Coupling and coordination relationship of tourism inclusive green growth system:Evidence from Shandong Province

Sustainable growth is a prerequisite for high-quality development,and inclusive green growth is regarded as an important way to realize sustainable growth.This paper constructs a tourism inclusive green growth index(IGGI)system based on the 2018 Asian Development Bank IGGI.Using Shandong Province from 2017 to 2019,the entropy weight method is utilized to explore the degree of coupling and coordination among the subsystems of tourism inclusive green growth.The study shows that:(1)the tourism IGGI continues to grow;(2)in the tourism inclusive green growth system,the social equity subsystem shows a trend of steady improvement;and(3)in the system,there is a slight discordance between the economic growth subsystem and the environmental sustainability subsystem.The study aims to provide the scientific basis for the high-quality development of tourism and theoretical support for the field of tourism and environmental sustainability.

Spatial Differentiation and Convergence Trend of High-quality Development Level of China’s Tourism Economy

This paper aims to interpret the connotation of high-quality development of tourism economy(HQTE)from the perspective of the new development concepts of innovation,coordination,green,openness and sharing,and then to evaluate the spatial differenti-ation of China’s HQTE based on provincial panel data from 2009 to 2018.Specifically,we employ the spatial convergence model to ex-plore the absolute and conditionalβconvergence trends of HQTE in the whole country and the eastern,central and western regions of China.Our empirical results reveal that:1)within the decade,from 2009 to 2018,regions of China with the highest HQTE index is its eastern region followed by the central region and then the western region,but the fastest growing one is the western region of China fol-lowed by the central region and then the eastern region.2)Whether or not the spatial effect is included,there are absolute and condition-alβconvergence in HQTE in the whole country and aforementioned three regions.3)The degree of government attention as well as the level of economic development and location accessibility are the positive driving factors for the convergence of HQTE in the whole country and the three regions.The degree of marketization and human capital have not passed the significance test either in the whole country or in the three regions.The above conclusions could deepen the understanding of the regional imbalance and spatial conver-gence characteristics of HQTE,clarify the primary development objects,and accomplish the goal of China’s HQTE.

Ethnic Customs and Rural Tourism Development in Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County of Fushun City

The development of ethnic minority tourism is currently a hot topic in domestic tourism development.As an important component of Chinese civilization,the Manchu people have created brilliant culture in the long river of historical development.As the hometown of the Manchu people,Fushun has unique folk cultural tourism resources and a strong ethnic flavor.Nowadays,under the promotion of the rural revitalization strategy,the construction of new rural areas is constantly developing,and rural tourism is gradually becoming a new industry.Therefore,in the context of the increasingly prosperous rural tourism industry,it has become increasingly important to combine the ethnic customs of Manchu culture with rural tourism.Taking the ethnic customs and integrated development of rural tourism in Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County of Fushun City,Liaoning Province as the research object,this paper mainly sorts out the current situation and characteristics of rural tourism development in the region,systematically explores the problems in development and how to further optimize development,and proposes new models suitable for the development of folk tourism in Xinbin of Fushun,in order to achieve maximum economic and social benefits and provide a reference for promoting the development of tourism in the region.

Integrated Development of Tea and Tourism in Taishan Mountain Tea Valley in the Context of Rural Revitalization

