Local Trade Networks among Farmers and Traders

Both farmers and traders benefit from trade networking, which is crucial for the local economy. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how these networks operate, and how they can be managed more effectively. Throughout this study, we examine the economic networks formed between farmers and traders through the trade of food products. These networks are analyzed from the perspective of their structure and the factors that influence their development. Using data from 18 farmers and 15 traders, we applied exponential random graph models. The results of our study showed that connectivity, Popularity Spread, activity spread, good transportation systems, and high yields all affected the development of networks. Therefore, farmers’ productivity and high market demand can contribute to local food-crop trade. The network was not affected by reciprocity, open markets, proximity to locations, or trade experience of actors. Policy makers should consider these five factors when formulating policies for local food-crop trade. Additionally, local actors should be encouraged to use these factors to improve their network development. However, it is important to note that these factors alone cannot guarantee success. Policy makers and actors must also consider other factors such as legal frameworks, economic policies, and resource availability. Our approach can be used in future research to determine how traders and farmers can enhance productivity and profit in West Africa. This study addresses a research gap by examining factors influencing local food trade in a developing country.

Exploring the complex structural evolution of global primary product trade network

The production and trade of primary products had a growing impact on the economic security of all countries and regions,and the strategic position of these products in the global trade network was becoming increasingly prominent.Based on complex network theory,this paper explored the spatial pattern and complex structural evolution of the global primary product trade network(GPPTN)during 1985-2015 by using index methods,such as centrality,Sankey diagram,and structure entropy,focusing on the diversified spatial structure of China’s import and export markets for primary products(with exceptions of Taiwan of China,Hong Kong of China,and Macao of China due to a lack of data)and their geographical implications for China’s energy security.The research offered the following key findings.The GPPTN showed an obvious spatial heterogeneity pattern,and the area of import consumption was more concentrated;however,the overall trend was decentralized.The trade center of gravity shifted eastwards and reflected the rise of emerging markets.The overall flow of the GPPTN was from west to east and from south to north.In terms of the community detection of the GPPTN,North America,Europe,and Asia increasingly presented an unbalanced“tripartite confrontation”.China’s exports of primary products were mainly concentrated in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)and other peripheral regions of Asia,and its imports undergone a major transformation,gradually expanding from the peripheral regions of Asia to Africa,the Middle East,Latin America,and other parts of the world.Energy fuels also became the largest imported primary products.Based on the changing trend of structural entropy and main market share,the analysis showed that the stable supply of China’s energy diversification was gradually realized.In particular,the cooperation dividend proposed by the Belt and Road initiative became an important turning point and a strong support for the expansion of China’s energy market diversification pattern and guarantee of energy security.

Changes of China's Position in the World Food Trade Network

"Ensuring stability in foreign trade"and"ensuring food security"are essential parts of China's"six priorities"and"stability in six areas".Based on the data of bilateral food trade between countries during 1996-2018,using descriptive statistical analysis and social network analysis methods,this paper analyzed the changes of China's trade position in the world food trade network.It reached the following results.(i)China's position in the trade network has undergone a phased process of"remarkable improvement-continuous fluctuation-significant decline-steady growth".(ii)Export participation is better than import participation,the gap between trade export strength and import strength is widening,and the effective scale and constraint index gradually improve.(iii)The change of China's position in the food trade network is affected by geographical,economic,institutional and cultural factors.In view of these findings,it is recommended to improve node centrality,enhance network participation,improve network interconnection,and prevent international market risks,so as to better deal with the complex international environment.

