A Review of REE Tracer Method Used in Soil Erosion Studies

Rare earth elements （REEs） have been proved ideal tracers for soil erosion and aggregation. REE tracer method （REETM） used to study soil erosion, as a new technique, has been developed in recent 20 yr. It is able to quantitatively monitor the temporal and spatial variation of erosion intensity, compared with traditional approaches. The applications of REETM in studying of sediment differentiation law, erosion process evolution, determination of sediment sources and sedimentation investigations, and determination of prediction parameters, were reviewed. Some application limitations were summarized.

Research of Temperature Tracer Method to Detect Tubular Leakage Passage in Earth-Dam

The location, intensity and scope of concentrated leakage must be determined in order to repair earth-Dam scoured by the leakage. In this paper, firstly, heat tracer theory and distribution laws of temperature in soil body with leakage are discussed. Then temperature tracer model is established according to stable heat conduction theory. In such model, the concentrated seepage passage is simplified into a circular pipe as a boundary condition. The location, scope and flow-velocity of the concentrated leakage are estimated via ichnography of the lowest temperature based on temperature data from detecting wells by quantitative computation and qualitative analysis. In case study, the distribution characteristic of temperature (including temperature data of water in reservoir, drainage pipes and tail pond) can be interpreted by this model. A modified model is also set up, applied for detected data at different cross-sections of the leakage passage, in which the temperature data are rectified according to distances from data locations to calculating section. Finally, the model is solved by numerical iterative method, and the possible error of this theoretical model is discussed. The permeability coefficient in leakage area is identical with that of normal soil in magnitude after anti-seepage repairing accomplished, which indicates this model is effective.

A theoretical framework of tracer methods for marine sediment dynamics

A new theoretical framework of tracer methods is proposed in the present contribution, on the basis of mass conservation. This model is applicable for both artificial and natural tracers. It can be used to calculate the spatial distribution patterns of sediment transport rate, thus providing independent information and verification for the results derived from empirical formulae. For the procedures of the calculation, first, the tracer concentration and topographic maps of two times are obtained. Then, the spatial and temporal changes in the concentration and seabed elevation are calculated, and the boundary conditions required are determined by field observations (such as flow and bedform migration measurements). Finally, based upon eqs. (1) and (13), the transport rate is calculated and expressed as a function of the position over the study area. Further, appropriate modifications to the model may allow the tracer to have different densities and grain size distributions from the bulk sediment.

Study of fissured-rock seepage flow with isotope tracer method in single borehole

A systematic summary is presented describing the application of isotope tracer method in detecting seepage flow in a single borehole. In a single borehole, many hydraulic coefficients, such as flow velocity, direction of flow, vertical flow etc., can be obtained by using isotope tracer method. There are three conditions if a fissure intersects a borehole: vertical, parallel and tilt. According to each different condition, the formulation of flow velocity deduced by isotope dilution method is different. At the same time, well theory of blended borehole about fissure groups including single fissure group and multi-fissure groups, has also been discussed.

Discrete Tracer Point Method to Evaluate Turbulent Diffusion in Circular Pipe Flow

Diffusion of a solute in turbulent flows through a circular pipe or tunnel is an important aspect of environmental safety. In this study, the diffusion coefficient of turbulent flow in circular pipe has been simulated by the Discrete Tracer Point Method (DTPM). The DTPM is a Lagrangian numerical method by a number of imaginary point displacement which satisfy turbulent mixing by velocity fluctuations, Reynolds stress, average velocity profile and a turbulent stochastic model. Numerical simulation results of points’ distribution by DTPM have been compared with the analytical solution for turbulent plug-flow. For the case of turbulent circular pipe flow, the appropriate DTPM calculation time step has been investigated using a constantβ, which represents the ratio between average mixing lengths over diameter of circular pipe. The evaluated values of diffusion coefficient by DTPM have been found to be in good agreement with Taylor’s analytical equation for turbulent circular pipe flow by givingβ=0.04 to 0.045. Further, history matching of experimental tracer gas measurement through turbulent smooth-straight pipe flow has been presented and the results showed good agreement.

