IEEE 802.11 WLAN cannot guarantee the QoS of applications, thus admission control has been proposed as an essen-tial solution to enhance the QoS. Packet delay and throughput are commonly employed as assessment criteri...IEEE 802.11 WLAN cannot guarantee the QoS of applications, thus admission control has been proposed as an essen-tial solution to enhance the QoS. Packet delay and throughput are commonly employed as assessment criterions to determine whether a new connection can be admitted into the WLAN. Considering the real network condition, the analytical model is presented in this paper, which is aimed to evaluate the packet delay and throughput performance of IEEE 802.11 WLAN in nonsaturated conditions, taking into account diverse transmission rates and diverse traffic flows (i.e. flows with different packet sizes and arrival rates) simultaneously. This model is based on Markov chain and the theoretical predictions are verified by simulation in OPNET 14.5. We also analyze the influences of transmission rate diversity and traffic flow diversity on throughput performance. It is observed that, the presence of even one station with lower transmission rate can cause a considerable degradation in throughput performance of all the stations when they have the same packet size and arrival rate. Higher system throughput can be achieved if lower transmission rate stations transmit packets with smaller size or arrival rate.展开更多
This article compares the size of selected subsets using nonparametric subset selection rules with two different scoring rules for the observations. The scoring rules are based on the expected values of order statisti...This article compares the size of selected subsets using nonparametric subset selection rules with two different scoring rules for the observations. The scoring rules are based on the expected values of order statistics of the uniform distribution (yielding rank values) and of the normal distribution (yielding normal score values). The comparison is made using state motor vehicle traffic fatality rates, published in a 2016 article, with fifty-one states (including DC as a state) and over a nineteen-year period (1994 through 2012). The earlier study considered four block design selection rules—two for choosing a subset to contain the “best” population (i.e., state with lowest mean fatality rate) and two for the “worst” population (i.e., highest mean rate) with a probability of correct selection chosen to be 0.90. Two selection rules based on normal scores resulted in selected subset sizes substantially smaller than corresponding rules based on ranks (7 vs. 16 and 3 vs. 12). For two other selection rules, the subsets chosen were very close in size (within one). A comparison is also made using state homicide rates, published in a 2022 article, with fifty states and covering eight years. The results are qualitatively the same as those obtained with the motor vehicle traffic fatality rates.展开更多
互通式立交承担着不同方向交通流的流向转换功能,是道路交通网络的重要节点。目前高密度立交在城市道路网络中已愈发常见,高密度立交之间的间距比普通立交更小,车辆交织更为密集,驾驶人需要在更短的时间内进行分合流驾驶操作。为探究立...互通式立交承担着不同方向交通流的流向转换功能,是道路交通网络的重要节点。目前高密度立交在城市道路网络中已愈发常见,高密度立交之间的间距比普通立交更小,车辆交织更为密集,驾驶人需要在更短的时间内进行分合流驾驶操作。为探究立交间距对驾驶人精神负荷的影响与高密度立交出入口区段的驾驶人精神负荷统计特性,在重庆市内环快速路上选择了1段包含4座连续立交的路段作为实验对象,其中3座立交为高密度立交。通过车载仪器采集47名驾驶人在实车实验过程中的心电数据,对在高密度立交出入口区段与普通间距立交出入口区段的驾驶人心率变异性时域和频域指标进行差异性分析,得到了驾驶人在高密度立交与普通间距立交出入口区段的精神负荷分布特征。研究结果表明:驾驶人在经过普通间距立交出入口区段和高密度立交出入口区段时的心率变异性时域指标不存在显著性差异,频域指标心率变异性的低、高频功率的比值(ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency,LF/HF)存在显著性差异,频域指标LF/HF可作为评价驾驶人精神负荷在立交出入口区段的主要指标;驾驶人在经过高密度立交入口区段时,频域指标LF/HF比经过普通间距立交入口区段时显著增加,立交间距不足会增加驾驶人在立交入口区段的精神负荷;驾驶人在经过普通间距立交出口区段时的心率变异性频域指标LF/HF比经过高密度立交出口区段时显著增加,即驾驶人通过普通间距立交出口区段的精神负荷更大;对于高密度立交群,驾驶人在入口区段的精神负荷水平要略高于出口区段。展开更多
