It is hypothesized that betaine supplementation improves production performance in mid-lactation dairy cows.Twenty-one mid-lactation dairy cows were assigned to a 3×3 Latin square design with three periods of 28 ...It is hypothesized that betaine supplementation improves production performance in mid-lactation dairy cows.Twenty-one mid-lactation dairy cows were assigned to a 3×3 Latin square design with three periods of 28 d each and fed three treatments of betaine(0,100,and 200 g/d).Milk samples were collected on day 21 and day 28 of each period.During days 21 to 28,cows were fed with chromic oxide(15 g/d per cow).On days 26 to 28,fecal samples were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestion.Blood samples were obtained on days 26 to 28 of each period for fatty acid(FA)analysis.Data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed in SAS.Apparent total tract dry matter(DM)digestibility tended to be greater for cows supplemented with 100 g betaine as compared to no dietary betaine(61 vs.58±1%;p=0.1).In contrast,DM intake(DMI),milk fat percent,milk yield,energy-corrected milk(ECM)yield,and milk FA composition did not differ among treatments.Supplementation of betaine can decrease the serum saturated FA C11,C12,C15 and C17,total monounsaturated FA,and C18:2 all trans-9,12.In addition,total serum n-3 polyunsaturated FA was significantly increased.This result can decrease total serum n-6 to n-3 ratio(6.80,7.07,and 6.50±0.16%,for 0,100,and 200 g betaine,respectively;p=0.04).Overall,even betaine supplementation did not change DMI or production,betaine could affect the DM digestibility and serum FA biosynthesis.展开更多
Knowledge of the amounts and digestibility of amino acids in pig feedstuffs is essential for calculating the appropriate inclusion level in a complete diet.Wet chemical analysis and in vivo digestibility trials are ti...Knowledge of the amounts and digestibility of amino acids in pig feedstuffs is essential for calculating the appropriate inclusion level in a complete diet.Wet chemical analysis and in vivo digestibility trials are time-consuming and costly and cannot be used for routine assessment.Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)offers a rapid,cost effective and environmentally friendly method for evaluating feedstuffs.Calibrations models were developed using NIRS to predict the content of crude protein and 18 amino acids from a wide range of feedstuffs used in pig production(n=607).The samples ranged from single feed ingredients(containing amino acids from 0.3 to 129.8 g/kg of dry matter)to feed mixtures(containing amino acids from 1.2 to 53.2 g/kg of dry matter).The predictive ability of the calibrations was tested with an independent dataset(n=150)and with cross-validation.Furthermore,we compare these calibrations with calibrations developed on more narrowly defined groups of samples and with predictions from regression analysis of crude protein.The models were able to predict the concentrations of crude protein and 18 amino acids with good levels of precision and high coefficients of determination for calibration(RSQ^(CAL))from 0.91 to 0.99 and validation(RSQ^(VAL))from 0.87 to 0.97.Calibration models were able to predict all amino acids except tryptophan and valine with greater accuracy than those from protein regression.We also developed calibration models to predict the apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of protein and amino acids.With the exception of tryptophan,RSQ values(>0.7)and standard error of cross validation(SECV)values(<5%)were obtained for the digestibility of most of the amino acids.In conclusion,NIRS can be used to predict crude protein and amino acid concentrations from a wide range of single ingredients and feed mixtures used for pig diets without separate models for each feedstuff.The digestibility of protein and amino acids can be predicted with an acceptable accuracy to be useful in formulating pig diets.展开更多
The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the effects of konjac flour residues and ramie on digestible energy(DE), metabolizable energy(ME) and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of nutrients in diets f...The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the effects of konjac flour residues and ramie on digestible energy(DE), metabolizable energy(ME) and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of nutrients in diets fed to growing pigs, 2) the DE and ME contents of konjac flour residues and ramie.Thirty barrows were allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment.The 5 diets include a corn-soybean meal basal diet(CTL), konjac flour residues diets containing 15% konjac flour residues(LK)or 30% konjac flour residues(HK), and ramie diets containing 15% ramie(LR) or 30% ramie(HR).The experiment lasted 19 days, including 7 days for cage adaptation, 7 days for diet adaptation, and 5 days for total feces and urine collection.The energy values and ATTD of nutrients in each diet were determined,and DE and ME contents of konjac flour residues and ramie were calculated.The results showed that consumption of konjac flour residues significantly increased(P < 0.01) the fecal moisture content compared with the ramie treatment.The LK, HK and HR diets had lower(P < 0.01) DE values compared with the CTL diet.The HR diet had greater(P < 0.01) DE value compared with the HK diet.The LK and LR diets showed greater(P < 0.01) ATTD of DM, OM, GE and CP compared with the HK and HR diets.The HK diet had the lowest(P < 0.01) ATTD of ether extract(EE) among the 5 diets.No differences were observed for the ATTD of NDF and ADF among the 5 diets.Moreover, the DE and ME values of konjac flour residues under 2 inclusion levels(15% and 30%) were 11.66, 11.87 MJ/kg and 10.41, 10.03 MJ/kg, respectively.The corresponding values for ramie were 13.27, 13.16 MJ/kg and 13.07, 12.82 MJ/kg, respectively.In conclusion, the differences in fecal moisture content and the ATTD of EE among the 5 diets were mainly due to the different chemical compositions of konjac flour residues and ramie.Compared with konjac flour residues, ramie has greater DE and ME values under the same inclusion level.展开更多
文摘It is hypothesized that betaine supplementation improves production performance in mid-lactation dairy cows.Twenty-one mid-lactation dairy cows were assigned to a 3×3 Latin square design with three periods of 28 d each and fed three treatments of betaine(0,100,and 200 g/d).Milk samples were collected on day 21 and day 28 of each period.During days 21 to 28,cows were fed with chromic oxide(15 g/d per cow).On days 26 to 28,fecal samples were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestion.Blood samples were obtained on days 26 to 28 of each period for fatty acid(FA)analysis.Data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed in SAS.Apparent total tract dry matter(DM)digestibility tended to be greater for cows supplemented with 100 g betaine as compared to no dietary betaine(61 vs.58±1%;p=0.1).In contrast,DM intake(DMI),milk fat percent,milk yield,energy-corrected milk(ECM)yield,and milk FA composition did not differ among treatments.Supplementation of betaine can decrease the serum saturated FA C11,C12,C15 and C17,total monounsaturated FA,and C18:2 all trans-9,12.In addition,total serum n-3 polyunsaturated FA was significantly increased.This result can decrease total serum n-6 to n-3 ratio(6.80,7.07,and 6.50±0.16%,for 0,100,and 200 g betaine,respectively;p=0.04).Overall,even betaine supplementation did not change DMI or production,betaine could affect the DM digestibility and serum FA biosynthesis.
