Laboratory Design Criteria for Monitoring Biostimulated Bioremediation of a Crude Oil Contaminated Soil in Niger Delta Using Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

The remediation of crude oil-impacted soil has always been a challenge in different soil environments and climatic conditions. Bioremediation technology has offered a breakthrough in restoring crude oil-impacted soil/sediment in muddy, dry soil and wetlands. Though, there have been varied environmental conditions that have hampered the success of the bioremediation process. This study has evaluated the effectiveness of a biostimulated bioremediation of crude oil-impacted soil using some design criteria—nutrient amendment (NPK fertilizer) and moisture content. Soil sample sets—A, B, C, D, E, F, and G were impacted with crude oil at a ratio of 10 g/kg and amended with varying amounts of nutrient 30, 60, and 80 g of N.P.K fertilizer. The medium for the inoculation of the nutrient was water and the volume of water applied varied from 30% to 80% saturation. The soil sample sets were harvested at an interval of 3 months for 180 days to determine the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon left in the soil. The analysis of the total petroleum hydrocarbon was achieved using a GC-FID with a capillary column and autosampler. Soil samples were extracted with mixed solvent dichloromethane and acetone at a 1:1 ratio. The total petroleum hydrocarbon results show that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soil sample sets with low moisture content (30% water saturation) and moderate nutrient amendment. The biodegradation of the sample sets with high water saturation and a high nutrient amendment was slow with a higher amount of total hydrocarbon content at the end of the 180 days. The variability in the hydrocarbon degradation pattern of contaminated soil shows that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soils with low moisture content than in soil environments with high water content (saturation). More so, nutrient overdosing of the substrate hampered the effectiveness of the remediation process.

The Impact Of Oil Spill To The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon(Tph)Concentration In Fishes At North Coastal Of Karawang Regency,West Java Province

The coastal area is one of the areas that is quite vulnerable to the threat of pollution caused by human activities,including pollution caused by oil spills(hydrocarbons)in the sea.The incident can be caused by several factors including the explosion,leakage of petroleum pipelines on the seabed,leakage of tanks or petroleum tankers at sea and disposal of waste petroleum products into the environment.Oil spills continuously can cause environmental contamination and pollution both aquatic and terrestrial.If the petroleum hydrocarbons enter sea waters,some of them will be absorbed by aquatic organisms because the nature of the petroleum hydrocarbons is difficult to decompose in waters.The intentional and unintentional entry of hazardous and toxic substances into marine ecosystems such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chemical solvents resulting from industrial wastes has become a serious problem for human health and the environment.The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon(TPH)contained in fish in coastal waters of Karawang Regency,West Java Province.This research was conducted in September-November 2019 by taking several fish samples at Ciparage Jaya Fish Auction Place,Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu Rive with a total sample of 24 fish,and taking seawater samples in the three study sites.TPH analysis was carried out at the Integrated Chemistry Laboratory,Bogor Agricultural University.TPH values in fish at Ciparage-1,Ciparage-2,Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu stations,in general,have different mean values but are almost uniform,each at 6.82;6.82;7.45 and 5.12 mg/kg.Based on the average TPH concentration in fish,it can be said that the average TPH in fish at Betok Mati station is relatively higher compared to other stations.TPH values in all fish samples exceed the safe threshold,which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/kg.Based on the results of the Bioaccumulation factor(BAF)analysis showed that the average TPH in fish was 6.55 mg/kg and the average TPH in the waters was 11.23 mg/l,so the BAF value was 58.35 which means that the absorption rate of TPH by fish organisms against the concentration of TPH in the waters of 58.35%.The analysis shows that the value of Ecological Hazard Assessment(EHA)is 3743.33 which means that the level of influence of the hazard on ecosystems and organisms is 3743.33.This value exceeds the recommended threshold according to the European Union,which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/l.