Economic importance and structural robustness of the international pesticide trade networks

Pesticides are agricultural inputs that can significantly reduce yield losses,regulate plant growth,effectively liberate agricultural productivity,and improve food security.The availability of pesticides in economies worldwide is ensured by redistribution through international trade,with different economies playing different roles in this process.In this study,we measured and ranked the importance of economies using nine node metrics.We found that the clustering coefficient was negatively correlated with the other eight node metrics,whereas the other eight node metrics were positively correlated with each other and could be grouped into three communities(betweenness;in-degree,PageRank,authority,and in-closeness;out-degree,hub,and out-closeness).We further investigated the structural robustness of international pesticide trade networks proxied by large component size under three types of shocks to economies(node removal in descending,random,and ascending orders).The results showed that,except for the clustering coefficient,international pesticide trade networks are relatively robust under shocks to economies in ascending order but fragile under shocks to economies in descending order.By contrast,removing nodes with a clustering coefficient in ascending and descending order yielded similar robustness curves.Moreover,the structural robustness related to large component size evolved over time and exhibited an inverse U-shaped pattern.

Research on Weighted Directed Dynamic Multiplexing Network of World Grain Trade Based on Improved MLP Framework

As the main food source for humans, the global movement of the three major grains significantly impacts human survival and development. To investigate the evolution of the world cereal trade network and its development trend, a weighted directed dynamic multiplexed network was established using historical data on cereal trade, cereal import dependency ratio, and arable land per capita. Inspired by the MLP framework, we redefined the weight determination method for computing layer weights and edge weights of the target layer, modified the CN, RA, AA, and PA indicators, and proposed the node similarity indicator for weighted directed networks. The AUC metric, which measures the accuracy of the algorithm, has also been improved in order to finally obtain the link prediction results for the grain trading network. The prediction results were processed, such as web-based presentation and community partition. It was found that the number of generalized trade agreements does not have a decisive impact on inter-country cereal trade. The former large grain exporters continue to play an important role in this trade network. In the future, the world trade in cereals will develop in the direction of more frequent intercontinental trade and gradually weaken the intracontinental cereal trade.

The trade network of the Belt and Road Initiative and its topological relationship to the global trade network

Unimpeded trade is one of the cooperation priorities in the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China. On 15 May 2017, the Joint Communique of the Leaders Roundtable of the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation reaffirmed the participants＇ shared commitment to build an open economy and ensure free and inclusive trade. The Belt and Road Initiative （BRI） is not only China＇s new action to drive its open and global develoPment, but also a platform for an increasing number of countries to explore free and inclusive trade and promote a universal, rule-based, open, non-discriminatory, and equitable multilateral trade system. It is therefore important to examine BRI and global trade networks. More specifically, the topological relationship between the this article first analyzes the community structure of trade networks using a community detection algorithm, and then estimates the topological relationship between different trade communities. The findings of this article are as follows. First, this research identified three trade communities and two sub-communities in the BRI trade network, in which China is the core, Russia is the sub-core of the biggest trade community, and India, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia are cores of the second trade community （South Asia-West Asia）. Second, it identified five trade communities in the global trade network, centred on China, USA, Russia, India-United Arab Emirates, and Ger- many-Netherlands-France-Britain and other European developed countries. Third, the topo- logical analysis indicated that in the global trade network, most BRI countries are attracted by the core nodes of the BRI regions, such as the China, Russia and India-United Arab Emirates core nodes, and have strong trade contacts with BRI countries. Most Central-East European countries are mainly attracted by Germany-Netherlands-France-Britain and other developed European countries with a low penetration of BRI trade. Although some Southeast Asian countries are incorporated into the Asia-Australia-South Africa community with China as the core, they still need to strengthen trade linkages with BRI countries.

SYMMETRY IN WORLD TRADE NETWORK

ymmetry of the world trade network provides a novel perspective to understand the world-wide trading system. However, symmetry in the world trade network （WTN） has been rarely studied so far. In this paper, the authors systematically explore the symmetry in WTN. The authors construct WTN in 2005 and explore the size and structure of its automorphism group, through which the authors find that WTN is symmetric, particularly, locally symmetric to a certain degree. Furthermore, the authors work out the symmetric motifs of WTN and investigate the structure and function of the symmetric motifs, coming to the conclusion that local symmetry will have great effect on the stability of the WTN and that continuous symmetry-breakings will generate complexity and diversity of the trade network. Finally, utilizing the local symmetry of the network, the authors work out the quotient of WTN, which is the structural skeleton dominating stability and evolution of WTN.

