcinogenic chemical and hence aid in establishing the membrane potential action.Then-fore C.humicola can be further extended to exploits its possible application for various health benefits as neulraceulicals and food additives.

类胡萝卜素在锦鲤组织器官中的沉积与分布

在6个90 L蓝色方形水槽中各放养22尾锦鲤Cyprinus carpio幼鱼,初始体质量为(7.31±0.12)g,在水温相同的环境条件下先用添加虾青素(130 mg/kg)和螺旋藻(质量分数为12%)2组饲料饲喂21 d,再用没有添加虾青素和螺旋藻的基础饲料饲喂20 d,每个试验组设3个平行,研究了虾青素和螺旋藻对锦鲤各组织器官中类胡萝卜素含量的影响以及在锦鲤各组织器官中的代谢途径。结果表明:投喂添加着色剂的饲料后,锦鲤各组织器官中的类胡萝卜素含量均随投喂时间的延长而升高;类胡萝卜素在锦鲤各组织器官中的含量从高至低依次为皮肤>鳍>肝胰脏>眼>肌肉,皮肤和鱼鳍是锦鲤色素沉积的主要部位;锦鲤的眼、肌肉、肝胰脏中色素的沉积随着饲养时间的延长变化不显著,而锦鲤的背鳍、尾鳍和皮肤随饲养时间的延长变化较显著;停喂添加着色剂的饲料后,锦鲤各组织器官中的类胡萝卜素含量均随停喂时间的延长而降低。以虾青素作为着色剂时,锦鲤体表类胡萝卜素含量于饲喂第9天开始显著升高;而以螺旋藻为着色剂时,锦鲤体表类胡萝卜素含量于饲喂第13天开始显著升高,锦鲤对虾青素的沉积速度比螺旋藻快。

织锦巴非蛤斧足颜色与总类胡萝卜素含量相关分析

斧足是织锦巴非蛤重要的食用部位。本研究检测了94个织锦巴非蛤斧足的总类胡萝卜素含量(TCC)和3个颜色指标L*(明暗度)、a*(红绿值)、b*(黄蓝值),发现织锦巴非蛤斧足总类胡萝卜素含量和颜色指标在不同个体之间存在较大差异。相关性分析表明,织锦巴非蛤斧足的总类胡萝卜素含量与颜色指标L*、a*、b*之间相关极显著(P<0.01),相关系数分别为:–0.546、0.569、0.449。本研究表明,斧足颜色越深,其类胡萝卜素含量也越高可能是一个普遍规律,这对我们接下来选育高类胡萝卜素含量贝类提供了一种直观的参考指标。

微生态制剂和着色剂对锦鲤体色的影响

以锦鲤Cyprinus carpio皮肤(带鳞片)和尾鳍中的总类胡萝卜素含量作为锦鲤体色的衡量标准,研究了微生态制剂(投喂和泼洒)与着色剂对红色锦鲤幼鱼体色的影响。结果表明:对照组锦鲤皮肤中的总类胡萝卜素含量随饲养时间的延长逐渐增加,并在饲养的第8周达到最大值(38.69 mg/kg±8.64 mg/kg);投喂着色剂和微生态制剂的两组锦鲤皮肤中总类胡萝卜素含量也随投喂时间的延长显著增加(P<0.05),均在第6周达到最大值,分别为(45.78±3.16)mg/kg和(53.91±4.49)mg/kg,在停止投喂着色剂和微生态制剂两周后,该两组锦鲤皮肤中的总类胡萝卜素含量均有所降低,分别为(44.05±4.78)mg/kg和(50.99±5.45)mg/kg;而只投喂微生态制剂的两个试验组和只泼洒微生态制剂的两个试验组锦鲤皮肤中的总类胡萝卜素含量均随饲养时间的延长而逐渐增加,在试验的第8周达到最大值,与对照组表现出相同的规律,且投喂微生态制剂的两个试验组在数值上要略高于对照组,分别为(40.21±5.74)mg/kg和(39.74±4.96)mg/kg,而泼洒微生态制剂的两个试验组与对照组含量相当,分别为(38.31±9.31)mg/kg和(38.34±6.78)mg/kg。这说明微生态制剂无论是作为饲料添加剂投喂或是水体泼洒使用对锦鲤体色的作用都是安全的,并且投喂微生态制剂虽然短时间内对锦鲤体色的影响不明显,但长时间投喂可以在一定程度上起到增色的作用,不会因停止使用而发生褪色的现象。微生态制剂和着色剂对锦鲤尾鳍中总类胡萝卜素含量的影响不明显。

几种柑橘类水果功能性营养物质测定与比较分析

分别测定和对比5种柑橘类水果果皮、果肉中VC、类胡萝卜素和总多酚共3大类具有抗氧化能力的功能性营养物质含量,以及总多酚提取物消除超氧阴离子的能力。结果表明,5种柑橘类水果在功能性营养物质含量上存在显著差异,且果皮中功能性营养物质含量明显高于果肉中的含量,但这5种柑橘类水果总多酚提取物清除超氧阴离子能力不显著。

