Optimization of Extraction Process for Total Flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and Comparison of Their Contents from Different Parts

[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and compare their contents from different parts.[Methods]Single factor and orthogonal experiments were designed to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh with the volume fraction of ethanol,the ratio of material to liquid,heating reflux extraction time and extraction times as factors,and the content of total flavonoids as the index.A verification test was carried out.The optimized extraction process was adopted to compare the contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh.[Results]The best extraction process was extracting the powder of P.chinense Pursh for 2.0 h with 20 times of 55%ethanol by reflux twice.Under this condition,the contents of total flavonoids were 3.63%,8.90%,11.28%,and 4.36%from stems,leaves,flowers and whole grass of P.chinense Pursh,respectively.[Conclusions]The process is reasonable,feasible and stable,and can effectively extract total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh.The contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh were quite different,and the value was higher in the leaves and flowers,so the proportions of leaves and flowers should be paid attention to in the industrial processing of P.chinense Pursh.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Analysis and Total Phenol Content of Proso Millet and Barnyard Millet

Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.

Total organic carbon content logging prediction based on machine learning:A brief review

The total organic carbon content usually determines the hydrocarbon generation potential of a formation.A higher total organic carbon content often corresponds to a greater possibility of generating large amounts of oil or gas.Hence,accurately calculating the total organic carbon content in a formation is very important.Present research is focused on precisely calculating the total organic carbon content based on machine learning.At present,many machine learning methods,including backpropagation neural networks,support vector regression,random forests,extreme learning machines,and deep learning,are employed to evaluate the total organic carbon content.However,the principles and perspectives of various machine learning algorithms are quite different.This paper reviews the application of various machine learning algorithms to deal with total organic carbon content evaluation problems.Of various machine learning algorithms used for TOC content predication,two algorithms,the backpropagation neural network and support vector regression are the most commonly used,and the backpropagation neural network is sometimes combined with many other algorithms to achieve better results.Additionally,combining multiple algorithms or using deep learning to increase the number of network layers can further improve the total organic carbon content prediction.The prediction by backpropagation neural network may be better than that by support vector regression;nevertheless,using any type of machine learning algorithm improves the total organic carbon content prediction in a given research block.According to some published literature,the determination coefficient(R^(2))can be increased by up to 0.46 after using machine learning.Deep learning algorithms may be the next breakthrough direction that can significantly improve the prediction of the total organic carbon content.Evaluating the total organic carbon content based on machine learning is of great significance.

Total Electron Content during Recurrent and Quiet Geomagnetic Periods at the Koudougou Station in Burkina Faso

In this work, the comparative study of total electron content (TEC) between recurrent and quiet geomagnetic periods of solar cycle 24 at Koudougou station with geographical coordinates 12°15'N;- 2°20'E was addressed. This study aims to analyze how geomagnetic variations influence the behavior of TEC in this specific region. The geomagnetic indices Kp and Dst were used to select quiet and recurrent days. Statistical analysis was used to interpret the graphs. The results show that the mean diurnal TEC has a minimum before dawn (around 0500 UT) and reaches a maximum value around 1400 UT, progressively decreasing after sunset. In comparison, the average diurnal TEC on recurrent days is slightly higher than on quiet days, with an average difference of 7 TECU. This difference increases with the level of geomagnetic disturbance, reaching 21 TECU during a moderate storm. The study also reveals significant monthly variations, with March and October showing the highest TEC values for quiet and recurrent days, respectively. Equinox months show the highest mean values, while solstice months show the lowest. Signatures of semi-annual, winter and equatorial ionization anomalies were observed. When analyzing annual variations, it was found that the TEC variation depends significantly on F10.7 solar flux, explaining up to 98% during recurrent geomagnetic activity and 92% during quiet geomagnetic activity.

