DIRECT SOLUTION BY 2-D AND 3-D FINITE ELEMENT METHOD ON FORWARD PROBLEM OF LOW FREQUENCY CURRENT FIELDS IN INHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA

The paper adopts finite element method to analyze the forward problem of low-frequency current fields in inhomogeneous media. Firstly, the direct solution of 2-D and 3-D scalar potential is given. Secondly, the technique of covering finite elements for problems with movement has been presented; namely, when the place of testing point moved, the meshing data will be produced automatically to avoid re-meshing and distortion of the mesh. Thirdly the free and prescribed potential method is used to make the finite element coefficient matrices. Then this paper provides the result of a validity test obtained by simulating the laterolog-3 logging, compared with the numerical model-matching method. Finally, the MLL response is calculated.

Time-domain Finite Element Method for Transient Electric Field and Transient Charge Density on Dielectric Interface

This paper is devoted to solving the transient electric field and transient charge density on the dielectric interface under the electroquasistatic(EQS)field conditions with high accuracy.The proposed method is suitable for both 2-D and 3-D applications.Firstly,the governing equations represented by scalar electric potential are discretized by the nodal finite element method(FEM)in space and the finite difference method in time.Secondly,the transient constrained electric field equation on the boundary(TCEFEB)is derived to calculate the normal component of the transient electric field intensities on the Dirichlet boundary and dielectric interface as well as the transient charge density on the dielectric interface.Finally,a 2-D numerical example is employed to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.Furthermore,the comparisons of the numerical accuracy of the proposed method in this paper with the existing FEMs for electric field intensity and charge density on the dielectric interface are conducted.The results show that the numerical accuracy of the proposed method for calculating the normal component of transient electric field intensities on the Dirichlet boundary and dielectric interface as well as the transient charge density on the dielectric interface is close to that of nodal electric potential and an order of magnitude higher than those of existing FEMs.

Research on Simulation Methods of Electric Field Intensity on Surface of 10 kV Cable Joint

The electric field intensity (EFI) is important characteristic quantity for evaluating the internal insulation state of cable joints. Based on finite element method, this paper proposes two EFI research methods, field-circuit coupling method and equivalent circuit method. The average EFI of the inner surface of the outer semi-conducting shield can be calculated from the current in the measuring circuit. The relative error between these two methods is about 15%, which roughly proves the consistency of the two methods. Further practical application research enables online monitoring of cable joints.

Numerical-Analytical Method for Magnetic Field Computation in Rotational Electric Machines

A numerical-analytical method is applied for the two-dimensional magnetic field computation in rotational electric machines in this paper. The analytical expressions for air gap magnetic field are derived. The pole pairs in the expressions are taken into account so that the solution region can be reduced within one periodic range. The numerical and analytical magnetic field equations are linked with equal vector magnetic potential boundary conditions. The magnetic field of a brushless permanent magnet machine is computed by the proposed method. The result is compared to that obtained by finite element method so as to validate the correction of the method.

Finite Element Method for Transient Electric Field by Using Indirect Laplace Transform with High Accuracy

This paper focuses on the finite element method in the complex frequency domain(CFD-FEM)for the transient electric field.First,the initial value and boundary value problem of the transient electric field under the electroquasistatic field in the complex frequency domain is given.In addition,the finite element equation and the constrained electric field equation on the boundary are derived.Secondly,the indirect algorithm of the numerical inverse Laplace transform is introduced.Based on it,the calculation procedures of the CFD-FEM are illustrated in detail.Thirdly,the step response,zero-state response under the positive periodic square waveform(PPSW)voltage,and the zero-input response by the CFD-FEM with direct algorithm and indirect algorithm are compared.Finally,the reason for the numerical oscillations of the zero-state response under the PPSW voltage is analyzed,and the method to reduce oscillations is proposed.The results show that the numerical accuracy of the indirect algorithm of the CFD-FEM is more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the direct algorithm when calculating the step response of the transient electric field.The proposed method can significantly reduce the numerical oscillations of the zero-state response under the PPSW voltage.The proposed method is helpful for the calculation of the transient electric field,especially in the case of frequency-dependent parameters.