冻藏时间对养殖大黄鱼体色和肌肉品质的影响

为探究-18℃冻藏时间对养殖大黄鱼的体色和肌肉品质的影响,以冰鲜大黄鱼(F0)为对照,对其体表色差值、总类胡萝卜素含量、色素细胞大小和肌肉品质特征进行差异性分析。结果表明:冻藏期间口唇和肌肉的a、b均显著降低,腹背部L和a从F0到F4(冻藏4个月)下降相对平缓,到F6(冻藏6个月)阶段下降显著;腹部总色素含量逐渐减小,背部总类胡萝卜素含量下降相对缓慢;随着冻藏时间的延长,鱼鳍和鳞片部位的黑、黄色素细胞均发散,且色素细胞面积变化率逐渐增大,皮肤部位则收缩,色素细胞大小变化率先上升后下降;冻藏期间,大黄鱼的pH和电导率值均先减小后增大,且F4到F6期间显著增大;鱼肉质构特性出现了劣化,除内聚性外,质构特性均逐渐下降;汁液损失率和蒸煮损失率在冻藏期间均显著升高,肌肉过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸值均逐渐增大,且F4到F6期间上升显著,脂肪氧化程度加重。综合表明,养殖大黄鱼-18℃冻藏6个月的体色和肌肉品质特征均逐渐下降,除保水性外,F4至F6阶段品质均下降较快,可为深入探究大黄鱼体色变化机制和冻藏过程中品质提升等提供理论参考。

柴达木枸杞化学成分的测定

目的测定柴达木枸杞Lycii Fructus化学成分的含有量。方法分光光度法测定多糖、总黄酮、类胡萝卜素含有量,HPLC法测定甜菜碱和东莨菪内酯含有量,凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质含有量,再进行主成分分析。结果 6个产地样品中类胡萝卜素、甜菜碱、东莨菪内酯含有量有显著差异(P<0.05),而多糖、总黄酮、蛋白质含有量无显著差异(P>0.05)。3个采摘期样品中各成分含有量也均无显著差异(P>0.05)。德令哈市产样品的主成分综合得分最高,乌兰县产者次之。结论德令哈市产柴达木枸杞的质量最优。

高氧气调包装对鲜切莴苣抗氧化活性的影响

研究60%O2+20%CO2+20%N2和100%O2高氧气调包装的鲜切莴苣在4℃贮藏14d期间抗氧化能力的变化,以空气包装的鲜切莴苣为对照。结果表明:高氧气调包装对鲜切莴苣的抗氧化活性有明显影响,60%O2+20%CO2+20%N2和100%O2高氧气调包装抑制了VC及其对DPPH自由基清除率的下降,促进类胡萝卜素及其对DPPH自由基清除率的下降,促进了多酚及其对DPPH自由基清除率的上升,从而抑制了鲜切莴苣抗氧化活性的下降。统计分析表明,VC与DPPH自由基清除能力间呈显著的线性正相关关系,相关系数为0.8745,说明高氧气调包装抑制鲜切莴苣抗氧化活性的下降与其抑制VC含量的下降有关。

雌雄波纹巴非蛤不同组织中总类胡萝卜素含量比较分析

本文分析了波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)斧足、外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌、性腺5个组织以及不同性别的总类胡萝卜素含量(TCC)。结果显示:波纹巴非蛤5个组织的总类胡萝卜素含量除外套膜与鳃之间没有显著性差异外(P>0.05),其他各组织之间差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),各组织总类胡萝卜素含量从高到低依次为:斧足>性腺>外套膜>鳃>闭壳肌;不同性别波纹巴非蛤的斧足、外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌中总类胡萝卜素的含量没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但精巢中总类胡萝卜素的含量要显著高于卵巢(P<0.05)。本研究结果初步揭示了波纹巴非蛤体内总类胡萝卜素含量的分布规律。

三种植物叶片类胡萝卜素含量的比较分析

以红继木、红苋和七彩扶桑的叶片为材料,采用丙酮-乙醇法提取,利用紫外-可见分光光度计对三种植物叶片中胡萝卜素、叶黄素和总类胡萝卜素的含量进行了测定。结果表明,胡萝卜素含量:红苋>红继木>七彩扶桑;叶黄素含量:七彩扶桑>红苋>红继木;总类胡萝卜素含量:红苋>红继木>七彩扶桑。

超声波法提取加杨叶总类胡萝卜素条件的优化

为优化加杨叶总类胡萝卜素的提取工艺,通过单因素和正交实验进行优选。结果表明:石油醚为提取溶剂,加杨叶粉碎度为60目,提取2次的条件下,加杨叶总类胡萝卜素的最佳提取工艺为:超声功率500W、超声温度55℃、液料比40:1、超声时间30 min。利用此提取工艺,加杨叶中总类胡萝卜素得率为:50.57mg/100g。

