BACKGROUND: Elk-1 mRNA distributes extensively in the neurons of mice, rat and human brains, and the Elk-1 expression may be correlated with the synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. OBJECTIVE: To observe the di...BACKGROUND: Elk-1 mRNA distributes extensively in the neurons of mice, rat and human brains, and the Elk-1 expression may be correlated with the synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of phosphorylated Elk-1 (pEIk-1) in whole brain of rats received Y-maze active avoidance training and the changes of pEIk-1 expression at different time points after training. DESIGN : A randomized controlled study SETTING : Research Room of Neurobiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University MATERIALS : Fifty-five male clean-degree SD rats of 3-4 months old, weighing 200-250 g, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Southem Medical University. The rabbit anti-monoclonal pEIk-1 antibody was purchased from Cell Signal Transduction Company, and ABC kit from Vector Company. METHODS : The experiments were carried out in the Research Room of Neurobiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University from September 2004 to February 2005. ① Grouping: The rats were randomly divided into training group (n = 25), sham-training group (n = 25) and normal control group (n = 5), and the training and sham-training groups were observed at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours after training, which represented the five phases in the process of leaming and memory. ② Y-maze training: The rats were preconditioned in the electrical Y-maze apparatus, 20 minutes a day for 3 days continuously, and training began from the 4^th day. In the training group, the rats were trained with the combination of light and electddty. Each rat repeated for 60 times in each training, and the correct times were recorded, those correct for less than 25 times were taken as unqualified, and excluded from the training group, and supplemented by other rats in time. In the sham-training group, there was no fixed correlation between the application of light and electricity. The rats in the normal contrel group were given not any training. ③Detection of pEIk-1 expression: The rats were anesthetized after Y-maze training, brain tissue was removed to prepare coronal freezing sections, and the pEIk-1 expression was detected with routine ABC method. MATN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Distribution of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons in whole brain of rats in the normal control group. ②Comparison of the expression of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons in whole brain at different time points after training between the training group and sham-training group. RESULTS : All the 55 rats were involved in result analysis. ③ Distribution of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons in the whole brain of rats in the normal control group: Strong expressions of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons were observed in prefrontal lobe, granular layer of olfactory bulbs, Purkinje cell layer and granular layer of cerebellum, whole stdate cortex, temporal cortex, pre-pyriform cortex, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and periventricular nucleus, thalamic paraventricular nucleus, pronucleus and postnucleus of amygdala cortex, central nucleus of amygdala, medial amygdaloid nucleus, entorhinal cortex, hippocampal dentate gyros, CA1-4 regions, caudate-putamen, material division, brain stem spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve, and superior olivary nucleus, and those in hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 region were the strongest.② Distribution of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons in the whole brain of rats at different time points after training in the training group and sham-training group: In the training group, the expressions were obviously enhanced in caudate-putamen of striatum, material division, most cortexes, hippocampal dentate gyrus, hippocampal CA regions, nucleus amygdalae, thalamic paraventricular nucleus, Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum, entorhinal cortex, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and periventricular nucleus at 0 hour after training, and the enhancement lasted for 6 hours at least, and those at 24 hours were decreased to normal. In the sham-training group, obvious enhanced expressions of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons could be observed in most cortexes, nucleus amygdalae, entorhinal cortex, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamic paraventdoular nucleus and periventricular nucleus, brain stem spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve, Purkinje cell layer and granular layer of cerebellum at O, 1, 3 and 6 hours, and decreased to normal after 24 hours. The expressions in material division, caudate-putamen of striatum, hippocampus were not obviously enhanced as compared with those in the normal control group, but significantly different from those in the training group (0, 1, 3, 6 hours after training, material division: F= 0.576, 0.023, 0.116, 8.873, P〈 0.01; caudate-putamen: F= 0.157, 0.427, 0.030, 0.001, P〈 0.01; hippocampus: F= 6.716, 2.405, 14.137, 1.416, P 〈 0.05-0.01 ). CONCLUSION: The expression of activated pEIk-1 can be detected in the learning related brain areas under normal status, and the perk-1 expression in the brain areas dynamically changed in a time-dependent manner after Y-maze training, and it is indicated that pEIk-1 is involved in the learning and memory process in Y-maze related brain areas.展开更多