Effects of harmonic electric field frequency on electromagnetic and flow fields of Ti-Al melt in a rectangular mold based on numerical simulation

A model was established based on Maxwell's equations and Navier-Stokes' equations to numerically simulate the electromagnetic field and flow field in a rectangular mold with sectional aspect ratio of 5:1. The FEM (Finite Element Method) and APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) were employed for the model to execute the modeling, meshing, load applying and solving. The Ti-Al alloy melt was selected to illustrate and validate the effects of the harmonic field frequency on the distribution of the physical fields in the mold. The simulated results demonstrate that with an increasing frequency the electric current forms an ellipsoid cavity where it becomes much weaker, and that the melt flows more intensely with low frequency (less than 5 kHz) than with high frequency (more than 5 kHz). The melt is pinched from the central part in the mold to bipolar parts in which it forms two vortexes in each side. The maximum value of fluid velocity exists near the bipolar zone.

Surface Electrical Field Distribution Simulation and Insulation Characteristics Test of Polluted Insulators

In this paper,the electrical fields along the insulator surface under different scenarios,such as asymmetric pollution on top/bottom surface,and uneven circumferential distribution of surface pollution,have been calculated with finite element method for field simulation.Tests on artificial pollution insulators are conducted to study the 50% withstand voltage U50 of artificial pollution suspension insulators under different NSDD(non-soluble deposit density)and asymmetric pollution on the top/bottom surface,and study the change of leakage current with air humidity under different voltage and different ESDD(equivalent salt deposit density).The result shows that asymmetric top/bottom surface pollution has a greater impact on the insulator electrical field distribution,and the leakage current will jump under low air humidity,if had large ESDD,which has practical meanings to the anti-pollution design of the transmission line under different pollution levels across the country.

Study on Surface Electric Field Simulation of High Voltage Transmission Line Assembly

For the studies in the field of high voltage power transmission, this paper has adopted the method of finite element node potential, and put forward two kinds of high pressure sensor-fixture modeling scheme for the sensor-fixture of the high voltage side, the simulation analysis shows that the sensor-fixture surface should be smooth, and should not appear the conclusion of edges and corners. While through establishing the four clamps assembly optimized model, and simulates the strain gages, fixtures and conductor surface field strength and electric field distribution in the model as a whole in turn, this paper Finally got the optimal size of fixture structure and assembly of each part reasonable location layout.

Capacitance Evaluation on Non-parallel Thick-Plate Capacitors by Means of Finite Element Analysis

In this work we show the influence of the edge-effect on the electric field distribution and, hence, on the inner and outer capacitance in an inclined-plate capacitor system surrounded by an insulating medium taking into account the thickness of the conducting plates for a complete set of dimensions and insulating characteristics. Where available, we compare our results with previously published works. Finally, using statistical tools, we obtain approximate expression for computing the relationship between capacitance and insulation material characteristics, insulation gap, plate dimensions and angle.

ELECTRIC FIELD SENSORS BASED ON MEMS TECHNOLOGY

The design and optimization of two types of novel miniature vibrating Electric Field Sensors (EFSs) based on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology are presented.They have different structures and vibrating modes. The volume is much smaller than other types of charge-induced EFSs such as field-mills. As miniaturizing, the induced signal is reduced enormously and a high sensitive circuit is needed to detect it. Elaborately designed electrodes can increase the amplitude of the output current, making the detecting circuit simplified and improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Computer simulations for different structural parameters of the EFSs and vibrating methods have been carried out by Finite Element Method (FEM). It is proved that the new structures are realizable and the output signals are detectable.

Design Optimization for Generating a High Static Magnetic Field

This paper details the creation of a device capable of generating a powerful and consistent static magnetic field. This apparatus serves the purpose of quantifying the magnetostrictive strain found in materials like annealed cobalt ferrite and Terfenol-D, specifically those shaped as cylindrical rods. In our investigation, the use of static magnetic fields proves most advantageous. This choice is made to mitigate the generation of eddy currents, which would inevitably occur if the magnetic field intensity were varied. The fundamental idea behind this design involves employing a C-shaped iron core constructed from low-carbon mild steel. On this core, three coils are mounted, each capable of producing one-third of the required 9000 Oersted (Oe) magnetic field strength. The test specimen is situated within the “jaws” of the C-shaped core, thus completing the magnetic circuit. To manage the heat generated by each coil, a cooling system consisting of copper tubes is employed. These tubes facilitate the flow of air to dissipate the heat. To model and predict the magnetic field strength produced by the coils, finite element analysis (FEMM) software is utilized, and the results align closely with the anticipated outcomes. This design effectively generates a robust and unchanging magnetic field measuring a stable 9000 Oe in total. Consequently, this equipment finds utility in characterizing the magnetic properties of specific materials.