基金the Feed-a-Gene Project and has received funding from the European Union’s H2020 Program under grant agreement no 633531The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection,analysis,and interpretation of data or in writing the manuscrip。
文摘Knowledge of the amounts and digestibility of amino acids in pig feedstuffs is essential for calculating the appropriate inclusion level in a complete diet.Wet chemical analysis and in vivo digestibility trials are time-consuming and costly and cannot be used for routine assessment.Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)offers a rapid,cost effective and environmentally friendly method for evaluating feedstuffs.Calibrations models were developed using NIRS to predict the content of crude protein and 18 amino acids from a wide range of feedstuffs used in pig production(n=607).The samples ranged from single feed ingredients(containing amino acids from 0.3 to 129.8 g/kg of dry matter)to feed mixtures(containing amino acids from 1.2 to 53.2 g/kg of dry matter).The predictive ability of the calibrations was tested with an independent dataset(n=150)and with cross-validation.Furthermore,we compare these calibrations with calibrations developed on more narrowly defined groups of samples and with predictions from regression analysis of crude protein.The models were able to predict the concentrations of crude protein and 18 amino acids with good levels of precision and high coefficients of determination for calibration(RSQ^(CAL))from 0.91 to 0.99 and validation(RSQ^(VAL))from 0.87 to 0.97.Calibration models were able to predict all amino acids except tryptophan and valine with greater accuracy than those from protein regression.We also developed calibration models to predict the apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of protein and amino acids.With the exception of tryptophan,RSQ values(>0.7)and standard error of cross validation(SECV)values(<5%)were obtained for the digestibility of most of the amino acids.In conclusion,NIRS can be used to predict crude protein and amino acid concentrations from a wide range of single ingredients and feed mixtures used for pig diets without separate models for each feedstuff.The digestibility of protein and amino acids can be predicted with an acceptable accuracy to be useful in formulating pig diets.
基金financially supported by the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(2017QC040)the 111 Project(B16044)
文摘The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the effects of konjac flour residues and ramie on digestible energy(DE), metabolizable energy(ME) and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of nutrients in diets fed to growing pigs, 2) the DE and ME contents of konjac flour residues and ramie.Thirty barrows were allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment.The 5 diets include a corn-soybean meal basal diet(CTL), konjac flour residues diets containing 15% konjac flour residues(LK)or 30% konjac flour residues(HK), and ramie diets containing 15% ramie(LR) or 30% ramie(HR).The experiment lasted 19 days, including 7 days for cage adaptation, 7 days for diet adaptation, and 5 days for total feces and urine collection.The energy values and ATTD of nutrients in each diet were determined,and DE and ME contents of konjac flour residues and ramie were calculated.The results showed that consumption of konjac flour residues significantly increased(P < 0.01) the fecal moisture content compared with the ramie treatment.The LK, HK and HR diets had lower(P < 0.01) DE values compared with the CTL diet.The HR diet had greater(P < 0.01) DE value compared with the HK diet.The LK and LR diets showed greater(P < 0.01) ATTD of DM, OM, GE and CP compared with the HK and HR diets.The HK diet had the lowest(P < 0.01) ATTD of ether extract(EE) among the 5 diets.No differences were observed for the ATTD of NDF and ADF among the 5 diets.Moreover, the DE and ME values of konjac flour residues under 2 inclusion levels(15% and 30%) were 11.66, 11.87 MJ/kg and 10.41, 10.03 MJ/kg, respectively.The corresponding values for ramie were 13.27, 13.16 MJ/kg and 13.07, 12.82 MJ/kg, respectively.In conclusion, the differences in fecal moisture content and the ATTD of EE among the 5 diets were mainly due to the different chemical compositions of konjac flour residues and ramie.Compared with konjac flour residues, ramie has greater DE and ME values under the same inclusion level.