Introduction: Red beet juice is increasingly used in sports to enhance the endurance of athletes. To increase the specific efficiency of red beet juice, the method of its fractionation by ultrafiltration was used for ...Introduction: Red beet juice is increasingly used in sports to enhance the endurance of athletes. To increase the specific efficiency of red beet juice, the method of its fractionation by ultrafiltration was used for the first time. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of fractionated beetroot juice on the strength and endurance of laboratory rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (6 groups;n = 10) were used in the study. In addition to the standard chow, some groups of rats 2 h before the exercises received 0.5 ml of native (RBJ) or fractionated (FRBJ) per os. Three groups of animals were trained using a motorized wheel with a gradual speed increase over four weeks: 20 min/day for five days a week. Muscle strength of animals in all groups was measured by electronic dynamometry and the endurance of rats was evaluated once a week using electrical stimulation on a racetrack which moved at a speed of 15 m/min. The test was performed an hour after the ingestion of RBJ or FRBJ. At the end of the experiment, biochemical blood indices were determined. FRBJ was prepared by the original method. Results: Most significant differences in the chemical composition of RBJ and FRBJ were found for glutamic acid, of which the content was 67.2% higher than in native juice. The greatest changes during the experiment were in the mass of the rats’ calf muscles. Regular running exercise caused a 29% increase in muscle mass. The additional increase in m. gastrocnemius was also provided y FRBJ – 12%. The combination of physical activity and the introduction of red beet derivate led to the increase of the calf muscle mass by 121% within a month. Assessing the endurance of animals by frequency of falling from the treadmill, we can conclude that compared with untrained animals, trained rats receiving FRBJ had three times higher levels of endurance. Conclusion: Consumption of FRBJ led to increased muscle strength in rats and the ergogenic effect of the product was significantly higher in combination with physical activity.展开更多
鼠,也有“改邪归正”之日!比利时的研究人员正在训练老鼠当地雷侦察员。收效甚奇:Trained rats may be the best and cheapest form of landmine(地雷)detector. 不过,老鼠心甘情愿地去发现地雷,并非被灌输了什么“为民除害”的思想,...鼠,也有“改邪归正”之日!比利时的研究人员正在训练老鼠当地雷侦察员。收效甚奇:Trained rats may be the best and cheapest form of landmine(地雷)detector. 不过,老鼠心甘情愿地去发现地雷,并非被灌输了什么“为民除害”的思想,而是为了食物,为了生存: Once the minefield has been mapped,the rats sniff out a landmine and sitbeside it waiting to be rewarded with food.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND: Elk-1 mRNA distributes extensively in the neurons of mice, rat and human brains, and the Elk-1 expression may be correlated with the synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of phosphorylated Elk-1 (pEIk-1) in whole brain of rats received Y-maze active avoidance training and the changes of pEIk-1 expression at different time points after training. DESIGN : A randomized controlled study SETTING : Research Room of Neurobiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University MATERIALS : Fifty-five male clean-degree SD rats of 3-4 months old, weighing 200-250 g, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Southem Medical University. The rabbit anti-monoclonal pEIk-1 antibody was purchased from Cell Signal Transduction Company, and ABC kit from Vector Company. METHODS : The experiments were carried out in the Research Room of Neurobiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University from September 2004 to February 2005. ① Grouping: The rats were randomly divided into training group (n = 25), sham-training group (n = 25) and normal control group (n = 5), and the training and sham-training groups were observed at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours after training, which represented the five phases in the process of leaming and memory. ② Y-maze training: The rats were preconditioned in the electrical Y-maze apparatus, 20 minutes a day for 3 days continuously, and training began from the 4^th day. In the training