Multiple Extreme Learning Machines Based Arrival Time Prediction for Public Bus Transport

Due to fast-growing urbanization,the traffic management system becomes a crucial problem owing to the rapid growth in the number of vehicles The research proposes an Intelligent public transportation system where informa-tion regarding all the buses connecting in a city will be gathered,processed and accurate bus arrival time prediction will be presented to the user.Various linear and time-varying parameters such as distance,waiting time at stops,red signal duration at a traffic signal,traffic density,turning density,rush hours,weather conditions,number of passengers on the bus,type of day,road type,average vehi-cle speed limit,current vehicle speed affecting traffic are used for the analysis.The proposed model exploits the feasibility and applicability of ELM in the travel time forecasting area.Multiple ELMs(MELM)for explicitly training dynamic,road and trajectory information are used in the proposed approach.A large-scale dataset(historical data)obtained from Kerala State Road Transport Corporation is used for training.Simulations are carried out by using MATLAB R2021a.The experiments revealed that the efficiency of MELM is independent of the time of day and day of the week.It can manage huge volumes of data with less human intervention at greater learning speeds.It is found MELM yields prediction with accuracy in the range of 96.7%to 99.08%.The MAE value is between 0.28 to 1.74 minutes with the proposed approach.The study revealed that there could be regularity in bus usage and daily bus rides are predictable with a better degree of accuracy.The research has proved that MELM is superior for arrival time pre-dictions in terms of accuracy and error,compared with other approaches.

Iterative learning control approach for ramp metering

An iterative learning control scheme is developed to the traffic densitycontrol in a macroscopic level freeway environment. With rigorous analysis, the proposed intelligentcontrol scheme guarantees the asymptotic convergence of the traffic density to the desired one. Thecontrol scheme is applied to a freeway model, and simulation results confirm the efficacy of theproposed approach.

Lead levels in Chromolaena odorata (Compositae) along rural and urban roads in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Concentrations of lead(Pb) were determined in leaf samples of \%Chromolaena adorata\% from a rural road and an urban road in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria in relation to vehicular traffic density. Mixed results were obtained wich no trend to indict automobile exhaust fumes. Lead was not detected in rain water from these areas and leaf lead levels seemed to relate more to soil lead concentrations. There was no significant difference in mean leaf lead levels between rural and urban leaf samples and between washed and unwashed leaf samples. It was suggested that the lack of concordance between vehicular traffic density and lead levels in leaves along the highways indicates either a low level use of tetraethyl leaded petrol or, a relatively low vehicular traffic density with lead from exhaust fumes not reaching a threshold to affect levels in plants or be detected in the atmosphere. Implications of concentrations obtained in leaves to consumers when compared with international standards were discussed.

基于船舶自动识别系统(AIS)大数据的海上石油泄漏事故敏感源与交通密度风险分析

This study developed a new methodology for analyzing the risk level of marine spill accidents from two perspectives,namely,marine traffic density and sensitive resources.Through a case study conducted in Busan,South Korea,detailed procedures of the methodology were proposed and its scalability was confirmed.To analyze the risk from a more detailed and microscopic viewpoint,vessel routes as hazard sources were delineated on the basis of automated identification system(AIS)big data.The outliers and errors of AIS big data were removed using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise algorithm,and a marine traffic density map was evaluated by combining all of the gridded routes.Vulnerability of marine environment was identified on the basis of the sensitive resource map constructed by the Korea Coast Guard in a similar manner to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration environmental sensitivity index approach.In this study,aquaculture sites,water intake facilities of power plants,and beach/resort areas were selected as representative indicators for each category.The vulnerability values of neighboring cells decreased according to the Euclidean distance from the resource cells.Two resulting maps were aggregated to construct a final sensitive resource and traffic density(SRTD)risk analysis map of the Busan–Ulsan sea areas.We confirmed the effectiveness of SRTD risk analysis by comparing it with the actual marine spill accident records.Results show that all of the marine spill accidents in 2018 occurred within 2 km of high-risk cells(level 6 and above).Thus,if accident management and monitoring capabilities are concentrated on high-risk cells,which account for only 6.45%of the total study area,then it is expected that it will be possible to cope with most marine spill accidents effectively.

ComplexTrans-Global Rail-Road Transportation System Economical and Clustered Individual and Individualised Public Transport also Prevents the Spread of Covid 19

Land transport can no longer meet the requirements.European transport can be described by these words−crowded motorways and cities,dangerous emissions,ubiquitous traffic accidents,delays,expensive railways.Solutions are being sought to transfer a large part of passengers and especially freight transport to(high-speed)rail,and efforts are moving towards electromobility,car-sharing,5G-connectivity,autonomous driving,MaaS(Mobility as a Service)-coordinated transport or hyperloop-type solutions.However,all these solutions have additional challenges and limitations.Solutions are not being searched where they really exist-in the mutual adaptation of road and rail vehicles and their deep cooperation.The ComplexTrans project shows that simply adapting the dimensions and functions of road and rail vehicles can eliminate(or at least significantly reduce)all the problems of existing land transport.The main features of the ComplexTrans system are sufficient parking spaces,reduction of urban and non-urban congestion,electric vehicles with unlimited range and cheaper than standard cars,cheaper and more accessible battery charging,“autonomous ride”,solving the overlap between passenger and freight rail transport and making it self-financing,transferring intercity freight transport to rail,replacing part of continental air transport and many others.The cost-effective and clustered individual transport and individualised public transport of the ComplexTrans system also bring very significant reductions in the risk of transmission of covid-19 and other contagious diseases during transport.

Metal Accumulation Capability by <i>Platanus acerifolia</i>(Aiton) Willd., <i>Ailantus altissima</i>(Mill.) Swingle, <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i>L. and <i>Quercus ilex</i>L., Largely Distributed in the City of Rome

The main of the research was to analyze the leaf metal accumulation capability of Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd., Ailantus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Quercus ilex L., largely distributed in Rome. In addition, metal concentration was analyzed in the soil, sampling sites were chosen in historical parks (A sites) and high traffic level sites (B sites). The results highlight significant higher leaf and soil metal concentrations in B than in A sites. The ratio between metal concentration in leaves and soils (Biological Absorption Coefficient, BAC) for all the considered sites was significantly different among the species. Morphological and anatomical leaf traits of the considered species show significant differences in A and B sites in response to traffic level. Overall, the results highlight the importance of the selection of tree species in urban areas for their ability to lower pollution levels.

Integrated Spacing Policy Considering Micro- and Macroscopic Characteristics

An appropriate spacing policy improves traffic flow and traffic efficiency while reducing commuting time and energy con-sumption.In this paper,the integrated spacing policy that combines the benefits of the constant time headway(CTH)and safety distance(SD)spacing policies is proposed in an attempt to improve traffic flow and efficiency.Firstly,the performance of the CTH and SD spacing policies is analyzed from the perspective of the microscopic characteristics of human-vehicle and the macroscopic characteristics of traffic flow.The switching law between CTH and SD spacing policies and the integrated spacing policy are then proposed to increase traffic efficiency according to the traffic conditions,and the critical speed for the proposed integrated spacing policy is derived.Using the proposed switching law,the integrated spacing policy utilizes the safety redundancy difference between the CTH and SD spacing policies in a flexible manner.Simulation tests demon-strate that the proposed integrated spacing policy increases traffic flow and that the traffic flow maintains string stability in a wider range of traffic flow density.