In recent years,the integrated development of the tea and tourism has become an important way to promote the rural revitalization of Tai'an tea-producing areas,but the state of industrial upgrading still needs to be improved.In order to better integrate tea and tourism in Tea Valley,this paper uses questionnaire and SWOT analysis to study.It found the following problems:(i)45.7%of tourists were interested in tea culture,but they know litle about it,and the integration of tea culture and tea tourism products is low.(i)50.54%of the tourists were interested in the tea picking experience project and wanted to add the tea food experience item.(ii)The acceptance of 45.7%of tourists to scenic spots was 1-2 h,which shows that the quality of transportation service facilities and personnel needs to be improved.Combined with the SWOT analysis,it is found that the scenic spot is rich in resources,convenient transportation,profound cultural heritage,and good govern-ment policy support conditions,which is suitable for the SO strategy(growth development strategy),so the scenic spot relies on internal ad-vantages and seizes external opportunities to develop the integration of tea and tourism.Based on the analysis results,it came up with the perti-nent recommendations for the key problems:(i)The infrastructure service is not well established.It is suggested that scenic spots should in-crease investment,regularly train service personnel to improve their quality,and improve transportation services,accommodation,catering and public service hardware facilities.(i)Tea tourism products are insufficient.It is suggested that tea tourism products should be innovatively designed and tea tourism experiential products and tourism commodities should be planned.(i)Tea culture and tourism lack organic combi-nation.It is recommended to deeply excavate tea culture,and take consideration of both spiritual and material aspects.The specific methods include building teahouses,Taishan Mountain(Mount Tai)tea culture throughout the whole process of tea production,development and pro-cessing,and AR tea culture experience hall can be built to make tourists feel tea culture from dfferent perspectives.(iv)The publicity is in-sufficient.Strategies should be made in three aspects:improving the Internet media,taking into account the traditional media,and expanding the market based on the surrounding areas.(v)The tea industry chain is short.It is recommended to add four new industrial chain designs of"tea+accommodation,tea+catering,tea+Intemet,tea+training",hoping to bring some inspiration and ideas to the managers of scenic spots.

Development of Spring Tourism Resources in Jinan Based on RMCP Analysis

In recent years,the integrated development of culture and tourism in China has shown a promising trend,but there are still some shortcomings in the development of tourism resources.Jinan is prosperous and famous for its springs.As a landmark of Jinan,spring has played an indispensable role in Jinan’s tourism.The unique spring culture is an important component of Chinese water culture and has significant development value.At present,there is still shortcoming of spring tourism resources development in Jinan.In this paper,combining market demand and utilizing RMCP analysis,Jinan spring water resources are further analyzed and integrated,and targeted development strategies and suggestions for Jinan’s characteristic spring resources are proposed.

Tourism Development Mode of Historical and Cultural Blocks from the Perspective of Urban Renewal Based on Online Review Data:A Case Study of Nanluoguxiang in Beijing

Under the background of urban renewal, this paper re-explores the tourism development modeof Nanluoguxiang historical and cultural block based on online review data, and puts forward correspondingdevelopment strategies. As a cultural label of a city, historical and cultural blocks should be updated first inorder to achieve sustainable development. By using multi-source big data review and qualitative researchmethods, the perception evaluation of tourists in Nanluoguxiang is obtained, and the shortcomings ofcurrent tourism development mode are analyzed. Furthermore, corresponding improvement strategies andsuggestions are put forward, in order to provide some effective ideas for the sustainable development ofhistorical and cultural blocks in the future.

The Contribution of Special and Alternative Forms of Tourism to the Sustainable Development of Tourist Destinations:Case Studies

This paper aims to investigate the impact of special and alternative forms of tourism on the sustainable development of tourism destinations,revising the traditional position of tourism development and establishing sustainable development as the only solution to tourism progress of travel destinations.The study includes conceptual approaches to the term tourism,sustainable development and specific and alternative forms of tourism and delves into theoretical approaches that are the bridging of these three central research questions.This is followed by in-depth research through policy analysis of central institutions and regional development stakeholders,as well as further analysis of sustainable development through special and alternative forms of tourism.Key tourism models and theories offer a further understanding of the natural“enemies”and“allies”of sustainable development and how they contribute to its necessity or development.Through a survey and a case study of travel destinations,we conclude the need to couple the term tourism development with sustainable development which is rooted in the healthy coexistence of residents and visitors with respect to the environment,local culture and productive-controlled economic growth.

Development of Tourism Resources of Baimai Spring Park in Jinan City and Its Path Optimization

Tourism is gradually becoming one of the pillar industries of China s economy. Tourism resources are the premise and foundation of tourism development. It is of great significance to study the exploitation of tourism resources to promote the development of tourism. Jinan is famous for water, and Baimai Spring Park is a collection of springs in one place, with rich tourism resources. Coupled with the local government s attention to tourism, Baimai Spring Park, as a representative, has accumulated a rich tourism market foundation. With the support of policies, unique spring ecological and cultural resources and increasingly perfect location conditions, the high-quality development of tourism resources in Baimai Spring Park is particularly urgent. In this study, the present situation and problems of development of tourism resources in Baimai Spring Park were analyzed by questionnaire survey method, and corresponding optimization suggestions were put forward.