The Impact of the Network Trade Era on the Chinese(Asian)Economy

With the rapid development of the Internet and information technology,network trade has emerged and broken through the traditional trade boundaries in the rapidly developing information technology.Therefore,with the advent of the information age,network trade has had a series of impacts on China’s economy,which has given wings to the take-off of China’s economy,but also made the development of China’s economy face a new environment and new challenges.Based on this,this paper first analyzes the connotation of network trade,and analyzes the impact of the network trade era on China’s economy.Through such a study,it aims to make China better seize the opportunities of the times and meet the challenges of the times in the process of promoting social and economic development,so as to achieve a good and rapid development of the national economy.

环境产品贸易网络的结构特征及演进机制——基于共建“一带一路”国家的实证

加强环境产品贸易合作是推进区域绿色发展的重要途径。该研究基于社会网络分析视角,利用2000—2020年共建“一带一路”国家的54种环境产品贸易数据构建环境产品贸易网络,采用时间指数随机图模型(TERGM),探究区域环境产品贸易网络结构特征及其演化机制。研究发现:①样本区间内,环境产品贸易网络密度和平均聚类系数总体呈上升趋势,平均路径长度缩减,网络直径较短,但是受疫情影响,2020年网络特征指标数值明显下降。②意大利、中国、韩国和新加坡的点出度与点入度排名位于前列,在贸易网络中发挥“桥梁”与“枢纽”作用。中国后来居上,成为点出度与点入度最高的国家,引领区域环境产品贸易发展。③欧洲与亚洲是环境产品贸易网络中贸易合作最密集的两个地区,非洲、拉丁美洲地区的共建“一带一路”国家具有较少的环境产品贸易关系,且源自板块外进口关系数显著多于出口关系数。④TERGM分析表明,环境产品贸易网络存在显著的互惠性、连通性、稳定性和变异性。工业增加值、经济自由度和绿色创新存在发送效应和接收效应,人均GDP、环境规制存在发送效应。地理距离不利于形成环境产品贸易合作。⑤环境保护型产品、可再生能源产品、环境监测分析与评价设备贸易网络的形成和演化具有异质性。基于该结论,从引领区域绿色低碳发展、因地制宜深化环保产业合作、加快环保产业转型升级等方面,提出了深化和拓展“一带一路”环境产品贸易关系的对策建议。

“一带一路”制造业增加值贸易网络对中国企业对外直接投资的影响研究

全球价值链重构趋势下,“一带一路”贸易网络日益紧密,东道国贸易网络地位对对外直接投资(OFDI)的影响逐渐显现,成为吸引中国企业“走出去”的新区位优势。本文基于“一带一路”共建国家制造业的投入产出数据构建增加值贸易网络,结合2009—2019年A股上市公司、BvD-Zephyr以及fDi Markets数据,考察东道国贸易网络地位对中国企业OFDI的影响。研究发现:“一带一路”东道国制造业增加值贸易网络地位的提升,对中国企业OFDI具有显著的促进作用,且上述影响在发达国家、制度风险较低及开设境外园区的东道国更强,并且进一步激发了中国民营企业、初始投资企业“走出去”开展跨国并购的积极性。此外,中国企业OFDI的结构得以优化,投资行业依托贸易网络呈现阶梯状分布。机制分析表明,中间品进口激励效应、投资风险规避效应和全球价值链嵌入效应是其重要传导渠道。本文为中国企业面向“一带一路”共建国家的投资策略制定提供有益参考,对推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展具有重要现实意义。

