Traction power systems for electrified railways:evolution,state of the art,and future trends

Traction power systems(TPSs)play a vital role in the operation of electrified railways.The transformation of conventional railway TPSs to novel structures is not only a trend to promote the development of electrified railways toward high-efficiency and resilience but also an inevitable requirement to achieve carbon neutrality target.On the basis of sorting out the power supply structures of conventional AC and DC modes,this paper first reviews the characteristics of the existing TPSs,such as weak power supply flexibility and low-energy efficiency.Furthermore,the power supply structures of various TPSs for future electrified railways are described in detail,which satisfy longer distance,low-carbon,high-efficiency,high-reliability and high-quality power supply requirements.Meanwhile,the application prospects of different traction modes are discussed from both technical and economic aspects.Eventually,this paper introduces the research progress of mixed-system electrified railways and traction power supply technologies without catenary system,speculates on the future development trends and challenges of TPSs and predicts that TPSs will be based on the continuous power supply mode,employing power electronic equipment and intelligent information technology to construct a railway comprehensive energy system with renewable energy.

Research on the longitudinal protection of a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system based on the empirical wavelet transform

This paper proposes a longitudinal protection scheme utilizing empirical wavelet transform(EWT)for a through-type cophase traction direct power supply system,where both sides of a traction network line exhibit a distinctive boundary structure.This approach capitalizes on the boundary’s capacity to attenuate the high-frequency component of fault signals,resulting in a variation in the high-frequency transient energy ratio when faults occur inside or outside the line.During internal line faults,the high-frequency transient energy at the checkpoints located at both ends surpasses that of its neighboring lines.Conversely,for faults external to the line,the energy is lower compared to adjacent lines.EWT is employed to decompose the collected fault current signals,allowing access to the high-frequency transient energy.The longitudinal protection for the traction network line is established based on disparities between both ends of the traction network line and the high-frequency transient energy on either side of the boundary.Moreover,simulation verification through experimental results demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed protection scheme across various initial fault angles,distances to faults,and fault transition resistances.

New generation traction power supply system and its key technologies for electrified railways

Unlike the traditional traction power supply system which enables the electrified railway traction sub- station to be connected to power grid in a way of phase rotation, a new generation traction power supply system without phase splits is proposed in this paper. Three key techniques used in this system have been discussed. First, a combined co-phase traction power supply system is applied at traction substations for compensating negative sequence current and eliminating phase splits at exits of substations; design method and procedure for this system are presented. Second, a new bilateral traction power supply technology is proposed to eliminate the phase split at section post and reduce the influence of equalizing current on the power grid. Meanwhile, power factor should be adjusted to ensure a proper voltage level of the traction network. Third, a seg- mental power supply technology of traction network is used to divide the power supply arms into several segments, and the synchronous measurement and control technology is applied to diagnose faults and their locations quickly and accurately. Thus, the fault impact can be limited to a min- imum degree. In addition, the economy and reliability of the new generation traction power supply system are analyzed.

A preventive opportunistic maintenance method for railway traction power supply system based on equipment reliability

Conventional maintenance mode for the traction power supply system(TPSS)is to perform scheduled regular maintenance activities for power supply equipment,while such maintenance mode may result in undue maintenance tasks and low efficiency due to different degradation processes of different sorts of equipment.To address this problem,this paper introduces a preventive opportunistic maintenance(POM)method for TPSS based on equipment reliability.Firstly,a POM model is established by considering the equipment reliability degradation process based on Weibull distribution.Then,by considering the total power outage time in the planned operation cycle of TPSS as the optimization objective,the optimal maintenance scheme of TPSS is formulated by iterative method of maintenance strategies.The proposed method is verified by introducing practical maintenance strategies and fault record data of the traction transformer,circuit breaker and disconnector in an actual TPSS of a railway administration.Results show that the presented method can make full use of the existing fault data to develop a POM scheme for TPSS.It can improve maintenance efficiency and reduce power outage time,providing guidance to formulate scientific maintenance strategies for TPSS.

Industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system for urban rail transit and its key technologies

To avoid stray current and maintain the benefit of no phase-split in the DC traction power supply system, an AC traction power supply system was proposed for the urban public transport such as metro and light rail transit. The proposed system consists of a main substation （MSS） and cable traction network （CTN）. The MSS includes a single-phase main traction transformer and a negative-se- quence compensation device, while the CTN includes double-core cables, traction transformers, overhead catenary system, rails, etc. Several key techniques for the proposed system were put forward and discussed, which can be summarized as （1） the power supply principle, equivalent circuit and transmission ability of the CTN, the cable-catenary matching technique, and the selection of catenary voltage level; （2） the segmentation technology and status identification method for traction power supply network, distributed and centralized protection schemes, etc.; （3） a power supply scheme for single-line MSS and a power supply scheme of MSS shared by two or more lines. The proposed industrial frequency single-phase AC traction power supply system shows an excellent technical performance, good economy, and high reliability, hence provides a new alternative for metro and urban rail transit power supply systems.

DC Traction Power Supply System Based on Modular Multilevel Converter Suitable for Energy Feeding and De-icing

A novel DC traction power supply system suitable for energy feeding and de-icing is proposed in this paper for an urban rail transit catenary on the basis of the full bridge submodule (FBSM) modular multilevel converter (MMC). The FBSM-MMC is a novel type of voltage source converter (VSC) and can directly control the output DC voltage and conduct bipolar currents, thus flexibly controlling the power flow of the urban rail transit catenary. The proposed topology can overcome the inherent disadvantages of the output voltage drop in the diode rectifier units, increase the power supply distance and reduce the number of traction substations. The flexible DC technology can coordinate multiple FBSM-MMCs in a wide area and jointly complete the bidirectional control of catenary power flow during the operation of the electric locomotive, so as to realize the local consumption and optimal utilization of the recovered braking energy of the train. In addition, the FBSM-MMCs can also adjust the output current when the locomotive is out of service to prevent the catenary from icing in winter. The working modes of the proposed topology are illustrated in detail and the control strategy is specially designed for normal locomotive operations and catenary de-icing. Simulation cases conducted by PSCAD/EMTDC validate the proposed topology and its control strategy.

Low-Frequency Stability Analysis of Power Electronic Traction Transformer Based Train-Network System

Power electronic traction transformers(PETTs)will be increasingly applied to locomotives in the future for their small volume and light weight.However,similar to conventional trains,PETTs behave as constant power loads and may cause low-frequency oscillation(LFO)to the train-network system.To solve this issue,a mathematical model of the PETT is firstly proposed and verified based on the extended describing function(EDF)method in this paper.In the proposed model,the LLC converter is simplified to an equivalent circuit consisting of a capacitor and a resistor in parallel.It is further demonstrated that the model can apply to various LLC converters with different topologies and controls.Particularly,when the parameter differences between cells are not obvious,the PETT can be simplified to a single-phase rectifier(i.e.,conventional train)by equivalent transformation.Based on the model of PETT,the system low-frequency stability and influential factors are analyzed by using the generalized Nyquist criterion.Lastly,the correctness and accuracy of theoretical analyses are validated by off-line and hardware-in-the-loop simulation results.

Improved fault location method for AT traction power network based on EMU load test

The autotransformer(AT)neutral current ratio method is widely used for fault location in the AT traction power network.With the development of high-speed electrified railways,a large number of data show that the relation between the AT neutral current ratio and the distance from the beginning of the fault AT section to the fault point(Q-L relation)is mostly nonlinear.Therefore,the linear Q-L relation in the traditional fault location method always leads to large errors.To solve this problem,a large number of load-related current data that can be used to describe the Q-L relation are obtained through the load test of the electric multiple unit(EMU).Thus,an improved fault location method based on the back propagation(BP)neural network is proposed in this paper.On this basis,a comparison between the improved method and the traditional method shows that the maximum absolute error and the average absolute error of the improved method are 0.651 km and 0.334 km lower than those of the traditional method,respectively,which demonstrates that the improved method can effectively eliminate the influence of nonlinear factors and greatly improve the accuracy of fault location for the AT traction power network.Finally,combined with a shortcircuit test,the accuracy of the improved method is verified.