Study on Tourism Spatial Distribution in Bortala

Tourism spatial distribution has played an important role in local tourism development.The tourism function and development direction can be determined,as well as the complementary resources can be realized through investigating the status of tourism in the region,identifying the status of tourism development and division of the tourism spatial distribution.The Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Bortala has been selected as a study area.Status of tourism development,tourism spatial distribution and some problem in Bortala were summarized.Finally,countermeasures were put forward pertinently.

Spatio-temporal Evolution and Driving Factors of the High-quality Development of Provincial Tourism in China

Accelerating the promotion of high-quality development of tourism(HQDT) is of great significance to the sustainable development of tourism. This paper defined the concept of HQDT, and then built an evaluation system for HQDT measurement to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of China’s HQDT based on provincial panel data from 2010 to 2019, using Geodetector to explore the similarities and differences between driving factors of HQDT and tourism development scale(TDS). The results show that:1) Taking the development concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing as the guidance, and considering the organic unity of quantity and quality, the evaluation index system of the HQDT consists of six dimensions of economic stability, innovation driving, coordination and linkage, green and sustainability, openness and cooperation, and sharing and harmony, which respectively represent the basis, momentum, means, orientation, direction and purpose of the HQDT;2) The level of China’s HQDT shows an upward trend, presenting the characteristics of eastern region > central region > western region > northeastern region in 2019. The regional differences in China’s HQDT show a downward trend, and the intra-regional differences have replaced the inter-regional differences as the main source of regional differences;3) China’s HQDT shows the characteristics of higher in the east and lower in the west along the Hu line, while the improvement speed of HQDT shows the characteristics of faster in the west and slower in the east, making the decline of east-west differentiation of China’s HQDT and the movement of the gravity center towards southwest;4) Both HQDT and TDS are obviously driven by tourism capital investment and regional consumption. In terms of differences, the HQDT is more driven by government guidance, innovation driving force, and opening up, while the main driving factors of TDS are more biased toward capital elements and hardware facilities, including informatization, tourism resource, traffic, and eco-environment.

Residents’ Attitudes Towards Tourism in a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Pilot Site: a Case Study in China

Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) is a wide program to promote the conservation and adap-tive management of such systems and their associated landscapes, biodiversity, knowledge systems and cultures. Rice-Fish Systems (RFS) in Longxian village of China, as a traditional agricultural system, was selected as one of the five pilot sites of GIAHS in 2005. Researchers have paid more attention to the dynamic conser-vation and adaptive management of RFS because it is under severe threats from global development challenges. Tourism is suggested to be brought into the RFS conservation program as an alternative industry. This paper presents a comparative study of residents in three types of farm household in Longxian, seeking attitudes to the RFS conservation and tourism development and ways in which such information may guide future strategies. Results show resi-dents, belonging to the household type in which most family mem-bers are abroad, have the most positive attitudes to RFS conserva-tion and tourism development; while residents, as other household type in which less than 50% of family members are abroad, are the least sensitive group in these three household types, due to the motivation of moving abroad weakening their enthusiasm to participate in the local activities. Implications are discussed in the context of how resident attitudes will affect the future manage-ment of GIAHS conservation and tourism development, and then measures are put forward to foster tourism cooperation and multi-stakeholders process establishment.

Community attitudes toward ecotourism development and environmental conservation in nature reserve:a case of Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve,China

Using social exchange theory, this study investigated residents＇ attitudes toward the preliminary stage of tourism development in nature reserves in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of China, and the socio-economic and negative effects of residents＇ attitude toward the tourist industry. Results of the questionnaire survey indicated that local people perceived they could benefit from the economic activities related to tourism, and were supportive of the conservation of natural resources and local culture, sustainable community development, and community participation in ecotourism planning and management. This study also revealed that the variables of age, gender, education level, household income, family size, non-farm work arrangements, and the distance to tourism attractions, have significant association with respondents＇ attitudes toward ecotourism development, or negative impacts of the tourist industry. Respondents who are male, or have a higher household income, are more supportive of tourism development inside the reserve. Younger and more highly educated community members are more likely to support learning more about natural and cultural resources and landscapes. Respondents who have a hieher household income, or live far fromthe village center, are more concerned about the negative environmental impacts of tourism development.

