Assessing the Impact of Gold Mining on the Quality of Water Resources in the Commune of Meguet, Burkina Faso

Despite its often illegal nature, artisanal gold mining in Burkina Faso contributes to the economic and social development of the country. However, the rudimentary techniques used in gold panning have a significant impact on the environment due to inappropriate practices and the use of various chemical substances. This study aims to assess the impact of artisanal gold mining on the quality of water resources in a rural community at Méguet, Burkina Faso. To this end, surface and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed at the BUMIGEB laboratory. Field results show that the waters are slightly alkaline (6.97 < pH < 8.1), weakly mineralized and conductive (124 < EC < 543 μS/cm), with temperatures ranging from 24.6˚C to 31.6˚C. In addition, trace metals (TMEs) analyzed from surface and subsurface waters show very high levels, generally deviating from the levels recommended by WHO guidelines for Burkina Faso. Trace metals contamination of water resources in the commune of Méguet is mainly due to Fe (3.78 - 11.12 mg/kg), Hg (0.03 - 0.29 mg/kg), As (0.01- 6.31 mg/kg) and Pb (0.01 - 3.8 mg/kg). This study can serve as a basis for guiding national environmental policies to protect the water resources of the Méguet mine.

Trace element and REE geochemistry of the Zhewang gold deposit, southeastern Guizhou Province, China

The quartz vein-type gold deposits are widely hosted by the Neoproterozoic(Xiajiang Group) epimetamorphic clastic rock series in southeastern Guizhou Province, China. The Zhewang gold deposit studied in this paper occurs in the second lithological member of the Pinglue Formation of the Xiajiang Group. Trace element geochemistry of host rocks, quartz veins and arsenopyrite has revealed that ore-forming fluid was enriched in sulphophile elements such as Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb and Zn, and simultaneously concentrated some magmaphile elements such as W and Mo, which probably provides some evidence for multi-stage mineralization or overprinting of magmatic hydrotherm. Quartz veins and arsenopyrite were characterized by depletion in HFSE and enrichment in LREE. Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La imply that the ore-forming fluid was probably a NaCl-H2O solution system enriched in more Cl than F; Th/U values reflect the strong reducibility of the ore-forming fluid, coincident with the sulfide assemblages. The values of Co/Ni reflect that magmatic fluids may have partly participated in the ore-forming process and Y/Ho values have proved that the ore-forming fluid was associated with metamorphism and exotic hydrotherm which has reformed former quartz veins during late mineralization. The concentrations of REE, Eu anomalies and Ce anomalies of this deposit display that ore-forming elements mainly were derived from host rocks and possibly from a mixed deep source, and the ore-forming fluid was mixed by dominant metamorphic fluid and minor other sources. The physical-chemical conditions of ore-forming fluid changed from the initial stage to the late stage. The metamorphic fluid is responsible for the mineralization. Therefore, the Zhewang gold deposit is classified as a quartz vein-type gold deposit which may have been reformed by magmatic fluids during the late stage.

Determination of Trace Elements in High Purity Gold by High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Trace elements were determined in high purity gold by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （HR-ICP-MS）. Sample were decomposed by aqua regia. To overcome some potentially problematic spectra/ interference, measurements were acquired in both medium and high resolution modes. The matrix effects due to the presence of excessive HCl and Au were evaluated. The optimum conditions for the determination was tested and discussed. The standard addition method was employed for quantitative analysis. The detection limits range from 0.01ug/g to 0.28ug/g depending on the elements. The method is accurate, quick and convenient. It has been applied to the determination of trace elements in high purity gold with satisfactory results.

The Application of Scanning Proton Microprobe (SPMP) in Study of Trace Gold Distribution

Studies on distribution of trace gold mostly focus on some samples in whichgold content is well above 100 ppm at the present time due to the limitation of analy-sis methods. Progress in research on trace gold (usually less than 100 ppm to n ppm)was rarely reported. Although electronic microprobe (EMP) and scanning electronicmicroprobe (SEM) have a high resolution, their detection limits are still 100-500ppm and 100-300 ppm, respectively. And also the electronic paramagnetic reso-nance spectrometer, an effective method for determining lattice gold of a few tenppm level, unfortunately is still incapable of doing such research. Newly

