Technical barriers to trade,as a non-tariff barrier,have an increasing impact on the international market.As a major province in toy exports,Zhejiang Province’s toy export trade is therefore greatly hindered.This art...Technical barriers to trade,as a non-tariff barrier,have an increasing impact on the international market.As a major province in toy exports,Zhejiang Province’s toy export trade is therefore greatly hindered.This article aims to explore the impact of technical trade barriers on toy exports in Zhejiang Province and analyze countermeasures.Through literature review and some empirical analysis,it is found that technical trade barriers have greatly promoted the development of Zhejiang’s toy industry;however,they have also subjected it to impacts and pressures such as cost and technology.In response to the impact of technical trade barriers on toy exports,this article proposes corresponding countermeasures to avoid such barriers:firstly,establish a quality management system that complies with export product regulations to ensure that the products produced can meet international requirements and standards;secondly,reduce dependence on overseas markets;then enhance one’s own technology,and strengthen product innovation,in order to enhance the international competitiveness of the product and oneself;in addition,we should also explore diversified markets and expand the sales channels and coverage of our products.展开更多
Based on the analysis of the 2544 alert cases from “Safety Gate” (the EU rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products) of toys exported to the EU market from China in the past five years (2017-2021), this stud...Based on the analysis of the 2544 alert cases from “Safety Gate” (the EU rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products) of toys exported to the EU market from China in the past five years (2017-2021), this study focuses on the chemical hazards as the key research object, investigates and identifies categories of toy products and related chemicals with high notification rate. The research results have shown that the most seriously and frequently alerted toy products due to chemical hazards from China exported to the EU are plastic dolls, slimes, rubber toy balloons, toy guns and squeezable toys, while the high failure rate of chemicals in sequence are phthalates, boron element, N-Nitrosamines and N-Nitrosatable substances, and bis(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) ether. This study aims to improve the efficiency of inspection and test of export toys, and provide decision-making references for Chinese toy export enterprises to respond to EU technical trade measures.展开更多
The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of inexpensive plastic toys imported to Palestinian Markets. The content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Se, Ba, and Zn) was analyzed in 50 plastic toys purchas...The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of inexpensive plastic toys imported to Palestinian Markets. The content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Se, Ba, and Zn) was analyzed in 50 plastic toys purchased from local markets in Palestine and 17 plastic toys purchased from Israeli markets for comparison. After the digestion of samples with concentrated nitric acids and hydrogen peroxide using a microwave digester, the concentrations of the selected heavy metals were determined by ICP-MS Agilent 7500 in Al-Quds University. Results revealed that 40% of the Palestinian toy samples had high concentration (above international limits) of Pb, 30% of Cd, 34% of Cr, 6% of Hg, 42% of As, 32% of Se, 20% of Ba, and 40% of Zn. On the other hand, 95% of the Israeli samples were safe, and their concentrations were less than the maximum internationally allowable limits. In the same context, ten toy samples (2.5 gm each) had been crushed and dipped for 8 hours in a solution of artificial saliva. The solution was acidified and tested for heavy metal concentrations, but none of the migration concentrations exceeded the international maximum allowable limit. High levels of heavy metal concentrations, found in the plastic toys from the Palestinian markets could form a health hazard to children and put their lives at risk. It could be also an indirect source for environmental pollution.展开更多
This article anlayzes the different requirements for electrical toys safety between GB 6675-2003 and GB19865-2005. This information is summed up in table form to make it easy for toy designers and manufacturers to gra...This article anlayzes the different requirements for electrical toys safety between GB 6675-2003 and GB19865-2005. This information is summed up in table form to make it easy for toy designers and manufacturers to grasp the new standard.展开更多
GB 6675-2003 National Safety Technical Code for Toys, which is a compulsory national standard and developed in accordance with the Standardization Law of P. R. China and the Product Quality Law of P. R. China, has bee...GB 6675-2003 National Safety Technical Code for Toys, which is a compulsory national standard and developed in accordance with the Standardization Law of P. R. China and the Product Quality Law of P. R. China, has been officially issued on Oct. 9th, 2003. After a transition period of one year, the standard has come into effect on Oct. 1, 2004, instead of GB 6675-1986 Safety of Toys. The standard applies to all toys, i.e. any product or material designed or clearly intended for use in play by children under 14 years old. Toys, produced or sold in national market, including the imported, probational and complimentary toys, should accord with GB 6675-2003.展开更多