Total Electron Content Diurnal and Seasonal Variations and Response to Solar Events at Koudougou Station in Burkina Faso

In this paper, we studied the seasonal behavior of the total electron content (TEC) during a part of solar cycle 24 ascending, maximum and decreasing phases at Koudougou station (Latitude: 12°15'09"N Longitude: 2°21'45"W). Response of TEC to solar recurrent events is presented. The highest values of the TEC in 2014, 2015 and 2016 were recorded on March and October, while in 2013 they were recorded on April and November, corresponding to equinox months. This observation shows that TEC values at the equinoxes are higher than those of solstices. Moreover, the monthly TEC varies in phase with the sunspots number showing a linear dependence of the TEC on solar activity. The ionospheric electron contents are generally very low both before noon and during the night, but quite high at noon and after noon. This pattern of TEC variation is due to the fluctuation of incident solar radiation on the Earth’s equatorial ionosphere. During quiet periods, the number of free electrons generated is lower than that generated during recurrent periods, which shows a positive contribution of recurrent activity to the level of the TEC. Investigations have also highlighted a winter anomaly and equinoctial asymmetry in TEC behavior at Koudougou station.

Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of flour, noodles, and steamed bread made from different colored wheat grains by three milling methods

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of wheat variety, food processing, and milling method on antioxidant properties. Black wheat variety Heibaoshi 1 had the highest total phenolic content(659.8 μg gallic acid equivalents g-1), total flavonoid content(319.3 μg rutin equivalents g-1), and antioxidant activity, whereas light purple wheat variety Shandongzimai 1 had the lowest total flavonoid content(236.2 μg rutin equivalents g-1) and antioxidant activity. Whole wheat flour and partially debranned grain flour had significantly higher total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity than refined flour(P < 0.05). Compared with flour, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity decreased in noodles and steamed bread, whereas noodles had slightly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content than steamed bread. Antioxidant activities(by ferric reducing ability of plasma assay) of steamed bread made from whole wheat flour, partially debranned grain flour, and refined flour were 23.5%, 21.1%, and 31.6% lower, respectively, than the corresponding values of flour. These results suggested that black whole wheat flour and partially debranned grain flour are beneficial to human health.

Correlation Between Antioxidation and the Content of Total Phenolics and Anthocyanin in Black Soybean Accessions

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlations between antioxidations and the contents of the total phenolics and anthocyanin in 127 accessions of black soybean. A T-test, a fast clustering procedure, and a correlation coefficient analysis were used for experimentation. The variation ranges of the total antioxidant capacity （TAC）, the total phenolics, and anthocyanin contents in 127 black soybean accessions were 0.44-3.56, 7.05-74.82, and 0.22-1.87 mg g-l, respectively, displaying significant genotype differences. The major differences in TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents existed among various types of accessions from geographical regions. The differences between the accessions from black and yellow soybeans, spring and autumn, summer and autumn, Dongbeichun and Nanfangchun, Dongbeichun and Nanfangxia, Beifangchun and Nanfangchun, and Beifangchun and Nanfangxia were significant at 0.01 or 0.05 levels, respectively. The general tendency was that the TAC, the total phenolics, and the anthocyanin contents of Beifangchun accessions were higher than that of Dongbeichun ones, while that of Nanfangchun accessions were the worst. 127 black soybean accessions could be clustered into 6 clusters, which consisted of 3, 24, 20, 31, 37, and 12 accessions, respectively. The most significant （P 〈 0.01） correlations existed respectively between the TAC and the total showed that the total substances phenolics content, and the TAC and the anthocyanin content of black soybean. The results phenolics and anthocyanin in black soybean seed coat were the important antioxidation

Antioxidations and Their Correlations with Total Flavones and Anthocyanin Contents in Different Black Rice Varieties

The antioxidations and their correlations with total flavones and anthocyanin contents in different black rice varieties were studied. The results indicated that the great differences in total antioxidant capacity （TAC）, scavenging free radical capacity （SFRC）, total flavones and anthocyanin contents existed among 242 black rice varieties. Comparisons of TAC, SFRC, total flavones and anthocyanin contents of different black rice types showed that the differences between black rice and white rice, indica one and japonica one, and nonglutinous one and glutinous one were significant at 0.01 levels, respectively. This showed that the TAC, SFRC, total flavones and anthocyanin contents of japonica type were higher than those of indica one, and nonglutinous type were higher than glutinous one. According to the fast clustering procedure, 242 black rice varieties could be clustered into 10 clusters, 184 indica rice varieties into 10 clusters, and 58 japonica rice varieties into 6 clusters. Most significant （P〈0.01） correlations existed between TAC and total flavones and anthocyanin contents, and between SFRC and total flavones and anthocyanin contents of black rice, respectively. This showed that the antioxidation of black rice was closely correlated with its active compositions of flavones and anthocyanin.