Evaluation of Total Hydrocarbons Levels and Traces Metals in Water and Sediment from Main Outfall Drain in Al-Nassiriya City/Southern Iraq

This study was conducted during Dec2011-Nov2012 on three stations located in the south sector of Main Outfall Drain (MOD) River. Station 1 was near Al-Holandee Bridge which was the general carriage way in the center of Al-Nassiriya city, station 2 was 20 km far from the first station, while station 3 was in the beginning of the new branch. This study reveals the Seasonal Variation of Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in both surface waters, sediment and it is related with trace metals nickel and vanadium in water (dissolved, particulate) and sediment (residual and exchangeable) phases. Also, the study shows the relationships between the concentration of Ni and V with Total Organic Carbon (TOC%) in the sediment.

Orderly coexistence and accumulation models of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons in Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation,Mahu sag,Junggar Basin

By using the latest geological,seismic,drilling and logging data,this article studies the basic conditions for the formation of the total petroleum system and the orderly coexisting characteristics and accumulation models of conventional&unconventional reservoirs in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Junggar Basin.Controlled by thermal evolution,hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process of the high-quality source rocks in alkaline lake as well as the characteristics of multi-type reservoirs(conglomerate,sandstone,dolomite and shale),conventional structure-lithologic reservoirs and tight oil and shale oil reservoirs controlled by source-reservoir structure have been formed.On the plane,mature conventional reservoirs,medium-high mature tight oil,and medium-high mature shale oil reservoirs coexist orderly from the slope area around Mahu sag to the sag.Based on the orderly coexisting characteristics of conventional and unconventional reservoirs in the Fengcheng Formation,it is clear that oil and gas in the Fengcheng Formation accumulate continuously over a large area in three accumulation models:integrated source-reservoir,source-reservoir in close contact,and separated source-reservoir model.The three accumulation models differ in relationship between source-reservoir structure,reservoir lithology and spatial distribution,hydrocarbon migration,oil and gas type.It is pointed out that the conventional&unconventional oil and gas should be explored and developed as a whole to achieve an overall breakthrough of the total petroleum system.This study is expected to enrich the geological theory of oil and gas enrichment in continental basins and to provide an analogy for exploration and research in other hydrocarbon-rich sags.

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Transport through Saturated-unsaturated Media: A Numerical Model and Practice

The mathematical model of migration of total petroleum hydrocarbons in unsaturated media was described,including convection,molecular diffusion,mechanical dispersion and adsorption,and chemical reactions.By finite element method,a numerical model of evaluating petroleum hydrocarbon migration through contaminated soils was created and applied to the environmental investigations of a relocated mechanical factory in Shanghai.The model consisted of three compacted soil layers:plain fill,sandy silt and silty clay.The results showed that pollutants in the sandy silt traveled faster than that in the plain fill and silty clay.The same decreasing trend of migration velocity was observed in all of the three soil layers.After 180 d,the concentrations of pollutants in the sandy silt can be as low as 40% of the original maximum,while its counterpart in the silty clay is 64%.

Reclamation of Smaller Volumes of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using an Innovative Reactor System: A Case Study Evaluation of the Design

Petroleum products contamination is a world-wide problem that threatens polluting groundwater and surface water systems. However, the problem is not only large-scale in scope when viewed from a case-by-case basis. Many fueling, construction, agricultural, and industrial activities result in the problem of managing smaller quantities of these soils from an ecological safety perspective. Landfilling has been the disposal method of choice in the US;however, this option is becoming economically prohibitive and it does not really offer a true degradation fate for the pollutants. This study focused on the proving of an innovative biocell design that afforded a high level of petroleum degradation within a simple and cost effective design. Additionally, the design offered a remediation solution for sites not easily accessed. Soil contaminated with both diesel fuel and gasoline collected from a former filling station was used in this on-site remediation case study. Rapid biodegradation of the petroleum products were observed at the initiation of the study with rates leveling off as the study progressed with the final total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration being 10 mg/kg at Day 90. Oxygen uptake rates were monitored and found to nicely track both microbial activity and pollutant removal dynamics. The biocell design met all expectations by being effective, yet simple to build and operate.