智慧供热系统数据运行核查方法研究

高质量数据是智慧供热系统数据分析的前提和分析结论可靠性的保障,计量器具的良好工作状态是获得高质量数据的基础。本文讨论了计量器具的检定、校准及运行核查的区别,研究了智慧供热系统计量器具在线运行核查方法。研究表明:流量计根据其实际安装工作条件,采用安装条件修正系数可解决直管段长度不够带来的测量误差问题;采用基准表法对使用的流量计进行技术性能核查,可正确判别单台流量计的工作状态;示踪法是解决大口径贸易结算表数据质量问题的有效方法。本研究可为及时发现工作异常的计量器具、确保测量数据的准确性及可靠性提供理论指导及技术支撑。

声呐渗流测试技术之质疑

介绍了近年来新出现的用声呐法测试渗流速度和渗流方向这一技术的核心内容,包括测试装置、测试原理和计算方法等。从理论和实践上对其提出了4方面的质疑:测试原理的理论基础、渗流速度计算方法、渗流方向确定和流场畸变。通过理论分析、公式的推导和数据的可靠性分析后认为:声呐测试渗流的原理缺乏理论解释;计算渗流速度的公式反映的只是孔内垂向流速度,实际还是由测量误差产生的伪垂向流速度,且该公式本身就推导不成立;无论垂向流是向上流动或向下流动,探头上部的水声器发射的声波到达下部平面对称分布的6个水声器的时间在理论上是相等的,因而也无法通过合成法求得渗流方向,所提供的渗流方向实际是由指数级时间误差计算得到的伪流向;即声呐法无法获得渗流速度,包括水平向渗流速度和垂直向流动速度,也无法获得水平向渗流方向。

内漏测量技术中浓度衰减法应用模拟研究

核电厂主控室作为核电厂运行的关键位置,在正常和应急情况下保证工作人员在主控室可居留性尤为重要。对核电厂主控室进行可居留性内漏评价能够判断主控室环境是否处于正常安全运行状态,并根据评价结果发现主控室存在的问题进而提出解决方案,是保障主控室正常安全运行的一种评价技术手段。主控室可居留性内漏评价采用示踪气体试验方法,通过浓度衰减法在简单区域进行内漏测量技术模拟研究,结果表明:示踪气体浓度在40 min内能够达到混合均匀,各采样点示踪气体浓度相对标准偏差为3.71%,示踪气体浓度随着时间推移混合均匀性不断提高,房间空气交换次数为0.3/h,内漏量为45 m^(3)/h,空气交换次数的不确定度为0.3/h。采用浓度衰减法进行内漏测量模拟研究,通过对示踪气体注入、采样点布置,气体搅拌装置分布及示踪气体取样分析等过程进行控制,能够实现示踪气体在简单区域内快速混合均匀达到平衡状态。

基于长期氮肥示踪试验评估氮肥利用率算法的合理性

氮肥利用率是衡量氮肥被作物利用的一个指标,常规采用的计算方法为差减法和15N示踪法,主要是通过作物吸收的氮量来计算氮肥利用率。由于这两种方法没有考虑氮肥在土壤中的残留和后效,显著低估了施用氮肥的实际效应。为此,国内外研究者一直在探索更实际的氮肥利用率计算法。不同的改进方法以不同的表现形式包含了氮肥的遗留效应,弥补了差减法和15N示踪法在短期试验中对实际氮肥利用率的严重低估,基本接近于实际氮肥利用率,但远高于常规差减法或15N示踪法估算值。在本文中定义的实际氮肥利用率(ANUE)为:在土壤残留示踪氮被完全消耗的条件下,作物地上部吸收肥料氮占施氮量的百分比。法国28年旱地作物的氮肥叠加利用率为61.3%~65.3%,中国太湖地区17年的水旱轮作体系示踪氮肥试验中氮肥叠加利用率为38.6%~43.0%。本研究采用Origin 2021的图形数字化工具,获取这两个长期定位试验数据,包括每季作物吸收15N、土壤残留15N数据,分别以耗竭耕层(0—20 cm)、1 m、2 m土体中的氮素残留量来计算氮肥利用率。以此为参照标准,评估土壤氮素平衡法和氮肥有效率法计算结果的合理性。基于2 m土体残留肥料氮的土壤氮素平衡法和氮肥有效率法,会高估旱地作物的氮肥利用率;而以耕层土壤残留肥料氮作为估计参数时,则与旱地实际氮肥利用率基本一致(61%~74%);而氮肥有效率(41%~52%)可以很好地估算我国太湖地区水旱轮作体系的实际氮肥利用率。因此,跨地块或作物系统的氮肥利用率比较,应选择适当的计算方法,以避免由不同方法导致的不可比性而产生误解。氮肥有效率法(将作物吸收和土壤残留氮均视为有效部分)可以通过短期试验获得接近实际的氮肥利用率,具有广泛的应用价值。