Characterization of Galena and Vein Paragenesis in the Penjom Gold Mine,Malaysia:Trace Elements,Lead Isotope Study and Relationship to Gold Mineralization Episodes

The Penjom Gold Mine is located 30 km from the Bentong-Raub Suture at the western boundary of the Central Belt in Peninsular Malaysia. Gold mineralization hosted within the vein system is associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, and minor base metals including galena. Trace element and lead isotope analysis was undertaken on nine samples that represent two stages of galena formed during two tectonic events. Both the Pb isotopes and the trace elements show that the first stage galena within the mineralized areas at the footwall has different geochemical characteristics compared with galena in non mineralized areas in the hanging wall, suggesting that galena crystallized from two different ore fluids and probably at two different times. Higher Te, Se and Bi in the galena from the mineralized area may indicate hydrothermal fluids that migrate through the structural conduit and leached out the metal along the pathway that consist of dominant carbonaceous unit. The Pb isotopic ratio composition are transitional between the bulk crustal growth and an upper crustal growth curve, indicating that derivation was from arc rocks associated with continental crust or a crustal source that includes arc volcanic and old continental sedimentary rocks.

Trace element and REE geochemistry of Sanshenjiang gold deposit, southeastern Guizhou Province, China

The Sanshenjiang gold deposit in southeastern Guizhou Province, China, is hosted by the Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks which experienced low-grade greenschist facies metamorphism. Gold mineralization occurs mainly in the ribbon chiltern slate of the first member of the Longli Formation and is controlled by both strata and faults. Ore bodies are characterized by abundant quartz-arsenopyrite-gold-pyrite-bedding veins, veinlets and small lenses within the shear zone. In this study, trace element and REE geochemistry was analyzed to constrain the origin and genesis of this deposit. The trace element signatures of wall rocks and veins display a basically similar tendency in the spider diagram, showing the genetic relationship. The values of Co/Ni, Y/Ho, Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La reflect that the hydrothermal fluids of this deposit were derived from the mixture of multiple sources with marked enrichment of Cl and moderate to high temperature. There is a broad similarity in the chondrite-normalized patterns and REE fractionation between wall rocks and ore bodies, possibly reflecting their similar origin. Based on the difference in δCe and δEu, quartz veins and lenses can be subdivided into weakly negative Ce-anomalies (δCe=0.81 to 1.06) with slight Eu anomalies (δEu=0.81 to 1.06) type and the significant positive Ce-anomalies (δCe=1.13 to 1.97) with moderate negative Eu-anomalies type, probably suggesting physical-chemical changes in the evolution process of ore-forming fluids from the early to late stage. It can be concluded that the ore-forming process may have experienced three stages: formation of the original ore source bed, regional metamorphism and gold mineralization, on the basis of trace element and REE analysis and field observation.

Rare Earth Element and Trace Element Features of Gold-bearing Pyrite in the Jinshan Gold Deposit,Jiangxi Province

Jinshan gold deposit is located in northeastern Jiangxi,South China,which is related to the ductile shear zone.It has a gold reserve of more than 200 tons,with 80%of gold occurring in pyrite. The LREE of gold-bearing pyrite is as higher as 171.664 ppm on average,with relatively higher light rare earth elements（LREE;159.556 ppm） and lower HREE（12.108 ppm）.TheΣLREE/ΣHREE ratio is 12.612 and（La/Yb）_N is 11.765.These indicate that pyrite is rich in LREE.The（La/Sm）_N ratio is 3.758 and that of（Gd/Yb）_N is 1.695.These are obvious LREE fractionations.The rare earth element（REE） distribution patterns show obvious Eu anomaly with averageδEu values of 0.664,andδCe anomalies of 1.044.REE characteristics are similar to those of wall rocks（regional metamorphic rocks）,but different from those of the Dexing granodiorite porphyry and Damaoshan biotite granite.These features indicate that the ore-forming materials in the Jinshan gold deposit derived from the wall rocks, and the ore-forming fluids derived from metamorphic water.The Co/Ni ratio（average value 0.38） of pyrite suggests that the Jinshan gold deposit formed under a medium-low temperature.It is inferred from the values of high-field strength elements,LREE,Hf/Sm,Nb/La,and Th/La of the pyrite that the ore-forming fluids of the Jinshan gold deposit derived from metamorphic water with Cl〉F.