Assessing Earthworm Influence on Remediating Potentials of Soil Micro-Organisms, and Bioavailable Hydrocarbon Pollutant in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, oil explorations and exploitations abound, causing environmental pollution with serious consequences on soil ecosystem and its biodiversity. In spite of the relationship between microbes and fauna in soil ecosystem, such that both organisms can metabolize certain range of petroleum hydrocarbon substrates with the fauna influencing the remediation potentials of bacteria, yet soil fauna is still not fully considered in bioremediation. The influence of earthworm;Lumbricus terrestris on the remediating potentials of soil bacteria in petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils was investigated. Eighteen pots were filled with 700 g of soil each, with nine treated with mixture of 3 levels crude oil and remediated with earthworm, while the other nine had no earthworm. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), soil physical, nutrient compositions, and TPH degrading bacteria biodiversity were determined before contamination or commencement of study and thirty days after. The results showed a decrease in TPH concentration of 55.58%, 62.57% and 67.07% in 1 ml, 2 ml and 3 ml crude oil contaminated soil, respectively. Species richness and abundance of bacteria organisms increased with high relative abundance in soils remediated with earthworms, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria increased from less than 0.1 cfu/g to 0.4 cfu/g, and total heterotrophic bacteria 1.6 cfu/g at the end of the study. Earthworms increased rate of remediation potentials of bacteria, such that within 30 days post remediation treatment, 34.14% of reduced concentration was achieved over soil samples without earthworms at 3 ml, and 25.14% at 2 ml concentration. Reduction in pH levels in remediated soils was between 6.39 to 6.17 and 6.74 to 6.72 in unremediated soils, while moisture content was 6.73% to 6.77% unremediated and 5.85% to 6.62% in earthworm remediated soils. Total organic carbon, nitrates in soils inoculated with earthworms were lower in concentration than those without earthworms. Reverse was the case with potassium, phosphate and phosphorous concentrations which were above those without earthworms. Results indicate statistically, significant difference between reduction in TPH in earthworm remediated soils and unremediated soils, pointing out that earthworm is a good candidate for facilitation of bacteria remediation-petroleum hydrocarbon contamination.

土壤中总石油烃污染(TPH)的微生物降解与修复研究进展

微生物降解和修复是处理土壤中总石油烃(TPH)污染最简单、有效的方法之一.论文阐述了土壤TPH污染的产生、危害以及物理、化学、生物等修复方法的各自特点,其中重点介绍了微生物修复方法,论述了土壤中TPH在微生物表面的吸附、转运,在微生物体内的降解以及相关降解酶及基因;详细介绍了电子受体、温度、pH、营养元素等外界因素对微生物修复TPH污染的影响,在此基础上对土壤TPH污染的微生物修复现状和发展趋势进行了讨论.

石油污染滩涂沉积物中TPH和PAHs分布及健康风险评估

研究某石油污染滩涂区域沉积物中TPH（Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons）和PAHs（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons）分布特征，并采用USEPA人体暴露风险评价方法进行人体健康风险评估。结果表明，污染区域沉积物中TPH浓度分布范围为1964～46327．2mg／kg，PAHs浓度分布范围为0．15～11．06mg／kg，TPH浓度垂直分布呈现出表层〉中层〉深层。污染物质的区域分布存在较大空间异质性。总体而言，沉积物中TPH浓度与PAHs浓度分布规律一致，两者存在着正相关关系。健康风险评估结果显示，就捕鱼渔民而言。污染区域7个采样点位沉积物中TPH非致癌风险超过可接受水平，其危害商在1．06～7．64之间，就拾蟹人员而言，污染区域10个采样点位非致癌风险超过可接受水平，其危害商在1．02～11．20之间，建议采取相关修复措施进行修复。

