葡萄酿酒副产物中酚类化合物种类、含量及抗氧化能力的比较

以玫瑰香、贵人香、梅鹿辄、赤霞珠4种葡萄酿酒副产物中的籽、皮、茎为原料提取酚类,比较酚类化合物的种类、含量及其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)自由基的清除能力。结果表明,玫瑰香葡萄籽的总酚、总黄酮、单宁含量均最高,分别为49.5 mg/g、30.3 mg/g、1.13 mg/g,对DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力均最强,分别为164μmol Trolox/g、294μmol Trolox/g;玫瑰香葡萄茎的白藜芦醇含量最高,为1794μg/g;葡萄不同部位的总酚、总黄酮、单宁含量及对DPPH和ABTS自由基的清除能力顺序均为:葡萄籽>葡萄茎>葡萄皮;白藜芦醇含量顺序为:葡萄茎>葡萄籽>葡萄皮;不同品种葡萄的总酚、总黄酮、单宁、白藜芦醇含量及对DPPH和ABTS自由基的清除能力顺序均为:玫瑰香>贵人香>梅鹿辄>赤霞珠;玫瑰香葡萄籽中的没食子酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、咖啡酸含量均最高,分别为44.43μg/g、73.23μg/g、97.41μg/g、45.12μg/g,玫瑰香葡萄茎中的阿魏酸含量最高,为13.3μg/g。葡萄酿酒副产物中酚类化合物的抗氧化能力与总黄酮含量的相关性最高。

Assessment of Some Secondary Metabolites, Minerals and Alcohol Content of Noni Juice Obtained by Fermentation of Morinda citrifolia L. Fruit from Senegal

The fruit of Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as noni, has an extensive history of use as a food and traditional medicine around the world. Adding value to Morinda citrifolia L. products, particularly the fruit, could be one way of building resilience in vulnerable farming households. The aim of this study was to determine the secondary metabolite and mineral composition of noni juice obtained by fermenting the fruit of Morinda citrifolia L. Fruits were collected in August 2022 from the local field in Thiès region, West of Senegal. Extraction yields were determined and the secondary metabolites were determined using conventional analytical methods. Calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium and potassium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer coupled with a CCD detector. The results show that an average fruit mass (503.2 ± 110.96 g) consists of 171.44 ± 50.01 g pulp and 34.06 ± 10.35 g seeds. The traditional extraction yield of noni juice is 16.46% after three weeks of fermentation. The contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins obtained in noni are 608.97 ± 4.53 mg EAG/100mL, 7.78 ± 0.01 mg EQ/100mL and 0.191 ± 0.01 mg EC/100mL respectively. The ethanol content of noni varies from 3.57 to 5.23 mL/100mL during extraction. Noni has a high calcium content with a concentration of 383.79 ± 33.23 mg/L. This is followed by a good concentration of magnesium, potassium and sodium, at 278.47 ± 26.30, 187.43 ± 10.7 and 155.95 ± 28.66 mg/L respectively. Noni also has an iron content of 202.15 ± 0.05 mg/L.

Phytochemical Screening and Assays of Phenolic Compounds in Senna occidentalis L. Leaf and Seed Extracts

Phytochemical screening and assay of secondary metabolites, crude extracts with distilled water, aqueous methanol, aqueous acetone and aqueous ethanol of leaves and seeds of Senna occidentalis L. were studied in this work. The aim was to verify the distribution of secondary metabolites according to S. occidentalis organs. Four leaf samples from four different localities (South, East, West and Central Senegal) and a mixed sample of seeds were used. Functional molecules such as polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were then assessed in the leaves and seeds using various standard methods. The results show that Senna occidentalis L. leaf and seed samples display an identical and homogeneous profile, regardless of locality. They contain secondary metabolites and the polyphenol content of extracts from southern, eastern, western and central leaves is: 0.620 - 0.539 - 0.811 - 0.573 g GAE/100 g DM;flavonoids: 0.064 - 0.074 - 0.130 - 0.101 g CE/100 g DM and tannins: 0.326 - 0.264 - 0.269 - 0.494 g TAE/100 g DM. The efficacy of S. occidentalis L. infusions in therapy is thus justified by the presence of these metabolites, whose biological properties are well known. It is then possible to explore isolation of active principles of Senna occidentalis L. leaves and even seeds for producing medicines.