Trace Elements in Fluid Inclusions in the Carlin-Type Gold Deposits, Southwestern Guizhou Province

Fluid inclusions in quartz from the Lannigou and Yata Carlin\|type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma\|mass spectrometry for their trace elements (Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Pt, etc.). The results show that quartz fluid inclusions entrapped at different ore\|forming stages contain higher Co, Ni, Cu, Pb and Zn. It has been found for the first time that the ore\|forming fluids responsible for the Carlin\|type gold deposits are rich in Pt. From this it can be concluded that basic volcanic rocks seem to be one of the important sources of ore\|forming materials for the Carlin\|type gold deposits.

氯化物体系中微量金的协同萃取分离研究

研究了用DIBK(二异丁基酮,HA)和TBP(磷酸三丁酯,B)协同萃取体系分离和富集氯化物体系中的金,考察了萃取体系及组成、萃取时间和温度、水相中氯离子浓度、萃取相比(V_(O)/V_(A))对金萃取分离性能的影响,并采用斜率法初步探究萃取机制。结果表明:在协同萃取体系为TBP-DIBK、萃取剂总浓度1.5 mol/L、n(TBP)∶n(DIBK)=1∶4、萃取时间20 min、萃取温度20℃、V_(O)/V_(A)=2/1、水相中氯离子浓度6 mol/L条件下,金萃取率可达98.82%,最大金/铜萃取分离系数为1189.05;斜率法研究表明,萃合物组成可能为[AuCl_(6)·3A·B],其萃取化学反应式可改写为Au^(3+)+6Cl^(-)+3HA+B→[AuCl_(6)·3A·B]+3H^(+)。

镇旬盆地南缘淋湘金矿床地质特征及矿床成因探讨

淋湘金矿床是南秦岭镇安-旬阳盆地南缘一处典型的微细浸染型金矿床,矿体受近EW向断裂控制,赋矿围岩为下泥盆统西岔河组斑点状千枚岩和中泥盆统杨岭沟组灰岩夹千枚岩。由于对该矿床成矿物质来源的认识存在不同观点,致使对该矿床的成因存在热水沉积成因、喷流沉积-后期热液叠加改造等多种观点,难以建立统一的成矿模式。本文以淋湘金矿床的黄铁矿和自然金为研究对象,对其开展电子探针、LA-ICP-MS原位微区硫同位素和微量元素分析,探讨金的赋存状态,限定成矿物质来源与矿床成因。研究结果表明,淋湘金矿床的金以裂隙金和包体金为主,少数以显微纳米金(Au 0)形式赋存于黄铁矿晶格中。Ⅱ成矿阶段硫同位素在16.28‰~17.84‰之间,平均值为16.91‰;Ⅲ成矿阶段硫同位素在15.19‰~15.68‰之间,平均值为15.51‰。这一特征与金龙山卡林型金矿床相似,成矿阶段具有地层硫特征,后期有岩浆硫的混入。从PyⅡ-Ⅲ阶段,Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Pb、Bi等成矿元素均呈增加趋势,As元素含量呈下降趋势,Co、Ni元素含量略有上升。PyII的Co/Ni比值差异较大,可能与黄铁矿后期变质重结晶有关;PyIII大部分Co/Ni比值大于1.00,表明其为热液成因黄铁矿。不同元素之间相关性具有较大差异,成矿流体为混合源,推测在主成矿阶段晚期可能遭受岩浆热液事件扰动。主成矿阶段流体包裹体气相成分中CO_(2)等挥发分的逸失及CH_(4)的加入,表明流体发生了不混溶作用。综上所述,淋湘金矿床成因过程可总结为:随着大气降水和变质流体沿构造裂隙向上运移,该混合流体萃取地层中成矿物质,并在成矿有利部位因为流体不混溶作用导致成矿物质沉淀析出,而后期岩浆热液的加入使成矿物质进一步富集。