基于分布鲁棒优化的车-站-网日前能量管理与交易

为考虑上级电网电价、光伏出力等多重多层级不确定性对车-站-网互动博弈模型的影响,且充分体现配电网主动管理技术支撑效果,文中提出了一种基于分布鲁棒优化的车-站-网能量管理与交易方法。首先,针对主动配电网内多元主体能量管理与交易问题,建立了配电网运营商、充电站和电动汽车的日前市场互动框架。其次,融合主动网络管理技术和网络约束,在配电网运营商与聚合了电动汽车的多个充电站之间构建了以多主体各自利益最大为目标的双层Wasserstein分布鲁棒互动博弈模型。然后,提出了结合Karush-Kuhn-Tucker条件、对偶原理和大M法的化简方法以解决多层级不确定性造成的求解难题,将双层Wasserstein分布鲁棒模型转化为单层混合整数二阶锥规划模型,并利用商业求解器YALMIP/GUROBI进行了求解。最后,通过算例仿真验证了所提模型和方法的有效性。

贸易网络地位对技术创新的影响研究

文章基于2012-2021年109个国家的高技术产品贸易数据,分析高技术产品贸易网络结构。结果表明,高技术贸易网络呈现日益紧密的趋势,但仍以少数发达国家为中心。同时选取同期58个国家的面板数据,从市场势力的视角,实证研究贸易网络地位对技术创新的影响。研究发现:在高技术产品贸易网络中,通过提高创新效率,贸易网络地位可以对技术创新水平产生积极影响。此外,贸易网络地位的提高对高收入和中高收入国家的技术进步有更大贡献。为突破“卡脖子”技术难题,中国应注重提高高技术产品的贸易网络地位。

贸易政策不确定性与技术创新——基于贸易网络的调节效应

随着全球贸易保护主义趋势不断加强,各国的贸易政策不确定性也在不断增加。文章基于2008-2019年79个国家的相关数据,实证分析了贸易政策不确定性对技术创新的影响。研究结果表明:由贸易政策干预所引起的贸易政策不确定性的增加,不利于受影响国技术创新水平的提高;相较于发达国家,发展中国家技术创新受贸易政策不确定性的影响更为显著;贸易政策不确定性的增加不利于受影响国技术创新水平的提高,但受影响国可以通过提高自身的贸易网络地位,减弱贸易政策不确定性对技术创新的负面影响。在全球贸易保护主义趋势不断加强的背景下,各国应根据国情制定相关政策,积极推动国家间经济合作的达成来应对贸易政策不确定性所带来的影响。

贸易网络、数字化转型与企业创新

以2013—2022年沪深A股上市公司为样本,研究贸易网络对企业创新的影响及数字化转型的调节效应。研究发现:贸易网络对企业创新具有显著正向影响;数字化转型发挥正向调节作用,在数字化转型较好的企业中,贸易网络对企业创新促进作用得到强化。异质性分析结果表明,在中高技术密集度企业与数字新基建水平较高地区,数字化转型的正向调节作用得以强化。作用机制检验表明,贸易网络对企业创新的促进作用主要通过行业集中度、中间品投入与资本积累实现。

西方稀土产业链重构对中国贸易地位的影响

在西方“去风险化”盛行的背景下,国际稀土产业链重构成为一个广泛关注的问题。为研究美西方稀土产业链重构对中国稀土产品贸易地位的影响,采用复杂贸易网络,以出口贸易额为权重构建了有向加权贸易矩阵,借助相关指标分析了2002—2021年稀土贸易网络格局变化,并借助Python软件的networkx包对2019年6类稀土产品贸易网络进行中断模拟,中断规则设计为主要网络节点对主要产品的蓄意中断。研究发现:澳大利亚中断向中国出口稀土原矿(HS253090)对中国节点近邻平均强度影响最大,但是可以通过显著加大从其他贸易伙伴进口来克服这种影响。中国中断向日本出口稀土金属(HS280530)对中国贸易网络聚类加权系数和节点近邻平均强度影响较大,而中国中断向美国出口稀土永磁(HS850511)的影响相对较小。在原有贸易关系被减弱或中断后,相较于增强与其他原有贸易国的贸易往来,中国更倾向于开拓新的贸易合作关系。除了铈的化合物(HS284610)之外,中国处于其他5种产品贸易网络的核心地位,影响力最大。中国在稀土永磁(HS850511)的贸易网络中抗干扰性最好,而稀土金属(HS280530)的中转性有待加强。