Antioxidant potential,tannin and polyphenol contents of seed and pericarp of three Coffea species

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant activity,total phenolic and total tannin content of the pericarp and the seed of Coffea benghalensis(C.benghalensis) and Coffea liberica compared to Coffea arabica(C.arabica).Methods:The antioxidant potential,total tannin and polyphenol contents of the immature and mature seed and pericarp of C.benghalensis and Coffea liberica were quantified and compared to C.arabica.Enhanced chemiluminescence(ECL).2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydruzyl(DPPH).oxygen radical absorbance capacity,Folin-Ciocaltcau method and total tannin content assays were used.Results:Trolox equivalent(TE/g plant material) values obtained by ECL and DPPH methods showed loose correlation(r^2=0.587)while those measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay were higher without correlation in each plant.A closer correlation was detected between the ECL method and the percentage antioxidant activity of the DPPH technique(r^2=0.610 7) in each species,however the immature pericarp of C.benghalensis showed much higher DPPH scavenging potential than was seen in the ECL assay.The immature pericarp of C.benghalensis expressed the highest tannin and polyphenol content,and a high polyphenol level was also detected in the immature seed of C.arabica.The immature pericarp of Bengal and Liberian coffees showed the largest amount of phenolic contents.Conclusions:The obtained data highlight the potential role of C.benghalensis as a new source of natural antioxidants and polyphenols compared to C.arabica.

Biochemical changes in phenols,flavonoids,tannins,vitamin E,β-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of three white sorghum varieties

Objective:To investigate the changes in total phenols,flavonoids,tannins,vitamin E, β-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of three white sorghum varieties.Methods: The changes in total phenols,total ilavonoids,tannins,phenolic acids compounds,flavonoid components,vitamin E,P-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of sorghum grains were determined.Results:Total phenols,total flavonoids,tannins,vitamin E,P-carotene and antioxidant activity in raw sorghum were ranged from 109.21 to 116.70,45.91 to 54.69,1.39 to 21.79 mg/100 g,1.74 to 5.25,0.54 to 1.19 mg/kg and 21.72%to 27.69%and 25.29%to 31.97%,respectively. The above measured compounds were significantly decreased after soaking.p-Hydroxybenzoic acid,vanillic acid,syringic acid and cinnamic acid represent the major phenolic acids in Dorado variety.While ferulic acid,p-coumaric acid,gallic acid and caffeic acid represent the major phenolic acids in Shandaweel-6.On the other hand,protocatechuic acid represents the major phenolic acids in Giza-15.Regarding flavonoids components,Dorado was the highest variety in kampferol and naringenin while Shandaweel-6 was the highest variety in luteolin, apigenin,hypersoid,quercelin and christen.Finally,Giza-15 was the highest variety in catechin. Phenolic acids,flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities were decreased after soaking. Conclusions:Sorghum varieties have moderate quantities from total phenols,total flavonoids, tannins,phenolic acids compounds,flavonoid components,vitamin E,P-carotene and antioxidant activity which decreased after soaking.

厚朴中总鞣质提纯工艺及抗菌活性研究

通过响应面设计优化厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.)中总鞣质的提取工艺,并进一步纯化。结果表明,厚朴中总鞣质的最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶13、提取时间100 min、乙醇浓度80%、超声功率80 W,厚朴总鞣质提取量为0.1810 mg/g,与理论值0.1888 mg/g差距小。利用正交试验考察明胶溶液沉淀法对厚朴总鞣质的最佳纯化工艺为浓缩液比重1.5 mg/mL、明胶溶液浓度4%、明胶溶液添加量8 mL/100 mg,厚朴总鞣质提取量为2.743 mg/g。利用最小抑菌浓度测定法比较总鞣质对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抗菌活性,表明厚朴中总鞣质具有一定的抗菌活性。

金花茶组植物化学成分的定量分析

目的测定金花茶、毛瓣金花茶、凹脉金花茶、四季金花茶、薄叶金花茶不同植物部位中总皂苷、总多酚(鞣质)、总黄酮的含量。方法采用紫外分光光度法。结果其总皂苷、总多酚(鞣质)、总黄酮的含量依次为:①金花茶花蕾醇提物:21.30%、6.56%(0.34%)、21.76%;叶子醇提物:43.24%、3.95%(1.57%)、0.93%;叶子水提物:9.91%、6.69%(1.34%)、5.19%;种子醇提物:13.53%、5.88%(0.83%)、6.85%。②毛瓣金花茶叶子醇提物:43.49%、6.79%(1.65%)、1.54%。③凹脉金花茶叶子醇提物:36.29%、13.19%(5.33%)、1.12%;种子醇提物:20.58%、5.29%(0.14%)、0.33%。④四季金花茶叶子醇提物:35.90%、7.01%(0.47%)、0.78%。⑤薄叶金花茶叶子醇提物:30.08%、7.57%(0.19%),0.82%。结论紫外分光光度法测定以上3种物质简便易行,准确可靠,重复性和回收率都较理想。