西秦岭加甘滩金矿成因研究:毒砂Re-Os定年、载金矿物原位微量元素和硫同位素限定

西秦岭加甘滩金矿是夏河-合作地区最大的金矿,但其矿床成因存在争议,其中主要问题在于该矿床成矿时代缺乏研究。通过野外工作和镜下观察,识别出两种毒砂和黄铁矿:毒砂Apy1(较为常见,在矿石中呈浸染状产出)和毒砂Apy2(数量较少,围绕黄铁矿Py1产出),黄铁矿Py1(浸染状黄铁矿)和黄铁矿Py2(黄铁矿脉)。本次工作对毒砂进行Re-Os定年,以期确定加甘滩金矿的成矿时代:通过对Apy1进行了Re-Os定年,获得毒砂的Re-Os等时线年龄243.1±8.7Ma,该年龄与夏河-合作区域岩浆作用(232~249Ma)相对应。利用LA-ICP-MS和LA-MC-ICP-MS对成矿期毒砂和黄铁矿进行了微量元素和硫同位素测定。微量元素测试结果显示加甘滩金矿硫化物内的不可见金以固溶体形式赋存,Apy2的不可见金含量最高可达521×10^(-6),其他毒砂和黄铁矿不可见金含量最高为119×10^(-6)。加甘滩金矿的平均品位为2~3g/t,依据质量平衡计算,如果毒砂和黄铁矿内不可见金发生再活化,不可见金含量需要达到20~30g/t,但实际金含量远低于所需,需要额外的岩浆热液来源。Py1、Py2、Apy1和Apy2的原位硫同位素结果分别为-14.3‰~-7.70‰(平均-10.0‰)、-14.5‰~-9.60‰(平均-12.5‰)、-13.0‰~-6.40‰(平均-8.54‰),-11.2‰~-9.00‰(平均-10.1‰),反映其硫同位素发生了分馏。将加甘滩金矿成矿期硫化物的硫同位素与成岩期和典型岩浆热液型黄铁矿硫同位素进行对此,指示其成矿流体为岩浆热液来源。综上,本文研究指示加甘滩金矿属于岩浆热液成因。

化探样品中石墨炉痕量金测定技术研究

为实现对化探样品中石墨炉痕量金的测定,本文开展了对其测定技术的相关研究。本研究实验分析方法在Fe3+存在条件下,在质量分数为10%的王水中,利用泡沫塑料吸附金;在质量分数为1.2%的硫脲溶液中解析;采用最大功率升温和石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定方法。通过对测定结果进行分析可以得出,该分析方法检出限低,测定结果的精密度和准确度均能够满足国家一级标准物质分析验证要求,确保测定结果与真实标准值相符合。

上黑龙江盆地砂宝斯金矿黄铁矿地球化学特征及其成矿意义

砂宝斯金矿床是上黑龙江盆地内唯一的大型岩金矿床,但其成矿物质来源和矿床成因仍然存在争议。为此,在详细的矿相学和黄铁矿显微结构研究基础上,对不同世代黄铁矿开展LA-ICP-MS微量元素和S、Pb同位素分析。结果表明,砂宝斯金矿床从成矿早期到主成矿阶段,黄铁矿可划分为3个世代,不同世代黄铁矿微量元素组成差异明显。PyⅠI为金的主成矿期,其中Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Bi、Co、Ni、As、Mn、Sb、Sn、Ga等元素含量较高。Co、Ni、As以类质同象的形式进入黄铁矿晶格, Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Bi元素以金属硫化物矿物包裹体的形式赋存于黄铁矿中。Au元素以Au^(+)、银金矿、铜金矿矿物包裹体微粒和亚微米的包体金形式存在于黄铁矿中。As–置换S–,形成Au(HAs)–,对Au的迁移及沉淀具有重要的作用。砂宝斯金矿床黄铁矿Co/Ni比值大多数小于1,大部分点落入沉积成因范围,少部分落入火山成因和热液成因范围,表明黄铁矿并非单一来源。综合S、Pb同位素及黄铁矿微量元素特征,砂宝斯金矿床成矿物质既来源于具上地壳和地幔混源特征的深部岩浆,又来源于二十二站组围岩。结合区域成矿构造背景,认为蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合后,早白垩世陆壳拆沉引发岩浆作用形成的初始成矿流体形成PyⅠ型黄铁矿,Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Au、Bi含量较少,Co、Ni含量相对较高;由于大气降水的加入,成矿流体运移过程中萃取二十二站组围岩中成矿物质,富含As、Cu、Pb、Bi、Au、Ag,形成沉积成因的PyⅡ型黄铁矿;成矿晚期由于大气降水的减少,形成既有沉积成因又有热液成因的PyⅢ型黄铁矿。砂宝斯金矿床成因类型为岩浆热液型金矿床。

