The aim of this literature review was to summarize available findings from publications that reported expenditure on traditional/complementary and alternative medicine(TM/CAM)within a representative general population...The aim of this literature review was to summarize available findings from publications that reported expenditure on traditional/complementary and alternative medicine(TM/CAM)within a representative general population sample of a nation or a defined geographical area.A total of 24 publications met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review.The expenditure on TM/CAM varies worldwide,but direct comparison of the findings of publications included in this review is limited due to the differences in the definitions of TM/CAM,inclusion of various forms of TM/CAM,use of different names and categorization,as well as differences in reported currencies and time periods in which data were collected.Data about the expenditure on TM/CAM in most countries throughout the world are scarce.Further national studies should be conducted in order to provide up-to-date assessment of the TM/CAM related expenditure patterns and use.Uniform nomenclature,definition of TM/CAM and standardized instruments would provide basis for comparability of data of studies conducted in various regions and time periods.展开更多
The economic viability and social value of traditional aquaculture in rural Sierra Leone were evaluated. The hypothesis tested was that traditional methods of farming fish in ponds were not economically viable, so far...The economic viability and social value of traditional aquaculture in rural Sierra Leone were evaluated. The hypothesis tested was that traditional methods of farming fish in ponds were not economically viable, so farmers were investing their time/labour in less risky and more profitable livelihoods activities. The assumption in this assessment was that fish farming is an economic activity, and that for farmers to adopt or choose it over other livelihoods, the benefit-cost ratio of fish farming must be higher than that of alternative livelihoods. The main objective of the study was to assess why local farmers failed to adopt modem market oriented aquaculture production systems introduced by the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources in rural Sierra Leone. Two hundred farmers owning fishponds on family lands were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and farmers＇ responses were analyzed using statistical tools （SPSS 16.0）. The mean contributions of different livelihoods to total annual incomes of farmers and the social values they attached to these livelihoods were compared. Results of the study suggested that traditional fish fanning was economically viable across the range of pond sizes sampled; but the medium-sized ponds were more profitable than the smallest and largest ponds, and labour accounted for 70% of total annual production costs in the systems assessed. The average benefit-cost ratio of 2.3 for fish fanning was favorable compared with that of 0.83 for rice farming, which was ranked as most popular livelihood activity by farmers. The payback period for traditional aquaculture investments was less than five years using informal investment loans （without interest）, and was favorably compared with that for tree crops fanning, which was also popular among farmers. Additional benefits of fish fanning included social capital and maintenance of kinship relationships.展开更多
In Victorian Age, many literary works recorded the social realities and traditional social value system, and Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest is a good case in point. In this play, males are valued in...In Victorian Age, many literary works recorded the social realities and traditional social value system, and Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest is a good case in point. In this play, males are valued in terms of both birth condition and economic basis, which are two general standards from the traditional value system of the mainstream society. Oscar Wilde in this play satirizes the restrained and distorted traditional values and the hypocritical Victorian society. This paper will probe into how the social status and economic conditions determine males' fate in Victorian Age and on Oscar Wilde's creation.展开更多
Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars ...Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars of social classes. But no concept can describe sharp contrast in economics better than the two opponent concepts in economics： ＂orthodox＂ and ＂heterodox＂ economics. In this article, the reason why neo-classic economics, also called as orthodox economics, has a serious place in economic literature while the opponent＇s economic movements, named heterodox economics, do not defend only one ＂truth＂ and are not as important as orthodox economics will be examined. While doing this examination, Louis Althusser＇s ＂ideology＂ and Antonio Gramsci＇s ＂hegemony＂ will help us as these two concepts are quite instructive in understanding the irreplaceable significance of orthodox economics. As a result, by discussing alternative point of views about economics, positive emphasis of multivocality in economics literature will be revealed. On the other hand, every heterodox economics cannot criticize orthodox economics in the same way. In this study, institutional economics, which is accepted to be part of heterodox economics, will be discussed thoroughly. Institutional economics had a serious attitude against orthodox economics. In this study, generally the points in orthodox economics that institutional economics opposes will be emphasized, and although both economics approaches＇ ideological attitude will be attempted to be discussed generally, it will become easy to discuss the reason why heterodox economics developed an opposing ideology against the ideology of orthodox economics.展开更多
目的 了解目前欧洲五维健康量表(EQ-5D)在中医药领域卫生经济学研究方面的应用状况和存在问题。方法 系统检索PubMed、Embase、中国知网(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)和万方数据库,纳入包含EQ-5D分析内容的“中药”“推拿”“针...目的 了解目前欧洲五维健康量表(EQ-5D)在中医药领域卫生经济学研究方面的应用状况和存在问题。方法 系统检索PubMed、Embase、中国知网(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)和万方数据库,纳入包含EQ-5D分析内容的“中药”“推拿”“针刺”等中医药领域的临床研究文献。采用事先制订的Excel电子表格进行数据提取,提取信息包括:题目、发表年份、作者、单位、国家、利益冲突(有无声明或者有无企业参与)、研究类型、研究对象、干预措施、结局指标、研究角度及测量方法等信息。采用卫生经济学研究质量评价量表(Quality of health economic studies,QHES)对纳入文献进行方法学质量评价。采用SPSS 18.0软件对提取的数据进行描述性分析。结果 共纳入52篇文献,研究设计以随机对照试验为主。EQ-5D-5L的应用少于EQ-5D-3L,大部分文献共同使用了效用值和质量调整生命年(Quality-adjusted life years,QALYs)进行成本-效用分析(Cost-utility analysis,CUA)。肌肉骨骼系统疾病研究使用EQ-5D较多,中成药和针刺是最常研究的干预手段;中成药在大部分系统疾病中均有应用,但主要应用在肌肉骨骼系统疾病,与推拿应用的比例相当。针刺是肌肉骨骼系统疾病中应用最为广泛的干预措施,其次是对疼痛类疾病的应用。根据QHES评价标准,可获取全文的37篇文献的平均得分为73.49分,其中有20篇文献属于高质量研究,14篇为一般质量,3篇为低质量。研究质量总体尚可,但存在研究时限选择、研究结果解释、利益冲突、研究角度、效用值及QALYs的评价存在不合理或未报告等问题。所有企业参与的研究均未进行利益冲突声明。结论 中医药领域卫生经济学评价中对EQ-5D的应用偏少,文献质量仍有待提高,该领域研究应用EQ-5D仍有较大的空间。展开更多
文摘The aim of this literature review was to summarize available findings from publications that reported expenditure on traditional/complementary and alternative medicine(TM/CAM)within a representative general population sample of a nation or a defined geographical area.A total of 24 publications met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review.The expenditure on TM/CAM varies worldwide,but direct comparison of the findings of publications included in this review is limited due to the differences in the definitions of TM/CAM,inclusion of various forms of TM/CAM,use of different names and categorization,as well as differences in reported currencies and time periods in which data were collected.Data about the expenditure on TM/CAM in most countries throughout the world are scarce.Further national studies should be conducted in order to provide up-to-date assessment of the TM/CAM related expenditure patterns and use.Uniform nomenclature,definition of TM/CAM and standardized instruments would provide basis for comparability of data of studies conducted in various regions and time periods.
文摘The economic viability and social value of traditional aquaculture in rural Sierra Leone were evaluated. The hypothesis tested was that traditional methods of farming fish in ponds were not economically viable, so farmers were investing their time/labour in less risky and more profitable livelihoods activities. The assumption in this assessment was that fish farming is an economic activity, and that for farmers to adopt or choose it over other livelihoods, the benefit-cost ratio of fish farming must be higher than that of alternative livelihoods. The main objective of the study was to assess why local farmers failed to adopt modem market oriented aquaculture production systems introduced by the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources in rural Sierra Leone. Two hundred farmers owning fishponds on family lands were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and farmers＇ responses were analyzed using statistical tools （SPSS 16.0）. The mean contributions of different livelihoods to total annual incomes of farmers and the social values they attached to these livelihoods were compared. Results of the study suggested that traditional fish fanning was economically viable across the range of pond sizes sampled; but the medium-sized ponds were more profitable than the smallest and largest ponds, and labour accounted for 70% of total annual production costs in the systems assessed. The average benefit-cost ratio of 2.3 for fish fanning was favorable compared with that of 0.83 for rice farming, which was ranked as most popular livelihood activity by farmers. The payback period for traditional aquaculture investments was less than five years using informal investment loans （without interest）, and was favorably compared with that for tree crops fanning, which was also popular among farmers. Additional benefits of fish fanning included social capital and maintenance of kinship relationships.