A power-quality monitoring and assessment system for high-speed railways based on train-network-data center integration

In recent years,with the rapid development of high-speed railways(HSRs),power interruptions or disturbances in traction power supply systems have become increasingly dangerous.However,it is often impossible to detect these faults immediately through single-point monitoring or collecting data after accidents.To coordinate the power quality data of both traction power supply systems(TPSSs)and high-speed trains(HSTs),a monitoring and assessing system is proposed to access the power quality issues on HSRs.By integrating train monitoring,traction substation monitoring and data center,this monitoring system not only realizes the real-time monitoring of operational behaviors for both TPSSs and HSTs,but also conducts a comprehensive assessment of operational quality for train-network systems.Based on a large number of monitoring data,the field measurements show that this real-time monitoring system is effective for monitoring and evaluating a traction-network system.

新型混合式贯通牵引供电系统及其复合控制策略

电分相与负序等电能质量问题是制约电气化铁路向高速化、重载化发展的桎梏。贯通牵引供电系统为消弭上述问题提供了契机,但既有贯通方案依然存在所需器件数目多、改造成本高、可靠性差等弊端。为此,在充分利用既有牵引变压器基础上,该文设计一种新型混合式贯通牵引供电装置。该装置通过共直流侧与功率均分手段有效抵消输入侧纹波功率,降低有源/无源器件数目与电容容量。同时,针对直流侧二次纹波与负荷功率冲击,提出一种输入端口复合控制策略,有效解决纹波传递与冲击波动问题。最后通过仿真与实验验证所提装置及其控制策略的可行性与可靠性。

基于RPC的光储接入牵引供电系统协调控制方法

为将光伏发电接入牵引供电系统进行有效利用,同时兼顾牵引供电系统电能质量改善及列车再生制动能量回收利用,提出了一种基于铁路功率调节器的光储系统接入牵引供电系统的协调控制方法.首先,搭建基于铁路功率调节器的光储系统接入牵引供电拓扑结构,并对其电能质量补偿机理进行理论分析;在此基础上,充分考虑光储系统的运行条件以及列车牵引、制动、空载或惰行工况,提出光储系统接入牵引供电的联合协调控制方法,实现了“光+储+荷”三者间的协调控制、牵引供电系统负序的动态补偿以及谐波的有效抑制;在RT-Lab实时仿真系统中建立了基于铁路功率调节器的光伏接入牵引供电系统仿真模型,并结合实际光照和牵引工况数据验证本文所提出的系统结构以及协调控制方法的有效性.结果表明:本文所提出的系统结构以及协调控制方法能够实现牵引供电系统中光储系统的有效接入,再生制动能量回收率提升至86.7%,功率因数提升6.4%,对谐波特别是高次谐波含有率有较大改善,满足光伏电能高效消纳及综合利用、电能质量动态综合补偿、再生制动能量回收多重需求.

计及光伏和储能接入的牵引供电系统能量管理策略

近年来,为实现电气化铁路“双碳”目标,多项铁路用能优化举措投入实施并取得一定成效,然而,单靠能耗优化治标不治本。为根治电气化铁路碳排放问题,在保证系统稳定运行的基础上,基于智能电网理念,提出计及光伏和储能接入的牵引供电系统能量管理策略。首先,构建计及光伏和储能接入的牵引供电系统;然后,基于电力市场电价及新能源出力,采用日前联合调控、日内滚动调节和实时优化控制铁路用能,并通过分层分级优化,打破各“源”端相对独立、各自为政的壁垒,实现多能互补;最后,通过共享储能模式,降低储能装置闲置率并提高新能源利用率。仿真结果表明,该能量管理策略可在保障系统运行稳定和安全的基础上有效地降低系统的运行成本,同时保持良好的电能质量。