藏南中成明赛和浅成马扎拉金矿床成矿异同:来自地质和硫化物原位微量元素、硫同位素约束

特提斯喜马拉雅带地处青藏高原南部,是产于青藏高原大陆碰撞背景的新生代金成矿省,然而其赋存的造山型金矿床分布零散,且不同构造层次造山型金矿床(如中成、浅成)的蚀变矿化、流体组成和成矿过程缺乏系统对比。本文通过详细对比特提斯喜马拉雅东段中成明赛金矿和浅成马扎拉金(锑)矿床蚀变矿化、硫化物结构、原位微量元素和硫同位素组成,探讨其成矿过程、成矿流体组成及控制因素。两矿床均赋存于侏罗系板岩和凝灰岩夹层中,板岩中蚀变弱,沿层理发育浸染状黄铁矿-铁白云石-绢云母-石英;而凝灰岩夹层蚀变强,长石和黑云母等矿物已蚀变为铁白云石、绿泥石和绢云母等,并发育大量浸染状自形-半自形黄铁矿和毒砂。板岩中黄铁矿(明赛:Py sa;马扎拉:Py sb)结构均较为均一,且Au(平均为0.33×10^(-6))等微量元素含量低,δ^(34)S值变化较大(Py sa:8.12‰~15.6‰;Py sb:-24.3‰~3.36‰)且与侏罗系地层δ^(34)S值相吻合。明赛凝灰岩中黄铁矿(Py va)发育富砷同心环带,具较高的Au(平均含量为14.3×10-6)、As含量,而马扎拉凝灰岩中黄铁矿(Py vb)发育不规则核-边结构且富Au(平均含量为3.8×10-6)、Cu、Pb、Sb。两矿床凝灰岩中黄铁矿和毒砂的δ^(34)S值相似(Py va平均值为2.7‰、毒砂为2.4‰;Py vb平均值为3.2‰、毒砂为3.2‰),与藏南造山型金矿中黄铁矿δ^(34)S值一致。上述两个矿床板岩中黄铁矿贫金且硫同位素组成差异较大,可能为成矿流体与含不同沉积黄铁矿围岩反应所致;而凝灰岩中的黄铁矿富金且与毒砂具有相似的硫同位素组成,可归因于同源流体与相同围岩发生均一化水岩反应。本次研究表明藏南地区广泛分布的凝灰岩是形成造山型金矿的有利岩性,研究区不同构造层次的造山型金矿具相似物质源区,成矿系统差异性受控于不同水岩反应过程。

东昆仑驼路沟钴金矿床中黄铁矿的结构和成分特征及其对钴成矿作用的启示

驼路沟钴金矿床是我国少见的大型热液型矿床。为了深入认识该矿床(含)钴成矿过程,选取驼路沟矿床中的富钴黄铁矿为研究对象,通过岩相学、矿物学、微量元素特征和S同位素组成分析,确定黄铁矿结构、成矿流体特征、演化过程及成矿物质来源,进而揭示详细的成矿过程,以及黄铁矿对钴成矿的指示作用。研究表明,驼路沟含钴黄铁矿可分成三部分:晶型较好、偶见孔隙的黄铁矿核部;具有震荡环带,与硫镍钴矿、辉砷镍矿共生的黄铁矿幔部;晶型较好的黄铁矿边部。其中,黄铁矿核部富集Co、Ni等元素,幔部富集Co、Ni、As等元素,边部具有较高的As、Se含量和稍高的Au含量。三者对比显示,核部Co含量最高,幔部As含量最高,边部含有较高的Au,三者ω(Co)/ω(Ni)值绝大部分都大于1,指示其热液成因;从核部到幔部再到边部,Co、Ni含量逐渐降低,Se含量逐渐升高,说明其流体温度逐渐降低;黄铁矿中δ^(34)S值整体为-1.43‰~0.48‰,说明成矿物质主要来源于岩浆。黄铁矿的结构、微量元素特征、S同位素组成表明,驼路沟的成矿流体为富含Co、Ni、As等元素的低温热液流体。本研究对于揭示喷流热液型钴矿床成矿过程及指导类似矿床的找矿勘查具有重大意义。