贸易自由化、企业生产网络与绿色贸易

本文研究了在具有企业间生产网络的背景下,贸易自由化对绿色贸易的影响规模及机制。本文采用HITS算法创新地构建了中国企业的生产网络中心度指标数据,建立了包含中间品进口、最终品出口和污染排放的生产网络理论模型,并进行理论与实证分析。研究发现:贸易自由化有利于企业降低出口排放强度,实现绿色贸易的发展,并且该促进作用随着企业网络中心度的上升而不断增强,主要影响渠道来自规模效应、结构效应和技术效应。区分行业上游度来看,处于最上游位置行业的生产网络调节作用不明显,处于最下游位置行业的网络中心度对出口贸易自由化的调节作用较为显著,而居中行业的网络中心度对进口中间品贸易自由化的调节作用较为显著,区分地区来看,生产网络的调节作用对东部企业显著,而对中西部企业不显著.

全球稀土产业链贸易格局演化与出口竞争力研究

稀土是战略性矿产资源,在全球经济发展与产业结构升级中发挥重要作用。西方国家加快稀土产业链“去中国化”的步伐,中国的稀土产业安全面临严峻挑战,正确认识全球稀土产业链中不同产品贸易格局演化及主要出口国(地区)出口竞争力有利于中国稀土产业贸易的优化。本文以2000—2022年全球稀土产业链贸易额为数据,运用复杂网络方法,通过4类稀土产品建立稀土产业链上游阶段、中游阶段、下游阶段产品贸易随机网络和加权网络,对全球稀土产业链上游阶段、中游阶段、下游阶段产品贸易格局演变及各阶段主要出口国(地区)出口贸易竞争力进行研究。通过分析得出:稀土产业链上游阶段、中游阶段、下游阶段产品贸易呈现少数国家掌握着极大贸易量的特征,各阶段贸易网络呈小世界特征,且中下游稀土产品网络紧密程度明显高于上游稀土原矿;中国稀土原矿的出口寡占指数呈下降趋势,中下游稀土产品寡占方面具有绝对出口优势;中国的中介控制能力与贸易渠道在稀土产业链中都相对具有优势,但美国、德国在这两方面的出口竞争力也较强。因此,中国需要加强上游稀土原矿的储备,中下游环节需要加强原矿加工能力与下游高端材料与技术的研发投入,并朝贸易全球化方向发展。

基于靴襻渗流模型的国际信息通信产业贸易前景分析

信息通信技术(ICT)产业是国际数字经济发展的核心产业,交互贯通的国际ICT产业贸易网络能够客观反映出ICT产业贸易的时空分异格局。本文运用复杂网络分析方法探测国际ICT产业贸易网络的基础拓扑特征及中心性特征,同时运用靴襻渗流模型讨论ICT产业贸易的危机传播过程。研究发现,国际ICT产业整体贸易强度有所扩大,呈现出明显的区域集中化趋势,但贸易联系的整体活跃度、贸易范围和网络传输效率都明显降低;主要ICT产业贸易国(地区)整体的危机传染力高于以往,防控核心贸易国(地区)的点危机与预防核心板块的区域性联动危机相结合将是阻止危机全球蔓延的有效举措。

区域数字贸易规则与全球数字价值链

数字贸易规则体系是国际贸易规则领域的核心议题,也是新一轮国际竞争的焦点。区域数字贸易规则在推动全球价值链向数字化转型的过程中,可能会对全球价值链倡导的多边贸易体系产生影响。本文基于区域数字贸易规则条款特征构建数字贸易规则指标,研究其对全球数字价值链的影响。研究发现,区域数字贸易规则通过降低贸易成本、减少贸易壁垒和完善数字贸易网络机制显著提高了各经济体参与全球数字价值链的增加值。进一步分析发现,区域数字贸易规则具有显著的区域主义特征,呈现邻近偏好,更有利于发达国家和新兴经济体参与全球数字价值链。本研究对我国加快推动构建兼顾效率与公平的新型数字贸易规则体系,提升我国在全球数字价值链的竞争力具有重要的参考作用。