针对一次对流云降水反演大气垂直运动速度及雨滴谱

反演大气垂直速度和雨滴谱分布是研究云降水机制和云微物理信息的重要内容,对人工预报天气、干预天气都有重要意义。针对2021年8月29日安徽省内毫米波雷达探测到的一次对流云降水过程,处理毫米波雷达的功率谱数据并进行大气垂直速度和雨滴谱反演。在小粒子示踪法的基础上引入改进小粒子示踪法:选取有效云信号段中最小功率对应的谱点作为反演大气垂直速度的示踪物。首先,根据改进前后的小粒子示踪法分别从功率谱数据中反演大气垂直速度,并跟基数据反演大气速度的结果展开对比分析。进一步得到粒子在静止空气中的下落速度,根据现有粒子下落速度-粒子直径之间的经验公式计算反演粒子直径。研究表明:(1)采用改进后的小粒子示踪法反演大气垂直速度得到的结果比小粒子示踪法得到的结果更精确,在云层内部两者误差较大;(2)进一步得到粒子下落速度,结合探测时段的天气状况,得到的粒子速度与大气速度可很好地契合,跟对流云天气情况信息大致吻合;(3)粒子浓度是反演雨滴谱分布时需要注意的主要参数,云在快速发展过程中,内部粒子持续朝外部扩张,云内部的粒子浓度较小,云边界的粒子浓度反而较大。

大口径管道烟气流量测量方法综述

2021年全国碳市场开启,为了提高碳交易的准确性,需要做到碳排放数据的可测量、可报告、可核查。在这种背景下,烟气在线监测系统作为一种碳排放量化方法得到了重视。其有效工作的基础是烟气流量的准确测量。但电厂烟囱尺寸大,内部烟气流动特性复杂,烟气流量难以准确测量。重点分析了皮托管流量计和气体超声波流量计在大口径管道流量测量中的研究现状,详细介绍了大口径管道气体流量测量技术。此外,还介绍了一种独立的流量测量方法—示踪气体稀释法,探讨其发展现状及作为一种流量标定方法的潜力。

荧光示踪法在沥青材料研究中的应用现状综述

荧光示踪法因能够通过荧光示踪剂标记沥青,帮助研究人员更加直观地观测到沥青的微观结构,从而广泛应用于沥青材料研究中。首先简要介绍了目前广泛应用的4类示踪剂的特点及其应用的主要领域;在此基础上,重点概述了荧光示踪法的原理及在沥青材料研究中常用的荧光示踪剂;接着总结了当下沥青荧光显微试样的制备方法并分析了各种方法的优点与不足;最后综述了荧光示踪法在新-旧沥青融合、沥青改性机理等方向的应用并提出了新型荧光示踪剂使用设想。该研究成果可为荧光示踪法在精确量化分析沥青微观性能方向提供新的研究思路。

基于同位素示踪法的微量O_(2)对电弧放电下SF_(6)分解产物影响的研究

SF_(6)气体绝缘开关设备电弧放电下O_(2)对SF_(6)分解产物具有显著影响,但其影响规律及相关作用机制目前尚不清楚。针对这一问题,文中利用^(18)O_(2)作为示踪剂开展了电弧放电实验,利用GC⁃MS分析了放电过程中和放电后含^(18)O同位素物质的变化规律,明确了电弧放电下SF_(6)分解产物的形成途径及^(18)O_(2)对SF_(6)分解产物的影响,阐明了其深层化学反应机理。结果表明,电弧放电下O_(2)杂质会在不同程度上促进SOF_(2)、SO_(2)、SO_(2)F_(2)、CO_(2)的生成,其中O_(2)主要以分解后的O原子参与SOF_(2)、SO_(2)、CO_(2)的生成反应,以O_(2)分子和分解后的O原子共同参与SO_(2)F_(2)的生成反应。SOF_(2)和SO_(2)F_(2)的生成主要由放电过程中发生的复合反应主导,SO_(2)的生成主要由放电后发生的分子间反应主导,CO_(2)的生成则来自两者的共同作用。