考虑架构灵活重构的混合式贯通牵引供电装置应急管控与故障恢复策略

基于牵引变压器与两相交流输入至单相交流输出(两相-单相)变换单元的混合式贯通牵引供电系统(HATPSS)凭借其设备利用率高、改造成本低等优势而受到关注。然而,两相-单相变换单元作为系统中的薄弱环节,其任意端口故障会导致系统出现负序电流与功率缺失等问题,严重者将引发整个贯通系统失稳。此外,受HATPSS供电架构特殊性及其控制目标多样性的影响,传统牵引系统冗余备用方案与应急管控技术适用性差等问题突出。鉴于此,该文针对两相-单相变换单元的输入/输出端故障工况,综合考虑牵引站中既有设备应急管控潜能与两相-单相变换单元控制自由度的特点,分别提出面向HATPSS的应急管控与故障恢复策略。仅通过牵引变压器、联络开关、两相-单相变换单元等系统既有装置间的协同配合,实现在不同故障工况下HATPSS额定功率运行与负序电流抑制。最后,仿真与实验验证了在不同工况下该文所提应急管控策略的可行性与有效性。

隧道牵引分区所雷击暂态特性及其二次设备电磁兼容研究

牵引供电系统遭受雷击会在分区所内产生过电压与过电流,对分区所开关柜中二次设备产生瞬态电磁干扰,影响其正常运行。文中针对电气化铁路隧道分区所,建立雷击暂态仿真模型,计算了接触网不同位置遭受雷击时分区所的过电压与过电流,建立了27.5 kV开关柜的电磁场有限元仿真模型,分析开关柜中不同区域的瞬态电场、磁场分布。结果表明:雷击接触网会在分区所内产生幅值较大、频率较高的过电压与过电流,在其作用下开关柜低压室瞬态电场可达147.2 V/m、瞬态磁场可达1.3 kA/m,断路器室前壁处瞬态电场可达822.9 kV/m、瞬态磁场可达15.85 kA/m,超过标准规定的幅值,二次设备需要考虑相应的电磁屏蔽措施。论文结果对牵引供电系统雷击过电压/电流防护以及二次设备电磁兼容设计具有参考价值。

牵引供电数字孪生系统框架设计及典型应用

数字孪生是一种将物理实体与数字模型深度融合的新兴产业技术,受到国内外铁路行业广泛关注。基于数字孪生的概念和发展现状,提出牵引供电数字孪生系统的框架设计和关键技术需求。针对基于数字孪生的牵引变压器状态监测及性能预测、牵引开关柜温度监测、系统故障检测与处理等典型应用,探讨数字孪生技术在铁路牵引供电系统领域的应用前景。结果表明,通过数字孪生技术的应用,可实现对设备运行状态的全面监测和优化,提升牵引供电系统的性能及可靠性。

双制式列车接地系统的车-地联合牵引供电计算

为研究双制式列车在不同供电制式区段下的车体环流和车体—轴端电位分布,针对某型双制式列车构建列车接地系统的链式电路模型,并提出车-地一体化的交、直流区段联合牵引供电计算方法;同时,建立列车接地保护电阻优化模型,并分析2种列车接地系统配置方案.以国内某条双制式线路为算例进行仿真验证,研究结果表明:方案1相较方案2,列车的车体—轴端电位最大值降低36.58%~41.04%,车体环流最大值降低18.49%~22.97%;并且在方案1中,头尾车保护电阻设置为20 mΩ,可使列车的车体—轴端电位最大值为1.15 V,车体电流最大值为50.30 A,达到抑制车体—轴端电位的最优效果.该车-地一体化的交、直流区段联合牵引供电计算方法可适用于单一供电制式或者多供电制式列车接地系统的分析.