Residents'environmental conservation behaviour in the mountain tourism destinations in China:Case studies of Jiuzhaigou and Mount Qingcheng

This study aimed at gaining an understanding of the formation of residents' Environmental Conservation Behaviour(ECB) to promote sustainable tourism development in Chinese mountain areas. In particular, a theoretical framework was constructed by merging residents' mountain attachment and their environmental values,and awareness of environmental consequences based on the Cognition Behaviour Theory. This research sampled 642 residents with convenience sampling method in Jiuzhaigou and Mount Qingcheng, and structural equation modelling analysis was conducted to identify the relationships among the above variables. Results verified that mountain attachment affected people's awareness of environmental consequences, which then affected their ECB.Environmental values and mountain attachment directly and positively influenced ECB. Moreover,awareness of environmental consequences played the most prominent role in predicting ECB among all the predictors in this study. In all, this study derived several significant implications which can not only contribute to environmental management policies in tourism field but also help to improve the levels of the antecedents of residents' ECB and promote sustainable tourism development in Chinese mountain areas.

COMMUNITY-BASED ECOTOURISM IN NATURE RESERVE OF CHINA

This paper introduces a new concept of community-based ecotourism (CBET) that originated in foreign countries. Then it analyzes the significance of CBET development in nature reserve (NR). The authors think that community participation is the evitable choice of nature reserve′s conservation and development. CBET, as the self-improved model of ecotourism, can promote tourism community sustainable development. Based on the stakeholder analysis of CBET in NRs, this paper addresses the reality, especially the problem of CBET development in NRs of China. In order to develop CBET in NRs of China, this paper takes some suggestions to promote the community participation: 1)gradual political empowerment, 2) deep level economic incentive, 3) widespread educational support, 4) impartial distribution of community benefits, and 5) stakeholders cooperation.

Sustainable tourism development in mountain areas in Sumadija and Western Serbia

Sustainable tourism,as an integral part of sustainable development,emerged as a logical outcome of preventing the uncontrolled and excessive use of tourism resources and attractions.This study analyzes whether mountain tourism development in Serbia can be sustainable and feasible in the long term.Given the heterogeneity of mountains in Serbia in terms of tourism development,the subject of this research is the achieved level of sustainable tourism development in mountains in the most developed and most visited region in Serbia-sumadija and Western Serbia:Zlatibor,Kopaonik,Tara,Zlatar,Mokra Gora and Go?.The sustainable tourism development level was analyzed by using five groups of the EU’s comparative indicators:economic,social,cultural,environmental and tourist satisfaction indicators.The results showed that the development of tourism in the examined mountains is not fully aligned with sustainable development.The tourist satisfaction indicator has the most acceptable values,which is a good basis for further harmonization of tourism development on the principles of sustainability.Economic indicators,especially the ratio of overnight stays and accommodation capacities,show the most unacceptable values,which indicate the need for implementing changes in the process of tourism development in the coming period.The analysis of sustainable tourism in mountain areas in sumadija and the Western Serbia undoubtfully points out that it is necessary to significantly change the current tourism product portfolio,which implies harmonizing mountain tourism development with global trends.Certainly,a comparative analysis that looks at the degree of sustainability of mountain tourism in some countries of the Alpine region,such as Switzerland,Austria and Slovenia,contributes to this.The more intensive development of tourism throughout the year would significantly improve indicators of sustainable tourism in all analyzed mountain areas of Sumadija and Western Serbia.This would improve the value of economic indicators,which are marked as the most unsustainable.The development of tourism in the summer season,especially recreational and adventure tourism,would improve the social and cultural component of sustainable tourism.Environmental dimension of sustainable tourism would be enhanced by the development of ecotourism.By connecting spatially close mountains(Zlatibor,Zlatar,Tara and Mokra Gora)into a unique and integrated tourism destination,synergistic effects would be achieved resulting in international recognition and making the region of?umadija and Western Serbia competitive on the European market.