文摘In Victorian Age, many literary works recorded the social realities and traditional social value system, and Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest is a good case in point. In this play, males are valued in terms of both birth condition and economic basis, which are two general standards from the traditional value system of the mainstream society. Oscar Wilde in this play satirizes the restrained and distorted traditional values and the hypocritical Victorian society. This paper will probe into how the social status and economic conditions determine males' fate in Victorian Age and on Oscar Wilde's creation.
文摘Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars of social classes. But no concept can describe sharp contrast in economics better than the two opponent concepts in economics： ＂orthodox＂ and ＂heterodox＂ economics. In this article, the reason why neo-classic economics, also called as orthodox economics, has a serious place in economic literature while the opponent＇s economic movements, named heterodox economics, do not defend only one ＂truth＂ and are not as important as orthodox economics will be examined. While doing this examination, Louis Althusser＇s ＂ideology＂ and Antonio Gramsci＇s ＂hegemony＂ will help us as these two concepts are quite instructive in understanding the irreplaceable significance of orthodox economics. As a result, by discussing alternative point of views about economics, positive emphasis of multivocality in economics literature will be revealed. On the other hand, every heterodox economics cannot criticize orthodox economics in the same way. In this study, institutional economics, which is accepted to be part of heterodox economics, will be discussed thoroughly. Institutional economics had a serious attitude against orthodox economics. In this study, generally the points in orthodox economics that institutional economics opposes will be emphasized, and although both economics approaches＇ ideological attitude will be attempted to be discussed generally, it will become easy to discuss the reason why heterodox economics developed an opposing ideology against the ideology of orthodox economics.
文摘目的 了解目前欧洲五维健康量表(EQ-5D)在中医药领域卫生经济学研究方面的应用状况和存在问题。方法 系统检索PubMed、Embase、中国知网(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)和万方数据库,纳入包含EQ-5D分析内容的“中药”“推拿”“针刺”等中医药领域的临床研究文献。采用事先制订的Excel电子表格进行数据提取,提取信息包括:题目、发表年份、作者、单位、国家、利益冲突(有无声明或者有无企业参与)、研究类型、研究对象、干预措施、结局指标、研究角度及测量方法等信息。采用卫生经济学研究质量评价量表(Quality of health economic studies,QHES)对纳入文献进行方法学质量评价。采用SPSS 18.0软件对提取的数据进行描述性分析。结果 共纳入52篇文献,研究设计以随机对照试验为主。EQ-5D-5L的应用少于EQ-5D-3L,大部分文献共同使用了效用值和质量调整生命年(Quality-adjusted life years,QALYs)进行成本-效用分析(Cost-utility analysis,CUA)。肌肉骨骼系统疾病研究使用EQ-5D较多,中成药和针刺是最常研究的干预手段;中成药在大部分系统疾病中均有应用,但主要应用在肌肉骨骼系统疾病,与推拿应用的比例相当。针刺是肌肉骨骼系统疾病中应用最为广泛的干预措施,其次是对疼痛类疾病的应用。根据QHES评价标准,可获取全文的37篇文献的平均得分为73.49分,其中有20篇文献属于高质量研究,14篇为一般质量,3篇为低质量。研究质量总体尚可,但存在研究时限选择、研究结果解释、利益冲突、研究角度、效用值及QALYs的评价存在不合理或未报告等问题。所有企业参与的研究均未进行利益冲突声明。结论 中医药领域卫生经济学评价中对EQ-5D的应用偏少,文献质量仍有待提高,该领域研究应用EQ-5D仍有较大的空间。