山葡萄种内杂交后代浆果色素、单宁和总酸含量的遗传分析

测定了山葡萄种内6个杂交组合888株杂交后代实生苗浆果的总酸、单宁和果皮色素(色价)的含量并对其进行了遗传分析。果实总酸含量主要受双亲遗传因素的影响,趋向高酸亲本;杂种后代果皮色素(色价)群体表现为趋中变异,但也受杂交亲本相互影响;单宁平均含量均都比高单宁亲本高,表现为超亲遗传。

星点设计-效应面法优化胡桃楸茎枝中总鞣质提取工艺

目的利用星点设计-响应面法优化胡桃楸茎枝中总鞣质的超声提取工艺。方法在溶剂种类、溶剂体积分数、料液比、超声提取时间、提取次数单因素考察的基础上,选择对胡桃楸茎枝中总鞣质提取率影响较大的3个因素:溶剂体积分数、料液比和超声提取时间,采用星点设计从而确定胡桃楸茎枝中总鞣质的最佳超声提取工艺。结果通过单因素考察确定提取溶剂为丙酮,提取次数为1次;采用星点设计-响应面法确定胡桃楸茎枝中总鞣质的最佳超声提取工艺为62.6%丙酮,液料比70∶1,提取时间59 min,此条件下胡桃楸茎枝中总鞣质的得率为53.7 mg/g。结论星点设计-响应面方法简便合理,可得到较好的预测结果。

正交设计研究石韦总黄酮和鞣质提取工艺

目的优化石韦总黄酮和鞣质的超声提取工艺。方法以总黄酮和鞣质含量为考察指标,通过正交设计试验筛选石韦总黄酮和鞣质的最佳超声提取工艺。结果总黄酮的最佳提取条件为A1B3C2D2,即φ(乙醇)=60%,m[φ(乙醇)]∶m(石韦)=20∶1,提取时间60 min,共提取2次,测得石韦中总黄酮的平均含量为3.768%;鞣质的最佳提取条件为A1B3C2D1,即φ(乙醇)=10%,m[φ(乙醇)]∶m(石韦)=20∶1,提取时间30 min,提取1次,测得石韦鞣质平均含量为6.266%。结论通过正交设计实验优选得到的石韦总黄酮和鞣质的超声提取工艺条件稳定可行。

油松不同部位多酚与单宁的含量比较研究

油松为我国特有树种,药用历史悠久且分布广泛,其药用部位含有多酚和单宁等生物活性物质。本文采用Folin-Cicalten法和柠檬酸铁铵法对油松不同部位多酚与单宁含量进行了测定。实验结果表明,油松根、茎和叶多酚含量依次为89.24±12.06、68.18±11.20、104.30±12.51 mg.g-1;单宁含量依次为25.38±5.85、20.92±3.55、39.02±5.68 mg.g-1。油松多酚与单宁在油松各部位有相同的分布趋势,均为叶中最高,根次之,茎中最低。与其他中草药植物多酚含量相比,油松多酚含量较高,具有较大的开发前景和应用价值。

藏药余甘子中总鞣质和没食子酸的含量测定

目的建立测定余甘子中总鞣质和没食子酸的含量的方法。方法以没食子酸为对照品,分别用紫外分光光度法及高效液相色谱法测定余甘子中总鞣质和没食子酸含量。结果余甘子中总鞣质含量为11.44%,余甘子中没食子酸含量为3.35%。结论该方法操作简便准确,重复性好。

不同菌种对油橄榄叶发酵饲料的影响

以黑曲霉、白地霉、米曲霉、绿色木霉、产朊假丝酵母和热带假丝酵母为固态发酵菌种,考察单菌及混合菌种对油橄榄叶发酵饲料中纤维素酶活(β-葡萄糖苷酶活、羧甲基纤维素酶活及滤纸酶活),蛋白质及总单宁含量的影响。结果表明,单菌发酵效率最高的菌种为黑曲霉,发酵3天时纤维素酶活最高,β-葡萄糖苷酶活10.53 U/m L、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)酶活10.61 U/m L、滤纸(FPA)酶活4.02U/m L,发酵5天时蛋白质最高达14.61%,发酵7天总单宁降解率最高达84.14%;混菌发酵效率最高的为黑曲霉与产朊假丝酵母的组合,其最佳比例为1∶1(体积比),发酵时间5天,纤维素酶活最高,β-葡萄糖苷酶活12.45 U/m L、CMC酶活12.59 U/m L及FPA酶活5.51 U/m L,发酵7天时蛋白质最高可达18.63%,总单宁降解率最高为86.49%。

蕲艾总鞣酸对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用

通过Fenton反应产生OH,连苯三酚自氧化产生O2-.模型,研究了蕲艾总鞣酸体外清除自由基作用.结果显示：蕲艾总鞣酸在1.0~10.0 mg/mL范围内对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基均具有清除作用,两者均呈现明显的量效关系,最有效的清除浓度均为8.0 mg/mL,清除自由基能力均高于同等浓度的甘露醇,但低于同等浓度的抗坏血酸.