Estimation of total phenolic content,in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of flowers of Moringa oleifera

Objective:To evaluate and compare the antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of flowers of Moringa oleifera(M.oleifera)grown in Oman.Methods:Flowers of M.oleiferawere collected in the month of December 2012 and identified by a botanist.Alcoholic extract of the dry pulverized flowers ofM.oleiferawere obtained by cold maceration method.The ethanolic flower extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening as the reported methods.Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to estimate total phenolic content.DPPH was used to determinein-vitroantioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of flowers was investigated by protein denaturation method.Results:Phytochemical analysis of extract showed presence of major classes of phytochemicals such as tannins,alkaloids,flavonoids,cardiac glycosidesetc.M.oleiferaflowers were found to contain 19.31 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent of total phenolics in dry extract but exhibited moderate antioxidant activity.The anti-inflammatory activity of plant extract was significant and comparable with the standard drug diclofenac sodium.Conclusions:The results of our study suggest that flowers ofM.oleiferapossess potent anti-inflammatory activity and are also a good source of natural antioxidants.Further study is needed to identify the chemical compounds responsible for their anti-inflammatory activity.

华南燕山期佛冈–南昆山花岗岩石成因:来自锆石微量元素、H_(2)O含量及Hf-O同位素的约束

华南地区发育大规模与稀有金属成矿相关的燕山期花岗岩,其岩石类型与成因存在诸多争议,厘清这些争议有助于理解华南地区的成矿作用。锆石是花岗岩中常见的副矿物,具有非常稳定的物理化学性质,不容易受后期地质作用影响,可以很好地保存其形成时母岩浆的地球化学信息,从而避免全岩地球化学分析的不足。本研究选取华南地区佛冈–南昆山花岗岩中的锆石进行LA-ICP-MS微量元素和Hf同位素研究,结合SIMS氧同位素和H_(2)O含量等数据,探讨佛冈岩体和南昆山岩体的岩石类型和成因。两个岩体的锆石都呈现LREE亏损、HREE富集、Eu负异常、Ce正异常,以及Zr/Hf>55、Eu/Eu~*>0.005、Hf含量低(<1.2%)等特点,明显不同于高分异I型花岗岩,指示母岩浆分异程度较低。同时,锆石的REE+Y与P含量之间的关系表明它们也不是S型花岗岩。佛冈岩体锆石较高的δ18O值(7.97‰~10.29‰)、富集的εHf(t)值(-13.6~-5.7)、较低的H_(2)O含量(核密度峰值317~412μg/g)以及较高的锆饱和温度(799~800℃)表明,佛冈花岗岩可能是源区有高比例沉积物加入的A型花岗岩。南昆山岩体也具有类似的、但变化范围更大的锆石δ18O值(6.34‰~11.11‰)、εHf(t)值(-11.1~1.1)和H_(2)O含量(297~1253μg/g)。锆石Hf-O同位素和H_(2)O含量分析结果显示,二者均具有壳幔混合的特点,其中南昆山花岗岩源区地幔物质加入比例更大。

Study of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris

Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Total Phenolic Content and <i>in Vitro</i>Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i>L.) Peels

Pomegranate peels were studied for the effect of gamma irradiation on microbial decontamination along with its effect on total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity. Gamma irradiation was applied at various dose levels (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 25.0 kGy) on pomegranate peel powder. Both the values of total phenolic content and in vitro antioxi- dant activity were positively correlated and showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) for 10.0 kGy irradiated dose level immediately after irradiation and 60 days of post irradiation storage. At 5.0 kGy and above dose level, gamma irradia- tion has reduced microbial count of pomegranate peel powder to nil. Post irradiation storage studies also showed that, the irradiated peel powder was microbiologically safe even after 90 days of storage period.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L. ) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the extraction process and the content determination of flavonoids in ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves.[Methods]Ethanol extraction and methanol extraction of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves were studied,and the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were determined by orthogonal test; and with quercetin as reference substance,total flavonoid content in ginkgo leaves was determined by UV spectrophotometry.[Results]The optimal extraction process was 4 h of Soxhlet extraction with methanol; and the total flavonoid contents had a good linear relation in the range of 0. 006 5-0. 039 mg/ml( R^2= 0. 999 9),the average content was stabilized at 1. 135%,and the average recovery of the method was 102. 0%. [Conclusions]This study selected the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves. The test method is simple with high accuracy and precision,and is suitable for the extraction and determination of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves.