Using REE Tracers to Measure Sheet Erosion Changing to Rill Erosion

Rare earth element(REE) tracer method was used to study sheet erosion changing to rill erosion on slope land. By placing different REE on different soil depth across a slope in an indoor plot, two simulated rainfalls were applied to study the change of erosion type and the rill erosion process. The results indicate that the main erosion type is sheet erosion at the beginning of the rainfalls, and serious erosion happens after rill erosion appears. Accumulated sheet and rill erosion amount increases with the rainfalls time. The percentage of sheet erosion amount decreases and rill erosion percentage increases with time. At the end of the rainfalls, the total rill erosion amounts are 4.3 and 5 times more than sheet erosion. In this paper, a new REE tracer method was used to quantitatively distinguish sheet and rill erosion amount. The new REE tracer method should be useful to future studying of erosion processes on slope lands.

季节对浅埋深厚煤层采空区垂直漏风的影响研究

针对浅埋煤层综放面回采后引起地表漏风这一难题,在生辉煤业20100工作面利用示踪气体法研究季节变换时地表的漏风规律,分析不同季节时,采空区和对应地表的温度、压强及漏风速率情况。现场实测结果发现:夏天时,工作面对应地表的温度与采空区温度差值最小,仅为1.0℃;冬天时,工作面对应地表的温度与采空区的温度差值最大,采空区温度都超过20℃,而地表处于0℃以下,二者温度的最大差值达到38.1℃;夏天和冬天释放SF6气体6个区域中采空区和对应地表气压的最大压差分别为21.95 hPa和41.68 hPa;春秋两季的采空区和对应地表气压的差值几乎相同,呈现相同的变化规律;春、秋两季时的漏风速率变化规律大致相同,差异性不明显;夏天时地表具有较小的漏风速率,最大平均值为6.923 m/min;冬天的漏风速率最大,最大平均值为8.294 m/min.根据不同季节的变化特点采取防治漏风措施,确保20100工作面正常生产。

Area Method Analysis and Thermodynamic Behavior of Nonmetallic Micro-Inclusions in Casting Slab of GCr15 Bearing Steel

The distribution and characteristics of nonmetallic micro-inclusions of GCr15 bearing steel were explored through metallographic area method in virtue of tracer method and electronic microscope.The results show that the micro-inclusions,of which the average value is 0.032%,are mainly the compounds formed via the adsorption/aggregation of multielement deoxidized compounds and secondarily deoxidized products on tundish liquid level.The micro-inclusions of diameters from 0 to 5 μm are 92.5% in total,which basically determines the characteristics of inclusions distribution in casting slab.The inclusions of diameters more than 10 μm only account for less than 1% in total,which have little influence on steel quality.The relationship between equilibrium compositions of the first deoxidation products and molten steel compositions was also calculated based on thermodynamic theory.

镉锌稳定同位素地球化学及其在土壤等地质体中的危害与治理研究进展

【研究目的 】镉、锌既是重要的矿产资源,也是有害的重金属元素。随着多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的发展,镉、锌等非传统稳定同位素体系的建立与应用使镉、锌地球化学研究水平迈上新的高度,镉、锌同位素体系建立与应用成为国际研究热点。【研究方法 】本文通过查阅大量镉、锌同位素的相关文献,从镉、锌同位素的分析方法、分馏机制、自然界储库组成及应用领域进行了综述。【研究结果 】(1)随着镉、锌同位素分析技术的不断改进,其同位素体系正在逐步建立;(2)地球各储库中的锌同位素组成已基本查明,镉同位素组成正处于数据积累阶段;(3)镉、锌同位素分馏机制主要包括吸附沉淀、生物作用、化学作用等,目前已逐渐被应用到指示行星分异、探明成矿机制、重建古环境、示踪污染源等多种领域中;(4)在解析重金属污染源时,多种同位素的联用有助于减小不确定性。【结论 】在新型同位素分析仪器和技术的开发下,镉、锌同位素的研究拥有更大的发展空间。未来的研究重点主要包括对镉、锌同位素分馏机制、部分储库含量、应用领域进行完善。