On September 4th, 2007, AQSIQ and the Press Office of the State Council invited 13 media representatives from countries such as America, Britain, France, Japan, Canada, Singapore to visit the Technical Center Toy ... On September 4th, 2007, AQSIQ and the Press Office of the State Council invited 13 media representatives from countries such as America, Britain, France, Japan, Canada, Singapore to visit the Technical Center Toy Laboratory of Guangdong Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhentai (China) Industrial Limited Company and Guangdong Xinboxing Toys Limited Company.……展开更多
Clay toys,with distinctive folk characteristics,embody wisdom,passion and craftsmanship of generations of folk artisans of China and function as a way of educating and entertaining people.Developed hundreds of years a...Clay toys,with distinctive folk characteristics,embody wisdom,passion and craftsmanship of generations of folk artisans of China and function as a way of educating and entertaining people.Developed hundreds of years ago,this traditional form of folk art has been practiced and continued by artisans of central china.展开更多
In order to ensure the safety of children while using machineries and avoid harm caused by mechanical toys,this paper analyzes the types and detection standards of children’s toys,discusses the reasons for the harm c...In order to ensure the safety of children while using machineries and avoid harm caused by mechanical toys,this paper analyzes the types and detection standards of children’s toys,discusses the reasons for the harm caused by these toys,and proposes human-machine safety design strategies for children’s toys as reference.展开更多
The residual levels and migration behavior of volatile substances were detected using HS-GC/MS for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) toys, thermoplastic elastomer toys, and rubber toys made from 1,3-buta...The residual levels and migration behavior of volatile substances were detected using HS-GC/MS for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) toys, thermoplastic elastomer toys, and rubber toys made from 1,3-butadiene and styrene found on the Japanese market. The maximum residual level of these volatile substances was 2600 μg/g of styrene in ABS toys. In particular, the levels of known carcinogens 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and acrylonitrile are 5.3, 2.5 and 55 μg/g, which are much lower than the EU limit of 0.1%. Furthermore, some volatile substances migrated from ABS toys into water in amounts of 3 -40 ng/mL. Thermoplastic elastomer toys and rubber toys contained these volatile substances at significantly lower levels than ABS toys.展开更多
This paper introduces a conceptual framework for developing pedagogical games of mathematical proof (PGMP) designed to help non-STEM students learn mathematical reasoning in a playful manner and without “fear”. With...This paper introduces a conceptual framework for developing pedagogical games of mathematical proof (PGMP) designed to help non-STEM students learn mathematical reasoning in a playful manner and without “fear”. Within the constructivist learning paradigm it develops an in-class learning activity where social science students learn the concept of mathematical deduction playfully using toys to construct tables from which formal proofs of propositions are derived without calculations. A PGMP pedagogy quality assurance evaluation method based on fuzzy evaluation mappings capturing learning effectiveness, learning efficiency, and learning satisfaction is introduced. Our results from an in-class experiment show that pedagogical games of mathematical proof help non-STEM students to effectively engage with mathematical reasoning playfully. The results are consistent according to a quality assurance consistency index.展开更多
AHEMD-SR(Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self Report)was applied to children from 18 to 42 months(N=132),from a coastal municipality of Portugal.The results revealed that the father’s income...AHEMD-SR(Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self Report)was applied to children from 18 to 42 months(N=132),from a coastal municipality of Portugal.The results revealed that the father’s income provides more conditions for motor development stimulation,and that a higher number of offspring may result in less conditions for the younger ones.Having a mother,whatever her academic qualifications,is also a factor that promotes better conditions.Thus,in families with fewer resources and more children,it is strategically advisable to technically support the mother.The kindergarten appears to be an equalizer factor for opportunities for access to motor stimulation resources.展开更多
Objective: To compare the learning of visually impaired individuals after the use of the educational game “Drugs: playing it clean”. Method: Quasi-experimental, comparative, before-after study. Results: The particip...Objective: To compare the learning of visually impaired individuals after the use of the educational game “Drugs: playing it clean”. Method: Quasi-experimental, comparative, before-after study. Results: The participants’ mean age in Brazil was lower than in Portugal;a significant difference in information acquisition was found between the pre and post-test for the low-complexity (Brazil p = 0.018 and Portugal p = 0.002), without a difference in the number of correct answers for the medium/high-complexity questions between the two countries (p = 0.655 and p = 0.0792);when comparing the number of correct answers before and after the game intervention, an increase was found in Brazil and Portugal, respectively (21.8% - 61.1%;11.2% - 38.9%);a significant difference was found in the number of correct answers between the low and medium/high-complexity questions (p = 0.030). Conclusion: The educational game permits information access and can be used as a teaching-learning strategy.展开更多
基金Research on the Development of Cross Border E-commerce and High Quality Economic Development in Guangdong Province(Project Number:2022HSXS068).