柴达木盆地柴西坳陷古近系-新近系石油地质特征与油气环带状分布模式

柴达木盆地柴西坳陷古近系-新近系石油资源丰富,常规石油与页岩油分别占全盆地常规石油资源的82.4%和非常规页岩油资源的100%。通过研究沉积储层与石油地质特征,剖析柴西坳陷古近系-新近系沉积相和油气成藏特征,提出了油气环带状分布模式。研究认为:①柴西坳陷古近系-新近系沉积相带呈“环带状”分布。外环带为三角洲与滩坝相,以碎屑岩沉积为主,碳酸盐岩沉积较少,发育砾岩、含砾粗砂岩和中-粗砂岩储层。中环带以滨浅湖灰云坪、灰泥坪相沉积为主,发育细砂岩、粉砂岩、灰云岩及藻灰岩,藻灰岩是中环带最具特色且孔隙度最高的岩相类型。内环带以半深湖-深湖相细粒混积岩沉积为主,发育深灰、暗灰色细粒沉积岩,是古近系-新近系最主要的烃源岩发育区。②不同沉积相环带内油藏类型不同。外环带距离生烃灶较远,油气经断层输导在砾岩、粗砂岩等碎屑岩中聚集,形成构造油气藏。中环带紧邻主力生烃灶,油气经断层输导在藻灰岩等碳酸盐岩储层中储集,形成构造-岩性油气藏。内环带油气短距离运移或原位滞留在细粒混积岩中源-储一体,形成页岩油。柴西坳陷从源外到源内,构造-岩性油气藏与页岩油纵向上相互叠置,平面上构造油气藏、构造-岩性油气藏与页岩油呈环带状分布。

活化过硫酸盐氧化处理某深基坑土壤高浓度石油烃污染

石油烃是土壤修复场地中重点关注的有机污染物,存在高毒性和持久性。本文以上海普陀区实际土壤修复项目中的深层、高浓度石油烃污染土的氧化修复为案例,讨论了深基坑开挖的风险、应对技术,并通过小试探究了以过硫酸钠、生石灰为代表的高级氧化体系对石油烃的修复效果,小试及中试试验证明,在1%过硫酸钠及1%生石灰的投加量条件下,石油烃污染物的去除率可达到76%。本研究明确了实际大体量石油烃土壤修复过程中的氧化剂及激活剂的有效投加量,补充现有的工程应用数据,为后续相关修复项目提供参考。

水热碳化联合化学清洗技术处理油泥砂中总石油烃(C10-C40)

油泥砂是在油气勘探开发过程中使用油基钻井泥浆产生的含油岩屑,具有处理难度大、环境风险高的特点,对生态环境和人体健康构成潜在威胁,亟需探索出一种油泥砂资源化的处理方法。文章以天津大港油田油泥砂为样品,通过水热碳化联合化学清洗技术的方法,探索出了一种油泥砂资源化处理的新配方。在实验装置设定为最高温度250℃、压力3~4 MPa,恒温2~3 h时,探究出实验的最佳固液比[油泥砂(g)/清洗液体积(L)]=50∶3,第一脱油催化剂X+第一破乳催化剂Y+复配剂Z(第二脱油催化剂A+第二破乳催化剂B+碱性清洗剂C)=16.7 g·L^(-1)+16.7 mL·L^(-1)+2 g·L^(-1),此新配方作为中试实验结果,可将油泥砂含油率由6.31%左右降低至0.30%以下,总石油烃含量符合GB4284-2018《农用污泥污染物控制标准》,油泥砂固体由危险废物转化为一般固体废物,为实际工程场地中油田油泥砂的大规模处理提供了参考。