基于热效应的涉水混凝土工程裂缝监测方法

相比于常规混凝土结构,水下混凝土结构开裂对结构安全具有更加恶劣的影响,准确、及时地监测裂缝的发生发展过程,对保障涉水工程安全、防止事故具有重要意义。本文基于流体–热源–裂缝的热效应耦合作用,提出水下混凝土结构裂缝监测的温度示踪法,并设计3种裂缝监测方案,分别采用监测管–多孔套管组件、监测管–空心套管组件和监测管–灌水管组件实现开裂信息与开裂部位热力学信息的转换。其中:前两种监测方案主要利用热传导原理,使开裂后裂缝周围介质的热力学参数发生改变,从而改变热量传递规律;第3种方案主要利用对流传热原理,通过灌水使裂缝截面产生对流传热效应,从而提高传热速度。针对上述3种监测方案,分别制作了混凝土梁试件,采用光纤光栅温度传感器和陶瓷加热管组成的传感加热单元开展了瞬态传热模型试验,根据热源降温曲线的分段特征,定义了反映热源降温速度的判别指标,利用该指标进行裂缝的识别,并对3种方案的裂缝识别效果进行分析和对比。结果表明:3种监测方案均能很好地判断是否有裂缝产生;在裂缝定位方面,方案3效果更好;在裂缝宽度定量识别方面,方案1无法识别裂缝宽度,方案2仅可在流动水环境中识别裂缝宽度,方案3可根据渗漏流量识别裂缝宽度。

文物展柜密封性能检测方法研究

文物展柜换气率是评价文物展柜密封性能的重要指标。为准确、客观、科学地评估展柜换气率,在GB/T 36110—2018的基础上,对检测评估方法中的一些细节进行了全面研究。结果显示,为了达到较好的拟合效果,可固定展柜外二氧化碳浓度,设定浓度为(300~600)×10^(-6)(以体积分数表示),对拟合结果影响不大;采用数值计算方法获得各时刻的展柜平均换气率,在检测时间较短时不稳定,波动较大,稳定后与拟合的换气率接近;初始二氧化碳浓度对换气率拟合结果影响较大,检测时应基本固定展柜内二氧化碳气体的初始浓度为(20000~25000)×10^(-6)(以体积分数表示),使各检测结果间具有可比性。在密闭展柜内二氧化碳混合比较均匀,未发生明显的沉降,检测设备放置的位置对换气率拟合结果影响不大;由于检测过程中的各种误差,拟合的R^(2)达到0.9以上即可认为结果有效。

First application of plutonium in soil erosion research on terraces

The spatial distributions of ^(239+240)Pu and ^(137)Cs in soils from Longji Rice Terraces were investigated to evaluate soil erosion.The activity concentrations of ^(239+240)Pu and ^(137)Cs in the surface soils of the paddy fields were in the range of 0.089–0.734 and1.80–7.88 mBq/g,respectively.The activities of ^(239+240)Pu and ^(137)Cs showed very similar distribution trends,first increasing and then decreasing with increasing elevation.The 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in the surface soils ranged from 0.162 to 0.232.The activities of ^(239+240)Pu and ^(137)Cs in the soil cores tended to be uniformly distributed within the plowed layer and declined exponentially below this depth.The mean soil erosion rates of Longji Rice Terraces estimated by ^(239+240)Pu and ^(137)Cs tracer methods were 5.44 t/(ha·a)and 5.16 t/(ha·a),respectively,which demonstrated that plutonium can replace ^(137)Cs as an ideal tracer for soil erosion research in the future.Landform features are the main factors affecting the distribution of plutonium and ^(137)Cs as well as soil erosion in the Longji Rice Terraces.