文摘IEEE 802.11 WLAN cannot guarantee the QoS of applications, thus admission control has been proposed as an essen-tial solution to enhance the QoS. Packet delay and throughput are commonly employed as assessment criterions to determine whether a new connection can be admitted into the WLAN. Considering the real network condition, the analytical model is presented in this paper, which is aimed to evaluate the packet delay and throughput performance of IEEE 802.11 WLAN in nonsaturated conditions, taking into account diverse transmission rates and diverse traffic flows (i.e. flows with different packet sizes and arrival rates) simultaneously. This model is based on Markov chain and the theoretical predictions are verified by simulation in OPNET 14.5. We also analyze the influences of transmission rate diversity and traffic flow diversity on throughput performance. It is observed that, the presence of even one station with lower transmission rate can cause a considerable degradation in throughput performance of all the stations when they have the same packet size and arrival rate. Higher system throughput can be achieved if lower transmission rate stations transmit packets with smaller size or arrival rate.
文摘This article compares the size of selected subsets using nonparametric subset selection rules with two different scoring rules for the observations. The scoring rules are based on the expected values of order statistics of the uniform distribution (yielding rank values) and of the normal distribution (yielding normal score values). The comparison is made using state motor vehicle traffic fatality rates, published in a 2016 article, with fifty-one states (including DC as a state) and over a nineteen-year period (1994 through 2012). The earlier study considered four block design selection rules—two for choosing a subset to contain the “best” population (i.e., state with lowest mean fatality rate) and two for the “worst” population (i.e., highest mean rate) with a probability of correct selection chosen to be 0.90. Two selection rules based on normal scores resulted in selected subset sizes substantially smaller than corresponding rules based on ranks (7 vs. 16 and 3 vs. 12). For two other selection rules, the subsets chosen were very close in size (within one). A comparison is also made using state homicide rates, published in a 2022 article, with fifty states and covering eight years. The results are qualitatively the same as those obtained with the motor vehicle traffic fatality rates.
文摘互通式立交承担着不同方向交通流的流向转换功能,是道路交通网络的重要节点。目前高密度立交在城市道路网络中已愈发常见,高密度立交之间的间距比普通立交更小,车辆交织更为密集,驾驶人需要在更短的时间内进行分合流驾驶操作。为探究立交间距对驾驶人精神负荷的影响与高密度立交出入口区段的驾驶人精神负荷统计特性,在重庆市内环快速路上选择了1段包含4座连续立交的路段作为实验对象,其中3座立交为高密度立交。通过车载仪器采集47名驾驶人在实车实验过程中的心电数据,对在高密度立交出入口区段与普通间距立交出入口区段的驾驶人心率变异性时域和频域指标进行差异性分析,得到了驾驶人在高密度立交与普通间距立交出入口区段的精神负荷分布特征。研究结果表明:驾驶人在经过普通间距立交出入口区段和高密度立交出入口区段时的心率变异性时域指标不存在显著性差异,频域指标心率变异性的低、高频功率的比值(ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency,LF/HF)存在显著性差异,频域指标LF/HF可作为评价驾驶人精神负荷在立交出入口区段的主要指标;驾驶人在经过高密度立交入口区段时,频域指标LF/HF比经过普通间距立交入口区段时显著增加,立交间距不足会增加驾驶人在立交入口区段的精神负荷;驾驶人在经过普通间距立交出口区段时的心率变异性频域指标LF/HF比经过高密度立交出口区段时显著增加,即驾驶人通过普通间距立交出口区段的精神负荷更大;对于高密度立交群,驾驶人在入口区段的精神负荷水平要略高于出口区段。