某棉机厂地块土壤中总石油烃的污染特征及风险评估

在某棉机厂地块内共布置了86个土壤采样孔,对0~6m土壤进行分层采样,共送检488个土壤样品,分析土壤中总石油烃(C10-C40)的污染浓度及分层变化。结果表明:该地块土壤中总石油烃(C10-C40)污染风险不可接受,需要开展土壤修复工作。

上海市某场地土壤及地下水污染修复案例分析

经场地调查和人体健康评估表明,上海市某工业地块土壤受到砷,地下水受到砷、苯并(a)芘和石油烃污染,污染物浓度超过了人体健康风险可接受水平,需要进行修复。土壤修复技术采用原地异位固化或稳定化技术;地下水砷修复采用抽提,化学氧化;苯并(a)芘、总石油烃污染采用多相抽提联合氧化技术。对整个修复过程进行阶段性验收、现场采样监测,监测结果符合评价标准,修复工程效果评估合格。

Degradation Characteristics and Community Structure of a Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacterial Consortium

A hydrocarbon degrading bacterial consortium KO5-2 was isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Karamay in Xinjiang, China, which could remove 56.9% of 10 g/L total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH) at 30 ℃ after 7 days of incubation, and could also remove 100% of fluorene, 98.93% of phenanthrene and 65.73% of pyrene within 3, 7 and 9 days, respectively. Twelve strains from six different genera were isolated from KO5-2 and only eight ones were able to utilize the TPH. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) was used to investigate the microbial community shifts in five different carbon sources(including TPH, saturated hydrocarbons, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene). The test results indicated that the community compositions of KO5-2 in carbon sources of TPH and saturated hydrocarbons, respectively, were roughly the same, while they were distinctive in the three different carbon sources of PAHs. Rhodococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. could survive in the five kinds of carbon sources. Bacillus sp., Sphingomonas sp. and Ochrobactrum sp. likely played key roles in the degradation of saturated hydrocarbons, PAHs and phenanthrene, respectively. This study showed that specific bacterial phylotypes were associated with different contaminants and complex interactions between bacterial species, and the medium conditions influenced the biodegradation capacity of the microbial communities involved in bioremediation processes.

松辽盆地北部中浅层全油气系统特征与油气成藏聚集模式

基于松辽盆地油气勘探实践,结合地震、测井、地球化学等勘探开发新资料,对松辽盆地北部中浅层全油气系统基本地质条件、油气类型、油气分布特征、成藏聚集动力、源储关系及成藏聚集模式开展系统研究。研究表明:①松辽盆地北部中浅层具备全油气系统形成条件,油气资源充足、储集层类型多样、输导体系发育,形成以白垩系青山口组烃源岩为中心的全油气系统。②全油气系统内不同类型油气资源在沉积体系、岩性组合及物性变化等方面存在关联作用,并在一定程度上造就了松辽盆地北部中浅层常规油藏-致密油-页岩油有序共生的空间分布特征。③纵向上,源上常规油、源内页岩油/致密油、源下致密油有序共生;平面上,自盆地边缘向凹陷中心有序发育常规油-致密油-夹层型页岩油-页岩型页岩油。④构建松辽盆地北部中浅层全油气系统源上常规油浮力充注成藏、源内页岩油滞留聚集、源下致密油源储压差充注聚集3类成藏聚集模式。提出的松辽盆地北部全油气系统新认识,为松辽盆地油气资源的整体勘探部署提供新思路,将有助于松辽盆地剩余油气资源高效勘探和新层系新领域快速获得油气发现。

Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Petroleum Contaminants in Soils under Tropical Weather Conditions

GC-FID methods for the analysis of Petroleum hydrocarbons were developed and optimised. Contamination of soil from the Niger Delta was investigated about 40 days after crude oil spillage from the Shell Petroleum marginal well head. Soil samples and controls were collected at depths of 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 30 cm and 30 - 60 cm. Samples were analysed using gas chromatography fitted with a flame ionisation detector. Penetration and migration of C10-C26 and C26-C34 hydrocarbons through the soil layers were assessed by cluster analysis to determine the spatial distribution, penetration and similarity of these compounds over the contaminated area. The results also indicated elevated levels of total hydrocarbon contents when compared with the reference sites. Recommendations are made to carefully monitor and remediate the environment.