A brief introduction to recent applications of several sediment-analysis techniques in palaeolimnological studies-dry bulk density and water content, mineral magnetism, carbonate content, and content of total organic carbon,nitrogen content and carbon/ni

Determination of dry bulk density and water content measurement of magnetic susceptibility (x) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), determination of carbonate content, and determination of total organic carbon (TOC) content nitrogen content (N%) and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio are some of the techniques which have been widely applied to lacustrine-sediment analyses. The techniques,complemented by others, are usually useful for revealing characteristics of lacustrine-sediments and thus for postulating hydrological regimes in the lake and environmental conditions and human activity around it in palaeolimnological studies. A very brief review is presented on recent applications of these techniques in palaeolimnological work with English literatures published mainly since 1985 and focus given on interpretations of results of these analyses related to palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Low dry bulk density and high water content often imply relatively warm and wet conditions. High X and SIRM are usually resulted from reduced dilutions in the lake and intensified erosions on its catchment. both of which can be in turn attributed to environmental changes. While variations in patterns of X and SIRM may give further insight on mineral magnetism and thus implications on environmental conditions. Increased carbonate content seems likely to associate to warm and dry conditions.Increased TOC content is virtually used as one of indicators of warm and wet conditions and variations in C/N ratio may hint variations in relative contributions of different sources, aquatic and terrestrial, to the total organic matter in lake sediments and hence to lake-level fluctuations and climate changes.

Soil water content and nitrogen differentially correlate with multidimensional leaf traits of two temperate broadleaf species

The variation and correlation of leaf economics and vein traits are crucial for predicting plant ecological strategies under different environmental changes.However,correlations between these two suites of traits and abiotic factors such as soil water and nitrogen content remain ambiguous.We measured leaf economics and vein traits as well as soil water and nitrogen content for two different shade-tolerant species(Betula platyphylla and Acer mono)in four mixed broadleaved-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)forests along a latitudinal gradient in Northeast China.We found that leaf economics traits and vein traits were decoupled in shade-intolerant species,Betula platphylla,but significantly coupled in a shadetolerant species,A.mono.We found stronger correlations among leaf traits in the shade tolerant species than in the shade intolerant species.Furthermore,leaf economic traits were positively correlated with the soil water gradient for both species,whereas vein traits were positively correlated with soil water gradient for the shade intolerant species but negatively correlated in the shade tolerant species.Although economic traits were positively correlated with soil nitrogen gradient in shade intolerant species but not correlated in shade tolerant species,vein traits were negatively correlated with soil nitrogen gradient in shade tolerant species but not correlated in shade intolerant species.Our study provides evidence for distinct correlations between leaf economics and vein traits and local abiotic factors of species differing in light demands.We recommend that the ecological significance of shade tolerance be considered for species when evaluating ecosystem functions and predicting plant responses to environmental changes.

Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of essential oils and extracts of sweet basil(Ocimum basilicum L.)plants

The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils and ethanol extracts of Ocimum basilicum L.obtained from Assiut,Minia and BeniSuef of Egypt.The major constituents of sweet basil essential oils from three locations were linalool,estragole,methyl cinnamate,bicyclosesquiphellandrene,eucalyptol,-bergamotene,eugenol,-cadinene and germacrene D by the method of GC–MS.The relative concentration of these compounds varies.The basil extracts contained appreciable levels of total phenolic contents and exhibited good DPPH radical scavenging capacity higher than that of essential oils.The highest TPC(82.45 mg PE/g)and maximum radical scavenging activity with IC50 value(1.29 mg/mL)was obtained from Minia basil extract.High correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of basil extracts was observed.High variation in free radical scavenging activity of essential oils was found.The essential oil from Minia basil showed high activity in DPPH radical scavenging with IC50(11.23 mg/mL)and contained the highest content of phenolic(41.3 mg PE/g).On contrary,low correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of basil essential oils from different locations.The results of the present investigation demonstrated significant variations in the antioxidant activities of sweet basil essential oils and extracts from Egypt.