菝葜中总鞣质的含量测定

目的:建立菝葜中鞣质的含量测定方法。方法:以没食子酸为对照品,采用改进的中国药典方法测定。结果:在0.05～0.25 mg范围内吸光度与鞣质含量呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999,n=5),平均回收率为102.31%,RSD为1.72%,n= 6。结论:本方法简便易行,结果可靠。

东北地区8种老鹳草总鞣质的含量比较

目的:比较东北地区8种老鹳草总鞣质的含量。方法:采用总酚测定法对老鹳草属8种老鹳草的总鞣质进行含量测定。结果:突节老鹳草总鞣质含量为1.57%;鼠掌老鹳草中总鞣质含量为0.71%;块根老鹳草灰背中总鞣质含量为0.273%;老鹳草中总鞣质含量为1.71%;毛蕊老鹳草中总鞣质含量为0.88%;北方老鹳草中总鞣质含量为0.897%;灰背老鹳草中总鞣质含量为0.62%;长白老鹳草中总鞣质含量为2.125%。结论:该实验方法稳定、可靠,操作合理,为系统开发、利用该药用资源打下了坚实的基础。

中药仙鹤复方总鞣质提取分离工艺研究

目的探讨中药仙鹤复方中总鞣质的最佳提取条件,并对复方中的鞣质类别作初步研究。方法采用回流法、渗漉法、冷浸法提取复方中总鞣质,以总鞣质含量和收率为指标,确定最佳提取工艺;通过化学定性鉴别和IR鉴别初步判定复方总鞣质种类。结果在乙醇回流法、渗漉法、甲醇冷浸法中,以甲醇冷浸法提取复方总鞣质效果最佳;通过定性鉴别判定复方总鞣质主要为毒性较低的缩合鞣质。结论本实验结果可靠,方法简便,最佳条件适合批量生产中该复方药材的提取,为中药仙鹤复方开发抗肿瘤药物提供了一定的理论依据。

侧柏叶炮制工艺探讨

对侧柏叶及其不同制法的炮制品进行了挥发油，总黄酮和鞣质的含量测定；比较了侧柏叶炮制前后化学成分变化，为优选侧柏叶炮制工艺及合理应用提供了初步科学依据。

鸡血藤提取物中缩合鞣质的含量测定及其抗肿瘤活性初步研究

对鸡血藤/φ=60%醇提物及不同极性溶剂萃取物中总黄酮和缩合鞣质含量进行测定,并测定它们对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制活性。采用紫外分光光度法测定各样品中总黄酮含量;采用香草醛硫酸法测定各样品中缩合鞣质含量,结果显示,鸡血藤/φ=60%醇提物、乙酸乙酯不溶物、乙酸乙酯萃取物、正丁醇萃取物、水层留余物的总黄酮含量分别为(6.49±1.99)%、(7.36±0.13)%、(9.35±0.22)%、(8.41±0.27)%、(4.48±1.53)%;缩合鞣质含量分别为(51.09±0.37)%、(52.34±4.73)%、(73.22±2.72)%、(83.11±5.87)%、(29.74±2.12)%。采用MTT法测定各样品对乳腺癌MCF-7和结肠癌HT-29细胞增殖的抑制活性,结果不同样品对HT-29和MCF-7细胞增殖表现出不同程度的抑制活性,其中正丁醇萃取物对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制活性最强。

氮硅配施对冬小麦生育后期蚜虫密度及抗虫生化物质含量的影响

试验采用氮(N)和硅(SiO2)两因素2×3完全均衡方案和随机区组设计,氮(N)设180 kg/hm2、270 kg/hm2两个水平,分别配施0 kg/hm2、75 kg/hm2和150 kg/hm2三个水平的硅肥(SiO2),研究氮配施硅肥对冬小麦生育后期麦长管蚜盛发期蚜虫密度及抗虫生化物质含量的影响。结果表明,施氮增加平均麦蚜密度的效应与冬小麦叶部、穗部平均可溶性糖、平均总酚,叶部平均单宁含量的降低和叶部、穗部平均可溶性蛋白含量的增加有着密切关系;施硅降低冬小麦平均蚜虫密度的效应与施硅增加冬小麦叶部和穗部平均可溶性糖、平均总酚、平均单宁含量有关系密切。高硅削弱施氮增加小麦蚜虫密度的效应与高硅削弱施氮降低叶部和穗部可溶性糖含量、叶部单宁含量的效应有密切关系;低氮配施低硅即可显著降低蚜虫密度,其效应与施硅增加了穗部可溶性糖的含量有密切关系;而高氮需配施高硅才可显著降低蚜虫密度,其效应与施硅增加了小麦叶部和穗部可溶性糖、叶部单宁含量有密切关系。