National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capa...National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC)of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP)in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT)and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor’s motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.展开更多
Mountain protected areas are characterized by high biodiversity,which makes it a great challenge for managers to maintain a balance between their use and the stability of natural ecosystems.Maintaining that balance is...Mountain protected areas are characterized by high biodiversity,which makes it a great challenge for managers to maintain a balance between their use and the stability of natural ecosystems.Maintaining that balance is particularly difficult in areas with high tourism pressure.The expected volume of tourist traffic should be considered at the planning stage of the tourist infrastructure development process.Insufficient capacity of tourist infrastructure can lead to environmental degradation,which is hard,or at times impossible,to repair.In our research,we identified patterns of tourist footpath and road functioning in an environmentally protected area with high volumes of tourist traffic.Data from geomorphologic mapping was analyzed in order to identify tourist footpath and road structures in the Tatra National Park(TNP).Fieldwork was conducted in several stages between 1995 and 2019.Orthophotomaps from the years 1977,2009,2017 and 2019 were used to identify and compare degraded zones along selected tourist footpaths.Degraded zones were defined as areas surrounding a footpath or tourist road with a mean width larger than or equal to 10 meters,with heavily damaged or completely removed vegetation and exposed,weathered cover,where geomorphic processes that would not take place under normal conditions are readily observable.The examined tourist footpaths and roads vary in terms of their morphometric parameters.Research has shown important differences between mean and maximum footpath width as well as maximum incision depth for the forest zone versus the subalpine and alpine zones.A lack of differences in these parameters was noted between the alpine and subalpine zones.Research has shown that an increase in the surface area of degraded zones found adjacent to tourist footpaths occurred in all the studied geo-ecological zones in the study period.However,the largest increase occurred atop wide ridgelines found in the alpine zone.Degraded zones may be an indication of exceeding the tourist carrying capacity of a mountain tourist area.Mass tourism in TNP contributes to the formation of degraded zones adjacent to footpaths,whose continuous evolution may lead to irreversible changes in local relief.展开更多
Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are wel...Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are well designed and maintained).Owing to the variety of performed functions,their designation is determined by several factors:natural,technical,economic,social.Networks of trails change constantly.The aim of this article is to determine exactly what factors influence transformations within the hiking trail networks and what is their significance.To this end,three study areas in the Sudetes were analysed:one on the Polish side of the Sudetes-the Table(Stołowe)Mountains,and two on the Czech side-the rock town near the village of Sloup vČechách and the central part of Zlatohorskávrchovina.An analysis of changes in the shape of the networks over time was carried out,as well as surveys of institutions that were responsible for or influenced these transformations.These areas are characterised by a significant level of changes in the trail network.Among the factors influencing these changes,the tourist attractiveness of the area,the resilience of the environment,the intensity of tourism traffic,the environmental transformations associated with it,the history of tourism development and land ownership changes should be considered the most important.At each stage of forming networks,the key factor should be tourists’needs,including the desire to escape the urbanised environment.For this reason,trails should avoid roads with artificial(hard)surfaces and heavy automobile traffic.展开更多
文摘National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC)of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP)in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT)and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor’s motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.
基金part of the project“Relief transformation of mountain areas as a result of anthropogenic activity”funded by the Pedagogical University of Krakow(Poland),project number BN.610-193/PBU/2020。
文摘Mountain protected areas are characterized by high biodiversity,which makes it a great challenge for managers to maintain a balance between their use and the stability of natural ecosystems.Maintaining that balance is particularly difficult in areas with high tourism pressure.The expected volume of tourist traffic should be considered at the planning stage of the tourist infrastructure development process.Insufficient capacity of tourist infrastructure can lead to environmental degradation,which is hard,or at times impossible,to repair.In our research,we identified patterns of tourist footpath and road functioning in an environmentally protected area with high volumes of tourist traffic.Data from geomorphologic mapping was analyzed in order to identify tourist footpath and road structures in the Tatra National Park(TNP).Fieldwork was conducted in several stages between 1995 and 2019.Orthophotomaps from the years 1977,2009,2017 and 2019 were used to identify and compare degraded zones along selected tourist footpaths.Degraded zones were defined as areas surrounding a footpath or tourist road with a mean width larger than or equal to 10 meters,with heavily damaged or completely removed vegetation and exposed,weathered cover,where geomorphic processes that would not take place under normal conditions are readily observable.The examined tourist footpaths and roads vary in terms of their morphometric parameters.Research has shown important differences between mean and maximum footpath width as well as maximum incision depth for the forest zone versus the subalpine and alpine zones.A lack of differences in these parameters was noted between the alpine and subalpine zones.Research has shown that an increase in the surface area of degraded zones found adjacent to tourist footpaths occurred in all the studied geo-ecological zones in the study period.However,the largest increase occurred atop wide ridgelines found in the alpine zone.Degraded zones may be an indication of exceeding the tourist carrying capacity of a mountain tourist area.Mass tourism in TNP contributes to the formation of degraded zones adjacent to footpaths,whose continuous evolution may lead to irreversible changes in local relief.
文摘Hiking trails are a basic type of tourist infrastructure,which,on the one hand,make areas available for tourist traffic,and on the other hand,can contribute to the protection of the natural environment(if they are well designed and maintained).Owing to the variety of performed functions,their designation is determined by several factors:natural,technical,economic,social.Networks of trails change constantly.The aim of this article is to determine exactly what factors influence transformations within the hiking trail networks and what is their significance.To this end,three study areas in the Sudetes were analysed:one on the Polish side of the Sudetes-the Table(Stołowe)Mountains,and two on the Czech side-the rock town near the village of Sloup vČechách and the central part of Zlatohorskávrchovina.An analysis of changes in the shape of the networks over time was carried out,as well as surveys of institutions that were responsible for or influenced these transformations.These areas are characterised by a significant level of changes in the trail network.Among the factors influencing these changes,the tourist attractiveness of the area,the resilience of the environment,the intensity of tourism traffic,the environmental transformations associated with it,the history of tourism development and land ownership changes should be considered the most important.At each stage of forming networks,the key factor should be tourists’needs,including the desire to escape the urbanised environment.For this reason,trails should avoid roads with artificial(hard)surfaces and heavy automobile traffic.
