China's Total Emission Control Policy:a Critical Review

As part of a comprehensive environmental management system, many countries establish emission control targets for mass emissions of a pollutant. Such targets are often the key objective of an environmental policy, such as an emission trading program. In China, however, it is more than just an objective of one particular policy; it has become a concept that has influenced many national environmental policies and activities. The objective of this article is to review the implementation of the total emission control policy in the past 10 years and explore emerging issues in its implementation. The article has three sections: a summary of the implementation experience, issues with the design and implementation of the policy, and policy recommendations.

Estimation of Total Emission of VOCs Discharged by Afforesting Vegetation and Its Impacts on Ozone Concentration in Nanjing

Based on Guenther light-temperature model , annual emission of VOCs discharged by plants in Nanjing was estimated, and the impacts of VOCs discharged by afforesting vegetation in the city on ozone concentration was analyzed. The results show that annual emission of VOCs dis- charged by plants in Nanjing is about 0.004 9 Tg C. The annual emmisions of isoprene, monoterpene and other VOCs account for 18.0%, 25.9% and 56.1% of total emission of VOCs respectively. VOCs discharged by afforesting vegetation in Nanjing has the greatest impact on average con- centration of ozone in winter.

Study on the Environmental Quality Guarantee Ratio on the Basis of Total Air Pollutant Emission Amount Control

The hourly and daily air quality concentration in the total air pollutant emission amount control zone is not sure to be continuously up to national ambient air quality standard, even though the total annual air pollutant emission is permitted under the total air pollutant emission amount control (TAPEAC) on the basis of A-value method. So the concept of the environmental quality guarantee ratio (EQGR) for TAPEAC is advanced in this paper and its quantitative formula is figured out for both hourly and daily EQGR. It is concluded that the EQGR is related with the yearly arrangement of A-value besides the pollutant type. According to the meteorological data in a lower area along Yangtze River in 2000, the yearly A-value trend is analyzed. Based on the data, the hourly EQGR of SO 2 and NO 2 is respectively 97.4% and 90.2%, and daily EQGR respectively 90.2% and 79.5%.

How Do Power Enterprises Deal with Total Quantity Control

This paper describes the relation and difference of "emission up to standards" and "total quantity control" ofmain atmospheric pollutants, as well as their legal status. It points out that the total quantity control is a good approachto solve a problem that environmental quality do not yet reach the requirements in an area where emission concentrationhas came up to standards, or to solve a problem that the interregional transportation of pollutants (e. g. acid rain) arises.And further, it put forward five proposals for the total quantity control.[

Atmospheric Environmental Capacity of S_2 in Winter over Lanzhou in China:A Case Study

The total emission control method based on atmospheric environmental capacity is the most effective in air pollution mitigation. The atmospheric environmental capacities of SO2 on representative days over Lanzhou are estimated using the numerical models RAMS, HYPACT and a linear programming model, according to the national ambient air quality standard of China （NAAQSCHN）. The results show that the fields of meteorological elements and SO2 simulated by the models agree reasonably well with observations. The atmospheric environmental capacity of SO2 over Lanzhou is around 111.7 × 10^3 kg d^-1, and in order to meet the air quality level Ⅱ of the NAAQSCHN, SO2 emissions need to be reduced by 20%.

Game theory approach to optimal capital cost allocation in pollution control

This paper tries to integrate game theory, a very useful tool to resolve conflict phenomena, with optimal capital cost allocation issue in total emission control. First the necessity of allocating optimal capital costs fairly and reasonably among polluters in total emission control was analyzed. Then the possibility of applying game theory to the issue of the optimal capital cost allocation was expounded. Next the cooperative N person game model of the optimal capital cost allocation and its solution ways including method based on Shapley value, least core method, weak least core methods, proportional least core method, CGA method, MCRS method and so on were delineated. Finally through application of these methods it was concluded that to apply game theory in the optimal capital cost allocation issue is helpful to implement the total emission control planning schemes successfully, to control pollution effectively, and to ensure sustainable development.