In-situ remediation of deep petroleum-contaminated soil injection

A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)numerical simulation and field experiment were used to investigate optimal operating parameters of high-pressure jet grouting equipment and clarify the boundary law of the injection area in the remediation process.The response surface optimization design results show that the optimal injection pressure is 30 MPa,rotation speed is 23 r/min,commission speed is 30 cm/min,and the optimal injection diameter is 147.3 cm.Based on the CFD numerical simulation,the ratio of the injection core,turbulent zone,and seepage zone is approximately 1∶4∶2.The distribution law of jet core,turbulence zone and seepage zone at different cross-sections under 30 MPa operating conditions is as follows:The jet core radius is approximately 100 mm,the turbulence zone is mainly distributed at 100 to 500 mm,the seepage zone is mainly distributed at 500 to 700 mm,the seepage zone could be completed within 2 h,and the proportion of the three boundary zones in the injection zone is similar to that of the numerical simulation.This study provides theoretical parameters and practical reference for the remediation of deep pollution via in-situ chemical oxidation in the Loess Plateau soil environment.

Bioprospecting of Hydrocarbonoclastic Representative Bacteria

This study was designed and carried out to characterize hydrocarbonoclastic microbial communities in soil polluted with artisanal refined hydrocarbon at Trans Amadi, Phalga Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Heterotrophic bacteria count ranged from 8.0 × 105 cfu/gm for sample TSAS1, and 2.1 × 106 cfu/gm for sample TSAS2 while TSAS3 was too numerous to count (TNTC). Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria count ranged from 1.1 × 105 cfu/gm for TSAS1, and 5.9 × 104 cfu/gm for TSAS2, while TSAS3 was 5.4 × 104 cfu/gm. Physiochemical parameters of the soil were determined. The ranges obtained were pH 6.6, conductivity 125 μs/cm, temperature 27.3°C, moisture 7.72, total nitrogen 0.056%, phosphate 1.554 ppm, potassium 145.87 ppm, lead 7.02 ppm, cadmium 0.41 ppm, nickel 1.96 ppm, copper 1.14 ppm, total petroleum hydrocarbon 1487.24181 ppm, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 12.85287 ppm. Isolates of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria characterized belonged to the genera Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Lactobacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., and Proteus sp. The findings in this study have revealed the abilities of these groups of bacteria to be employed in bioremediation/biodegradation clean-up practices. Thus the polluted soil may harbour important genera of bacterial species that may have beneficial applications in environmental microbiology for future remediation processes.

土壤微生物群落结构与功能对铬与总石油烃复合污染的响应机制研究

铬与总石油烃的复合污染对土壤微生物生态系统的影响研究鲜有报导。采用HiSeq高通量测序、LEfSe、Tax4Fun、关联网络等方法探究了不同污染程度铬(Cr)与总石油烃(TPH)复合污染土壤中微生物群落结构与功能特征。结果表明,Cr与TPH均会对土壤菌群结构与功能产生较大影响,二者均降低了菌群alpha多样性。重度Cr与中度TPH复合污染土壤中拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门得以富集,而TPH重度污染提升了群落中变形菌门的含量。重度Cr与中度TPH复合污染土壤中微生物群落功能中更多地富集了核酸损伤修复层面的功能网络,而单独的重度TPH污染更多的是改变土壤菌群的碳源能量的代谢方式。通过关联分析发现Parvibaculum和Rhodoferax可作为TPH污染修复候选菌,Lactobacillus和Sulfurifustis可作为铬污染修复候选菌;暂未发现同时修复Cr与TPH复合污染的修复候选菌。本文从微生态角度为筛选生物修复菌种提供了新视角。