Ionospheric total electron content disturbance associated with May 12, 2008,Wenchuan earthquake

Possible ionospheric disturbances relating to the May 12, 2008, MsS.0 Wenchuan earthquake were identified by Global Positioning System （GPS）-derived total electron content （TEC）, ion- osonde observations, the global ionospheric map （GIM）, and electron density profiles detected by the Constellation Observation System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate （COSMIC）. We applied a statistical test to detect anomalous TEC signals and found that a unique enhancement in TEC, recorded at 16 GPS stations, appeared on May 9, 2008. The critical fre- quency at F2 peak （foF2）, observed by the Chinese ionosondes, and maximal plasma frequency, derived from COSMIC data, revealed a characteristic similar to GPS TEC variations. The GIM showed that the anomalous variations of May 9 were located southeast of the epicenter. Using GPS data from 13 stations near the epicenter, we analyzed the TEC variations of satellite orbit traces during 04：00-11：00 UT. We found that TEC decreased to the east and increased to the southeast of the epicenter during this period. Results showed that the abnormal disturbance on May 9 was probably an ionosphenc precursor of the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008.

Effect of Rhizobium Inoculation and Supplementation with Phosphorus and Potassium on Growth and Total Leaf Chlorophyll (Chl) Content of Bush Bean <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>, L.

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Rhizobium inoculation and supplementation of phosphorus and potassium on growth and total leaf chlorophyll content to the three released bush bean varieties in northern Tanzania. To achieve this aim, the glasshouse experiment was conducted at Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology while field experiment were carried out at Tanzania Coffee Research Institute, in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania between April-July 2014. The experiment was laid out in factorial arrangement. Factor I comprised of three bush bean varieties. Factor II involved two inoculation treatments viz 1) inoculation with Rhizobium spp. and 2) without inoculation. Factor III included four fertilizer levels (0 Kg·ha-1 20 Kg K ha-1, 30 Kg P ha-1 and 20 kg·K + 30 Kg P ha-1). Both screen house and field experiments were replicated four times. Plant growth parameters (plant height (cm), number leaves per plant, stem girth (mm)) were measured at 2, 4 and 6 weaks after planting (WAP). The chlorophyll was extracted by using Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and absorbance was determined at 645 and 663nm using UV/Visible spectrophotometer. Results showed that Rhizobium application significantly improved the number of leaves per plant, plant height, pant girth and total leaf chlorophyll content. Furthermore, compared with the zero treatment control, potassium fertilization significantly increased the number of leaves per plant, plant height, pant girth and total leaf chlorophyll content of the three varieties. In general, these parameters were significantly increased with phosphorus supplied at 30 kg/ha. The combination of these supplies at different levels resulted in significant interactions in some parameters and thus indicating need for these inputs in the study area.

Capacitance Sensor for Nondestructive Determination of Total Oil Content in Peanut Kernels

In this work, attempts were made to estimate the total oil content (TOC) in single peanut kernels, using the CI meter (Chari’s Impedance meter, described below). Mature peanut kernels of selected varieties with a range of oil contents from 47% to 61% were placed one at a time, between the parallel-plate electrodes of the CI meter, and the impedance (Z) and phase angle (q) of the system were measured, and capacitance, C was computed at 1, 5 and 9 MHz. After the measurements, the TOC of each kernel was determined by Soxhlet method. Using the known TOC values, and the corresponding C, Z and q values, initially on a calibration group of kernels, calibration equations were developed. Using the model coefficients from the calibration, the TOCs of kernel samples of 31 diverse peanut genotypes grown in different environments in Australia were determined. The method predicted the TOC values of peanut kernels of 31 peanut genotypes, within 2% of the Soxhlet values, with an R2 of 0.87 (P 0.001).

Study on Polyphenol Oxidase Activity and Total Phenol Content of Docynia indica

[Objectives] To study the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and total phenol content of Docynia indica .[Methods] The tender branches and petioles of the medicinal and edible plant D. indica were used as experimental materials, and the annual changes of total phenol content and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were analyzed.[Results] pH 7.0 was the optimum value of polyphenol oxidase activity in D. indica plants;the best substrate was catechol with the concentration of 0.15 mol/L;the optimum temperature was 25 ℃.[Conclusions] The total phenol content of D. indica plants was the lowest in April, May and September of each year. The polyphenol oxidase activity of D. indica plants at flowering and fruiting stage was significantly higher than that at pre-flowering stage.