工矿机车牵引双供电系统及其下垂控制策略

为了应对工矿机车距离和载重日益增长的发展趋势,同时满足工矿机车牵引对突变负荷的运行稳定性提升的要求,提出一种双供电系统及其下垂控制方法的工矿机车牵引供电方案。针对工矿牵引具有负荷突变、往返载荷差异大等工矿行业的特殊性,对比分析了站间精确均流和非精确均流策略对工矿机车牵引的适用性,根据分析结果提出了工矿机车双供电系统方式及其站间协同下垂控制策略,在此基础上引入电流前馈控制策略。搭建了仿真模型和包含牵引变电站的工矿机车低压试验牵引物理动模平台,试验结果表明所该策略在负荷突变工况下的机车电压稳定性显著优于与常规下垂控制方法。该研究为工矿机车牵引向大容量、远距离、高可靠性未来发展提供了有力的技术支撑。

计及光伏和储能接入的牵引供电系统日前调度

近年来,为实现电气化铁路“双碳”目标,多项铁路用能优化举措投入实施,但收效甚微.为进一步降低电气化铁路碳排放,改变其供能结构,将光伏和储能装置接入牵引供电系统.首先,构建复合牵引供电系统,并根据系统供能组成将其工况分类;其次,基于系统运行约束的轻重缓急设定优先级,并通过分层分级优化,实现不同运行工况下的系统最优状态;最后,通过合理优化变流器容量,实现系统运行性能和经济效益双赢下的最小碳排放.仿真结果表明,复合牵引供电系统保障系统稳定运行的同时,也大幅降低系统碳排放并实现性能最优.

基于GOOSE通信的城市轨道交通直流牵引供电系统双边联跳与自愈方案

[目的]城市轨道交通直流牵引供电系统的结构复杂且无备用,一旦故障将直接引发停车事故。针对传统牵引供电系统双边联跳方案在实际工程中暴露出的不足,以及直流牵引供电系统智能化程度较低的现状,需研究出利用智能化手段提高直流牵引供电系统双边联跳可靠性的方案。[方法]提出了一种基于GOOSE(面向通用对象的变电站事件)通信的直流牵引供电系统双边联跳与自愈方案。该方案在直流牵引供电系统内构建了GOOSE过程层通信网络,通过牵引变电所内及牵引变电所间各类信息的快速实时交换实现了直流牵引供电系统的双边联跳与自愈重构。对所提出的方案进行了实验室模拟与现场验证。[结果及结论]基于GOOSE通信的城市轨道交通直流牵引供电系统双边联跳与自愈方案具有更高的可靠性与实时性,且方案智能化程度较高,可进行推广应用。

大西高铁牵引供电系统提速方案研究

研究目的:大西高铁线下工程按时速350 km设计,时速250 km开通运营,拟提速至时速300 km。确定提速改造方案需对既有牵引供电系统供电能力及设备状况进行评估及校验,结合牵引负荷增长需求,按5 min、4 min追踪间隔对全线牵引网电压水平和接触网有效电流进行研究,通过牵引供电设施分布、牵引变压器容量和其他设备容量分析,确定设备补强方案;通过弓网仿真研究确定接触网系统张力,进而校核接触网基础容量及零部件的适应性并确定改造方案。研究结论:(1)经对既有牵引供电系统供电能力及设备仿真分析,既有供电设施分布满足提速要求,除西安北牵引变电所牵引变压器安装容量满足要求外,其余牵引变电所均需增容改造;(2)牵引变电所配电装置维持既有布置方案,对容量不满足要求的电流互感器和导线进行扩容改造;(3)接触悬挂线材维持既有型号,正线额定张力调整至28.5 kN+21 kN,同步改造部分接触网零部件;(4)本研究成果可为高速铁路牵引供电系统提速、达速及提质等类似工程提供借鉴和参考。