电力火灾后圆端形不锈钢管混凝土柱轴压性能研究

进行了14根电力火灾后圆端形不锈钢管混凝土短柱的轴压试验,分析截面高宽比、受火时间和含钢率对其火灾后剩余承载力的影响。试验表明:该类短柱的破坏模态均为局部屈曲、焊缝开裂和混凝土被压碎;试件的剩余承载力随着受火时间或高宽比的增加而降低,受火120 min后该类试件的承载力降低了7.8%~13.9%。接着建立了有限元模型,该模型可很好地模拟实测结果。基于有限元模型开展了理论分析,结果表明初始荷载对该类组合柱的剩余承载力影响较小。参数分析表明当混凝土强度从30 MPa增加到90 MPa时,其强度折减系数降低了15.8%;当截面周长从1 228 mm增加到4 913 mm时,其强度折减系数提高了20.5%;当受火时间从0 min增加到180 min时,其强度折减系数降低了8%;但含钢率、高宽比和钢材强度对其强度折减的影响较小。最后给出了电力火灾后圆端形不锈钢管混凝土短柱的剩余承载力的设计方法。

氧化铝陶瓷典型缺陷结构对电场分布的影响研究

在高电压环境下,显微缺陷结构的存在会导致绝缘材料内产生电场畸变,是影响氧化铝陶瓷绝缘强度的重要因素之一。为了研究高电压环境下氧化铝陶瓷典型缺陷结构对材料内电场分布的影响,建立了包含缺陷结构的细观陶瓷结构模型,并采用有限元软件分析了晶粒尺寸、玻璃相以及气孔的存在对电场分布的影响规律。结果表明:晶粒尺寸对电场畸变程度的影响较小,而玻璃相的存在对电场畸变程度的影响较大。玻璃相对电场畸变的影响与晶界方向有关,晶界与电场方向夹角越大,玻璃相处的电场畸变程度越大。与晶粒尺寸和玻璃相的影响相比,气孔缺陷的存在对氧化铝陶瓷内部电场畸变的影响最大,其中,晶粒内气孔导致场强最大值提高了46.8%,而晶界处的气孔导致场强最大值提高一倍以上。气孔尺寸对电场畸变的范围影响较大,而对场强最大值的影响较小。

钢桥高强度螺栓抗延迟断裂研究

为有效管控钢桥高强度螺栓(高栓)延迟断裂的发生,采用现状调研、有限元法和试验研究等方法分析高栓断裂原因,研究高栓用钢抗延迟断裂性能提升措施,并研发了高栓轴力精准监控技术。结果表明:高栓延迟断裂比例极低,但属于关键问题,应尽量避免;高栓断裂位置多在螺栓头与直杆、直杆与丝杆、丝杆与螺母交界处应力集中部位,超拧会显著增加延迟断裂概率,高栓材料强度高使其氢脆敏感性大、应力集中,这是导致高栓氢致延迟断裂的主要原因;建议既有10.9级高栓用钢抗拉强度上限采用1190 MPa,研制的新型高栓用钢SRQS1可有效提升原材料的抗延迟断裂性能;研发的钢桥高栓连接施工智能管控系统及提出的基于超声波测量的在役高栓轴力测试方法,为高栓施工期和运营期轴力的精准监控提供了重要支撑。

零值绝缘子对超高压500 kV绝缘子串电场分布影响研究

作为超高压输电线路的关键部件绝缘子长期运行后其绝缘性能下降,容易产生零值绝缘子,严重时会造成经济损失。因此,利用有限元方法研究不同位置和数量的零值绝缘子对超高压500 kV绝缘子串电场分布的影响。结果表明:存在零值绝缘子以及零值绝缘子的位置和数量均会对绝缘子串的电场分布产生一定的影响,高低压端存在零值绝缘子对绝缘子串电场影响最大。且当监测路径不同时,零值绝缘子对于绝缘子电场分布的影响会存在变化。零值绝缘子数量会对电场值影响程度有所改变。最后试验与理论结果对比显示,理论值与试验值在可接受范围之内存在一定的误差。