波纹巴非蛤斧足颜色与总类胡萝卜素含量的相关分析

波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)是经济价值较高的海产贝类之一,斧足是其重要的食用部位。本研究分别检测了91个波纹巴非蛤斧足的总类胡萝卜素含量(TCC)和3个颜色指标L*(明暗度)、a*(红绿值)、b*(黄蓝值),结果显示波纹巴非蛤斧足总类胡萝卜素含量和颜色指标在不同的个体中存在较大的差异,不同个体斧足总类胡萝卜素含量范围为1.78~15.72μg/g,颜色指标L*、a*、b*的波动范围分别为48.21~56.31、-0.32~10.46、16.56~30.29。统计分析表明,波纹巴非蛤斧足的总类胡萝卜素含量和颜色指标L*、a*、b*之间相关极显著(P<0.01),相关系数分别为-0.733、0.685、0.775。研究结果将为选育高含量类胡萝卜素的波纹巴非蛤提供重要的参考依据。

DMSO处理对红肉脐橙果皮主要色素和糖含量变化的影响

以红肉脐橙为试材,于果实着色前对其进行DMSO喷布处理,研究了处理对果皮主要色素和糖含量变化的影响,并对处理后各指标之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:着色前DMSO处理不影响果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的变化趋势,但处理加快了果皮叶绿素的降解,延缓了成熟期类胡萝卜素含量的上升;处理基本不改变果皮葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和总糖含量的变化趋势,但处理加快了果皮葡萄糖、果糖和总糖含量的上升,极显著降低了果皮蔗糖含量;处理和对照果皮的叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量均呈负相关但未达到显著水平,与葡萄糖、果糖和总糖均呈极显著负相关,与蔗糖含量呈正相关但未达到显著水平。

烤烟抗氧化能力与品质的关系研究

为探明烤烟抗氧化能力与其品质的关系,在泸州烟区火石土、黄壤土和水稻土3种不同质地土壤种植云烟97,分别取叶龄15~75 d的中部叶和上部叶,杀青后测定烟叶的总抗氧化能力、总酚含量和类胡萝卜素含量,并测定烤后烟叶的总抗氧化能力和中性致香物质含量。结果表明,随叶龄的增加,火石土植烟中部叶和上部叶的总抗氧化能力在叶龄15~45 d增加,叶龄60~75 d稍有降低；黄壤土植烟中部叶总抗氧化能力持续增加,上部叶在叶龄15~30 d降低而后持续增加；水稻土植烟,烟叶总抗氧化能力变化不明显；火石土和黄壤土植烟中部叶、上部叶叶龄75 d的总抗氧化能力分别极显著高于水稻土67.38%和75.80%、131.76%和99.67%。不同质地土壤植烟中部叶的总抗氧化能力与烟叶的总酚、类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著或显著正相关,上部叶总抗氧化能力与总酚含量呈极显著正相关。烤后烟总抗氧化能力与中性致香物质西柏烷类降解产物含量、类胡萝卜素降解产物含量和不含新植二烯的中性致香物质含量总和呈显著或极显著正相关。可见,烟叶的抗氧化能力与其品质存在密切关系,可以作为衡量烟叶品质的一个重要指标。

红肉脐橙树体不同部位果实果皮主要色素和糖含量的变化及其相关性

研究了红肉脐橙[Citrus.sinensis(L)Osbeck cv.Cara Cara]树体不同部位果实果皮中主要色素和糖含量的动态变化,并对其相关性进行了分析。结果表明,内膛果实果皮的叶绿素含量在幼果期和果实膨大末期极显著或显著低于外围果实果皮,其他时期无显著差异,变化趋势也基本一致;除8月26日、11月10日和12月25日外,其他时期内膛果实果皮的类胡萝卜素含量都显著或极显著地低于外围果实果皮,这表明遮光不利于果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的积累。外围果实果皮和内膛果实果皮的葡萄糖、果糖和总糖含量变化均呈"S"型曲线,蔗糖含量变化均为一单峰曲线,内膛果实果皮除蔗糖含量于果实迅速膨大期(8月26日)和成熟时(12月25日)与外围果实果皮相比无显著性差异外,其他各时期各类糖含量均极显著低于外围果实果皮,这表明遮光严重阻碍了果皮中糖的积累。外围果实果皮和内膛果实果皮的叶绿素与葡萄糖、果糖和总糖含量呈显著或极显著的负相关,类胡萝卜素则与其呈正相关,表明果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素分别对糖的积累起着负向和正向的调控作用。

紫花芒果后熟过程中主要类胡萝卜素含量的变化

紫花芒果后熟过程中主要类胡萝卜素含量的变化周玉蝉，唐友林，谭兴杰（中国科学院华南植物研究所广州５１０６５０）关键词：总类胡萝卜素；α－胡萝卜素；β－胡萝卜素；叶黄素；芒果芒果以富含维生素Ａ原——卜胡萝卜素而著称，而果实中类胡萝卜素含量的变化与芒果后熟...