Application of Landscape Gene Information Chain in Tourism Development of Traditional Human Settlements:A Case Study of Daqitou Village in Sanshui District,Foshan City

Based on the aspect of historical and cultural geography, the value of "landscape gene information chain" in the tourism development of ancient villages was verified by taking cultural landscape as the principal line, historical and cultural settlement as the carriers, and traditional buildings as the entry points. Taking Daqintou Village in Sanshui District, Foshan City for example, the theory of "landscape gene information chain" was applied to design a tourism planning scheme for Daqitou Village.

Rural Tourism Development in China:Principles,Models and the Future

Rural tourism in China,has undergone a rapid development in the last three decades.It is an emerging and effective catalyst that promotes industrial restructuring,agricultural development and the upgrading of rural areas.However,there remains little understanding about the core issues of rural tourism in China:the exact connotation,the principles,the development models and the future directions.This review paper identifies the key issues based on literature analysis,national statistics and press reports to form a general picture of the past,the current and the future prospects of China's rural tourism.The paper firstly addresses the definition,content and principles of rural tourism,and then provides an overview and brief evaluation of the progress and the current development models in China.Finally,based on the analysis of the experiences and problems,the authors sum up with five pathways of the future development of China's rural tourism from the perspective of rural tourism resources,product,market and promotion.

Globalization of Tourism and Third World Tourism Development——A Political Economy Perspective

Globalization, which is characterized by the escalating mobility of capital, people, ideas and information on a universal scale, has become a sweeping theme in the contemporary world. Tourism and its associated economic activities are evidently not immune to such a wider context of the world economy. In the past one or two decades, a stable increase has been witnessed in international tourist flows, inter-regional and inter-organizational alliances, and foreign direct investment. These trends are especially prevalent in the developing world, largely because of their pristine nature, di- verse culture, inexpensive goods and services, cheap labours, and other resources. However, it has been cautioned by some scholars, especially those from the Third World countries, that tourism is an industry run by and for the rich, more powerful nations and their corresponding multinational corporations. This article, from the perspective of political economy, supplemented with views from development studies, made a normative analysis on the impacts of the glob- alization of tourism on the Third World destination countries. Specifically, these impacts have been detailed in terms of economic, sociocultural, and ecological domains. It was demonstrated that without appropriate planning and manage- ment, the costs of Third World tourism development may accrue to the extent that its benefits are burned out. To avoid this happening, some suggestions have been made.

Tourism Development and Ecological Environment Protection

This paper defined tourism environment, analyzed the impact of tourism development on the water environment, soil, vegetation and landscape and proposed main measures for protecting tourism environment on this basis.

Agricultural Heritage Systems Tourism： definition,characteristics and development framework

Architectural heritage comprises one o the most important elements of mountain settlements in Greece. It holds high cultural value, represents the tangible continuation of the past and forms the unique character and identity of each mountain region. Yet, controversy regarding funding for its preservation often arises. In this paper, we used two Contingent Valuation surveys to estimate the socia benefit deriving from protecting the traditiona architecture in the mountainous village of Sirako and through it, to examine perceptions and attitudes o local residents and visitors. Research findings revealed a strong social will in favor of the good＇s protection followed by high percentages of positive willingness to pay（WTP）. However, WTP is significantly higher among residents. Cultura heritage value, of the good, appears to prevail, along with the environmental one. However, both residents and visitors pointed out that local heritage, if wellpreserved, will boost tourism development. Residents appeared to better recognize the true level o architectural decay, expressed higher apprehension for its protection and were willing to pay higher amount of money. Tourists, on the other side expressed high satisfaction for their visit, appreciated the beauty and serenity emerging from local built and natural environment and spent several days visiting the surrounding area. The longer they stayed and gotfamiliar with the village, the more willing they were to contribute to local heritage＇s protection. Percentages reflecting indifference for protecting architecture were extremely low. Yet, they were higher among tourists. Traditional architecture is considered as public good; an opinion resulting in an important percentage of visitors stating that national government should provide the necessary funding. In addition, the architecture appears to hold a high level of topicality. Those descending from Sirako or emotionally connected to it, of both social groups,turned out to be more concerned about the good and with a stronger sense of responsibility for it. Usevalue of the good holds high economic value, as well,while higher percentages of zero WTP appeared among non-users. Research findings revealed social attitudes and perceptions on what constitutes architectural heritage, in its cultural and economic frame. If taken under consideration, they may form useful drivers for local, heritage-based, sustainable