含零值绝缘子高压架空输电线路绝缘子串空间电场分布特性

基于有限元电场仿真方法,研究了110kV和220kV不同绝缘子串型出现零值绝缘子时邻近区域空间电场分布特性,对比合成电场和轴向电场分量对零值绝缘子的敏感度。针对单I悬垂串、双II悬垂串和耐张串等串型,分析零值绝缘子对不同串型的影响程度,定量分析零值绝缘子位置和片数对场强分布的影响特性。结果表明:轴向场强分量对零值绝缘子更为敏感,作为零值绝缘子检测的特征量更为合适;高压侧存在零值绝缘子对电场分布影响最大;对于悬垂双II串应分别测量两侧的场强,以判断零值绝缘子出现位置;连续2片、3片零值时场强下降幅度分别为单片零值的2倍和2.3倍等。

不同位置的金属微粒对GIS隔离开关电场的影响分析

隔离开关作为GIS的重要组成部件,如果有金属微粒等异物存在,将对隔离开关的绝缘性能产生影响。因此,计算GIS隔离开关带金属微粒时的电场分布至关重要。文中采用三维有限元分析计算方法对隔离开关无金属微粒和不同位置带金属微粒两种工况进行了电场强度计算。对比计算结果可知,屏蔽罩表面附着金属微粒所产生的电场畸变最为严重,绝缘拉杆表面和SF6气体中的金属微粒也会大大增加场强值,导致隔离开关极易放电。基于电场分析所得的计算结果,文中对隔离开关的生产和安装提出了合理的建议。

降雨作用下三维矿山边坡的力学状态响应

矿山边坡稳定性是影响矿山开采的重大安全生产难题,安全的环境是进行矿山开采的重要前提,因此,开展矿山边坡稳定性分析,对矿山的安全生产具有重要的指导意义。以重庆皇华石灰岩矿山边坡为例进行数值建模分析,首先利用无人机倾斜摄影得到矿山边坡几何形状并识别出岩体结构面,基于摄影识别结果建立三维地质模型,然后采用有限元强度折减法对边坡进行数值计算,对比分析天然工况及暴雨工况下矿山边坡稳定性,揭示降雨作用对于边坡稳定性的影响规律。结果表明,暴雨工况下边坡变形和应变比天然工况下的更大,安全系数更小;暴雨工况下的变形和应变分别比天然工况高30%、40%~60%,安全系数减小了5%~7%,数值模拟结果基本合理;该矿山边坡稳定性较高,整体滑移破坏的可能性较低,但需防范局部块体掉落的风险,还需要进一步研究是否需要进行局部边坡加固。研究结果验证了现场调查、室内试验、三维模型判定、二维剖面重点分析的综合研究方法对岩质边坡稳定性进行评价的适用性与可靠性。

基于MLP-Bagging的PCB电热耦合建模方法

随着三维集成电路性能的提高和复杂程度的增加,印制电路板(PCB)的散热问题日益突出。研究了PCB在电热多物理场相互作用下各部件的发热情况,提出了基于混合激活函数的多层感知机(MLP)-Bagging多物理参数算法。通过使用ReLU和Sigmoid两个激活函数进行学习和训练,建立了精度更高的MLP模型。之后,结合Bagging算法构建多个并行的MLP模型。所提出的神经网络多物理模型可以快速准确地预测PCB的电热响应。实验结果表明,此方法与有限元法相比,可以节省约97%的计算内存和99%的计算时间,与传统神经网络如随机森林(RF)、长短时记忆(LSTM)网络、MLP相比,该方法表现优良且泛化能力较好,为提高PCB设计效率提供了一种可行方法,为PCB热分析提供了更高效的解决方法。

500 kV SF6断路器复合绝缘套管绝缘介质液化电场研究

为研究复合绝缘子套管中的SF6气体发生液化对套管内部电场分布的影响,采用电流场有限元法对内部电场进行了求解分析。基于某项目中复合套管参数建立了3D实体模型,假设在重要部位出现液滴进行工频瞬态电场计算,得出整体电场强度分布规律和液滴周围电场强度分布规律。研究发现,轴对称方法不再适用于SF6液化情况的分析。结果表明,液滴会导致附近电场强度增大,且液滴介电常数越大电场强度越高,电场强度随液滴参数变化最大可能变为原场强的3倍,当液态SF6的介电常数高且SF6填充压力低,产生过电压时可能会形成击穿。另外,在地电位屏蔽上发生液化并引起放电的可能性最高,需要额外的加热措施或更换填充气体为SF6-N2气体。