文摘Technical barriers to trade,as a non-tariff barrier,have an increasing impact on the international market.As a major province in toy exports,Zhejiang Province’s toy export trade is therefore greatly hindered.This article aims to explore the impact of technical trade barriers on toy exports in Zhejiang Province and analyze countermeasures.Through literature review and some empirical analysis,it is found that technical trade barriers have greatly promoted the development of Zhejiang’s toy industry;however,they have also subjected it to impacts and pressures such as cost and technology.In response to the impact of technical trade barriers on toy exports,this article proposes corresponding countermeasures to avoid such barriers:firstly,establish a quality management system that complies with export product regulations to ensure that the products produced can meet international requirements and standards;secondly,reduce dependence on overseas markets;then enhance one’s own technology,and strengthen product innovation,in order to enhance the international competitiveness of the product and oneself;in addition,we should also explore diversified markets and expand the sales channels and coverage of our products.
文摘Based on the analysis of the 2544 alert cases from “Safety Gate” (the EU rapid alert system for dangerous non-food products) of toys exported to the EU market from China in the past five years (2017-2021), this study focuses on the chemical hazards as the key research object, investigates and identifies categories of toy products and related chemicals with high notification rate. The research results have shown that the most seriously and frequently alerted toy products due to chemical hazards from China exported to the EU are plastic dolls, slimes, rubber toy balloons, toy guns and squeezable toys, while the high failure rate of chemicals in sequence are phthalates, boron element, N-Nitrosamines and N-Nitrosatable substances, and bis(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) ether. This study aims to improve the efficiency of inspection and test of export toys, and provide decision-making references for Chinese toy export enterprises to respond to EU technical trade measures.
文摘The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of inexpensive plastic toys imported to Palestinian Markets. The content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Se, Ba, and Zn) was analyzed in 50 plastic toys purchased from local markets in Palestine and 17 plastic toys purchased from Israeli markets for comparison. After the digestion of samples with concentrated nitric acids and hydrogen peroxide using a microwave digester, the concentrations of the selected heavy metals were determined by ICP-MS Agilent 7500 in Al-Quds University. Results revealed that 40% of the Palestinian toy samples had high concentration (above international limits) of Pb, 30% of Cd, 34% of Cr, 6% of Hg, 42% of As, 32% of Se, 20% of Ba, and 40% of Zn. On the other hand, 95% of the Israeli samples were safe, and their concentrations were less than the maximum internationally allowable limits. In the same context, ten toy samples (2.5 gm each) had been crushed and dipped for 8 hours in a solution of artificial saliva. The solution was acidified and tested for heavy metal concentrations, but none of the migration concentrations exceeded the international maximum allowable limit. High levels of heavy metal concentrations, found in the plastic toys from the Palestinian markets could form a health hazard to children and put their lives at risk. It could be also an indirect source for environmental pollution.
文摘This article anlayzes the different requirements for electrical toys safety between GB 6675-2003 and GB19865-2005. This information is summed up in table form to make it easy for toy designers and manufacturers to grasp the new standard.