Transaction Costs in Global Ecology Policy-Making

Global environmental meeting, legislating a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases for planet earth, is what mankind now hopes for, having realized the enormous dangers in the process of climate change. Global warming is no longer denied by the so-called cornucopians （e.g. Lomberg）, but global policy-making originating in reunions of 190 governments or more stumble on collective action difficulties, spelled out in game theory. Paris will not succeed where Copenhagen failed, namely to arrive at a binding and enforceable global environment policy that will be implemented before it is too late. Instead, there will be massive transaction costs from negotiating and re-negotiating, endless voting, the making of promises exante and reneging ex post, as well as the futile attempts at any enforcement action, given state sovereignty. Mankind will have to learn how to cope with the outcomes of global warming, as resilience is the only hope.

Preparation,Microstructure and Properties of NiO-Cr_2O_3-TiO_2 Infrared Radiation Coating

The spherical agglomerated particles were fabricated by spray drying with the powders of NiO, Cr2O3 and TiO2. Plasma spray power, which has good property of flowability, was acquired by heat treatment from the particles at 1200℃ in the reducing atmosphere. Dark and uniform coating of More than 50 μm thick was deposited on the copper sheet substrate by plasma spraying. It is found that the infrared normal total emissivity of the coating is up to 0.91 at 600℃ by infrared radiation testing. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the formation of （Cr0.88Ti0.12）2O3 and spinel structural NiCr2O4 in the coating is the main reason for high efficient infrared radiation, and the phase structure and performance of coating is favorable under the thermal cycle between room temperature and 600℃.

Study of Thermal Radiation Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon Protective Coatings for Monocrystalline Silicon Furnace

The thermal radiation properties of pyrolytic carbon(PyC)protective coatings for monocrystalline silicon furnace prepared by different processes were tested.The changes of normal emissivity of carbon materials caused by PyC protective coatings were discussed,and the influence of phase structure and surface appearance on the thermal radiation properties was investigated.The results show that the thermal radiation properties of PyC protective coatings with the wave band of 5-25μm are better than C/C substrate,further,normal spectral emissivity of CVD PyC coating remains basically at 0.85-0.90,and the normal total emissivity can reach0.89,which shows high thermal radiation performance.For resin PyC coating and CVD PyC coating,the degree of graphitization are 44.53%and 16.28%respectively,and the R value of Raman spectrum are 0.964and 1.384 respectively.Relatively disorder graphite structure of the latter causes various vibration modes,and the spectral emissivity is better,so the thermal radiation property of CVD PyC coating is excellent.A lot of spherical particles exists on the surface of the CVD PyC coating,and the more interface and spacing of particles reduce the number of particles per unit volume.Therefore,the scattering of thermal radiation is strongly strengthened,and the spectral emissivity is higher.

Kallikrein-related peptidases 6 and 10 are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and associated with CSF-TAU and FDG-PET

Background:Alterations in the expression of human kallikrein-related peptidases(KLKs)have been described in patients with Alzheimer’s disease(AD).We elucidated the suitability of KLK6,KLK8 and KLK10 to distinguish AD from NC and explored associations with established AD biomarkers.Methods:KLK levels in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF),as determined by ELISA,were compared between 32 AD patients stratified to A/T/(N)system with evidence for amyloid pathology and of 23 normal controls with normal AD biomarkers.Associations between KLK levels and clinical severity,CSF and positron emission tomography(PET)based AD biomarkers were tested for.Results:Levels of KLK6 and KLK10 were significantly increased in AD.KLK6 differed significantly between AD A+/T+/N+and AD A+/T−/N+or NC with an AUC of 0.922.CSF pTau and tTau levels were significantly associated with KLK6 in AD.Conclusions:KLK6 deserves further investigations as a potential biomarker of Tau pathology in AD.