Isotope Tracing and Prospecting Assessment of Gold-Silver Deposits in Zhejiang Province

Three different types of gold and silver deposits in Zhejiang Province(Huangshan gold deposit, Zhilingtou gold-silver deposit and Haoshi silver deposit) showmarked differences in lead and strontium isotopic composition, suggesting three differentsources and geneses of these deposits. The Huangshan gold deposit features low initial Srisotope ratios and low μ values or low content of radiogenic Pb and its ore-forming materialscame primarily from the upper mantle; the Zhilingtou gold-silver deposit shows high initial Srisotope ratios and high μ values or high content of radiogenic Pb and the ore-forming materialswere derived mainly from the upper crust; and the Haoshi silver deposit has its Pb and Srisotope ratios between the above two cases with the ore-forming materials stemming from boththe mantle and the crust. The characteristic Pb isotopic composition may serve as an indicatorfor prospecting for different types of ore deposits.

Source Strata of Gold in Western Guangdong— Their Identification and Significance in Gold Mineralization

Strata of different geological periods extensively outcrop in western Guang-dong Province, but most gold deposits are restricted to the Middle-Late Proterozoic Yunkai Group and the Cambrian Bacun Group,showing obvious strata-boun character-istics .Gold abundance and trace element geochemistry of the Yunkai and Bacun Groups are compared with those of the Ordovician and Silurian strta.The Yunkai Group is considered to be the source strata for gold mineralization in the region.

Neurological function following intra-neural injection of fluorescent neuronal tracers in rats

Fluorescent neuronal tracers should not be toxic to the nervous system when used in long-term labeling. Previous studies have addressed tracer toxicity, but whether tracers injected into an intact nerve result in functional impairment remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we examined the functions of motor, sensory and autonomic nerves following the application of 5% Fluoro-Gold, 4% True Blue and 10% Fluoro-Ruby （5 pL） to rat tibial nerves via pressure injection. A set of evaluation methods including walking track analysis, plantar test and laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to determine the action of the fluorescent neuronal tracers. Additionally, nerve pathology and ratio of muscle wet weight were also observed. Results showed that injection of Fluoro-Gold significantly resulted in loss of motor nerve function, lower plantar sensibility, increasing blood flow volume and higher neurogenic vasodilatation. Myelinated nerve fiber degeneration, unclear boundaries in nerve fibers and high retrograde labeling efficacy were observed in the Fluoro-Gold group. The True Blue group also showed obvious neurogenic vasodilatation, but less severe loss of motor function and degeneration, and fewer labeled motor neurons were found compared with the Fluoro-Gold group. No anomalies of motor and sensory nerve function and no myelinated nerve fiber degeneration were observed in the Fluoro-Ruby group. Experimental findings indicate that Fluoro-Gold tracing could lead to significant functional impairment of motor, sensory and autonomic nerves, while functional impairment was less severe following True Blue tracing. Fluoro-Ruby injection appears to have no effect on neurological function.

Silicon Isotope Geochemistry of Micro-Fine Disseminated Gold Deposits in SW Guizhou and NW Guangxi,China

Quartz was studied with respect to its silicon isotopic composition and cathodoluminescence in micro-fine disseminated gold deposits in SW Guizhou and NW Guangxi. The resultsshowed that quartz in wall rocks, ores and that in association with hydrothermal silicificationare distinctive in silicon isotopes and cathodoluminescence characters. Quartz in association withprimary silicification is non-luminescent while that in wall rocks and associated with secondarysilicification exhibits striking luminescence. Based on the dynamic fractionation of silicon isotopes, it is suggested that the mineralization was accompanied by rapid transport of a primarysiliceous fluid along the major deep fault system into subordinate faults before ore componentsdeposited in favorable strata via penetration and metasomatism. Therefore, a deep origin is implicit for gold deposits of this type.

Preparation and Characterization of Gold Thin Film Electrode Modified by Microbe

A novel method based on microbe modification has been employed to prepare gold thin film electrode. The preparation method is simple and the electrode obtained is stable and very sensitive in determining heavy metal ions. The quantitation limit of Cu2+ is 0.05 ng/mL.