文摘GB 6675-2003 National Safety Technical Code for Toys, which is a compulsory national standard and developed in accordance with the Standardization Law of P. R. China and the Product Quality Law of P. R. China, has been officially issued on Oct. 9th, 2003. After a transition period of one year, the standard has come into effect on Oct. 1, 2004, instead of GB 6675-1986 Safety of Toys. The standard applies to all toys, i.e. any product or material designed or clearly intended for use in play by children under 14 years old. Toys, produced or sold in national market, including the imported, probational and complimentary toys, should accord with GB 6675-2003.
文摘 On September 4th, 2007, AQSIQ and the Press Office of the State Council invited 13 media representatives from countries such as America, Britain, France, Japan, Canada, Singapore to visit the Technical Center Toy Laboratory of Guangdong Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhentai (China) Industrial Limited Company and Guangdong Xinboxing Toys Limited Company.……
文摘Clay toys,with distinctive folk characteristics,embody wisdom,passion and craftsmanship of generations of folk artisans of China and function as a way of educating and entertaining people.Developed hundreds of years ago,this traditional form of folk art has been practiced and continued by artisans of central china.
文摘In order to ensure the safety of children while using machineries and avoid harm caused by mechanical toys,this paper analyzes the types and detection standards of children’s toys,discusses the reasons for the harm caused by these toys,and proposes human-machine safety design strategies for children’s toys as reference.
文摘The residual levels and migration behavior of volatile substances were detected using HS-GC/MS for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) toys, thermoplastic elastomer toys, and rubber toys made from 1,3-butadiene and styrene found on the Japanese market. The maximum residual level of these volatile substances was 2600 μg/g of styrene in ABS toys. In particular, the levels of known carcinogens 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and acrylonitrile are 5.3, 2.5 and 55 μg/g, which are much lower than the EU limit of 0.1%. Furthermore, some volatile substances migrated from ABS toys into water in amounts of 3 -40 ng/mL. Thermoplastic elastomer toys and rubber toys contained these volatile substances at significantly lower levels than ABS toys.
文摘This paper introduces a conceptual framework for developing pedagogical games of mathematical proof (PGMP) designed to help non-STEM students learn mathematical reasoning in a playful manner and without “fear”. Within the constructivist learning paradigm it develops an in-class learning activity where social science students learn the concept of mathematical deduction playfully using toys to construct tables from which formal proofs of propositions are derived without calculations. A PGMP pedagogy quality assurance evaluation method based on fuzzy evaluation mappings capturing learning effectiveness, learning efficiency, and learning satisfaction is introduced. Our results from an in-class experiment show that pedagogical games of mathematical proof help non-STEM students to effectively engage with mathematical reasoning playfully. The results are consistent according to a quality assurance consistency index.
基金Funding acknowledgements:This study was partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology,I.P.under Grant number UIDP/04748/2020。
文摘AHEMD-SR(Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Self Report)was applied to children from 18 to 42 months(N=132),from a coastal municipality of Portugal.The results revealed that the father’s income provides more conditions for motor development stimulation,and that a higher number of offspring may result in less conditions for the younger ones.Having a mother,whatever her academic qualifications,is also a factor that promotes better conditions.Thus,in families with fewer resources and more children,it is strategically advisable to technically support the mother.The kindergarten appears to be an equalizer factor for opportunities for access to motor stimulation resources.
文摘Objective: To compare the learning of visually impaired individuals after the use of the educational game “Drugs: playing it clean”. Method: Quasi-experimental, comparative, before-after study. Results: The participants’ mean age in Brazil was lower than in Portugal;a significant difference in information acquisition was found between the pre and post-test for the low-complexity (Brazil p = 0.018 and Portugal p = 0.002), without a difference in the number of correct answers for the medium/high-complexity questions between the two countries (p = 0.655 and p = 0.0792);when comparing the number of correct answers before and after the game intervention, an increase was found in Brazil and Portugal, respectively (21.8% - 61.1%;11.2% - 38.9%);a significant difference was found in the number of correct answers between the low and medium/high-complexity questions (p = 0.030). Conclusion: The educational game permits information access and can be used as a teaching-learning strategy.