group, the rats were trained with the combination of light and electddty. Each rat repeated for 60 times in each training, and the correct times were recorded, those correct for less than 25 times were taken as unqualified, and excluded from the training group, and supplemented by other rats in time. In the sham-training group, there was no fixed correlation between the application of light and electricity. The rats in the normal contrel group were given not any training. ③Detection of pEIk-1 expression: The rats were anesthetized after Y-maze training, brain tissue was removed to prepare coronal freezing sections, and the pEIk-1 expression was detected with routine ABC method. MATN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Distribution of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons in whole brain of rats in the normal control group. ②Comparison of the expression of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons in whole brain at different time points after training between the training group and sham-training group. RESULTS : All the 55 rats were involved in result analysis. ③ Distribution of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons in the whole brain of rats in the normal control group: Strong expressions of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons were observed in prefrontal lobe, granular layer of olfactory bulbs, Purkinje cell layer and granular layer of cerebellum, whole stdate cortex, temporal cortex, pre-pyriform cortex, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and periventricular nucleus, thalamic paraventricular nucleus, pronucleus and postnucleus of amygdala cortex, central nucleus of amygdala, medial amygdaloid nucleus, entorhinal cortex, hippocampal dentate gyros, CA1-4 regions, caudate-putamen, material division, brain stem spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve, and superior olivary nucleus, and those in hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 region were the strongest.② Distribution of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons in the whole brain of rats at different time points after training in the training group and sham-training group: In the training group, the expressions were obviously enhanced in caudate-putamen of striatum, material division, most cortexes, hippocampal dentate gyrus, hippocampal CA regions, nucleus amygdalae, thalamic paraventricular nucleus, Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum, entorhinal cortex, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and periventricular nucleus at 0 hour after training, and the enhancement lasted for 6 hours at least, and those at 24 hours were decreased to normal. In the sham-training group, obvious enhanced expressions of pEIk-1 immuno-positive neurons could be observed in most cortexes, nucleus amygdalae, entorhinal cortex, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamic paraventdoular nucleus and periventricular nucleus, brain stem spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve, Purkinje cell layer and granular layer of cerebellum at O, 1, 3 and 6 hours, and decreased to normal after 24 hours. The expressions in material division, caudate-putamen of striatum, hippocampus were not obviously enhanced as compared with those in the normal control group, but significantly different from those in the training group (0, 1, 3, 6 hours after training, material division: F= 0.576, 0.023, 0.116, 8.873, P〈 0.01; caudate-putamen: F= 0.157, 0.427, 0.030, 0.001, P〈 0.01; hippocampus: F= 6.716, 2.405, 14.137, 1.416, P 〈 0.05-0.01 ). CONCLUSION: The expression of activated pEIk-1 can be detected in the learning related brain areas under normal status, and the perk-1 expression in the brain areas dynamically changed in a time-dependent manner after Y-maze training, and it is indicated that pEIk-1 is involved in the learning and memory process in Y-maze related brain areas.
文摘Introduction: Red beet juice is increasingly used in sports to enhance the endurance of athletes. To increase the specific efficiency of red beet juice, the method of its fractionation by ultrafiltration was used for the first time. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of fractionated beetroot juice on the strength and endurance of laboratory rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (6 groups;n = 10) were used in the study. In addition to the standard chow, some groups of rats 2 h before the exercises received 0.5 ml of native (RBJ) or fractionated (FRBJ) per os. Three groups of animals were trained using a motorized wheel with a gradual speed increase over four weeks: 20 min/day for five days a week. Muscle strength of animals in all groups was measured by electronic dynamometry and the endurance of rats was evaluated once a week using electrical stimulation on a racetrack which moved at a speed of 15 m/min. The test was performed an hour after the ingestion of RBJ or FRBJ. At the end of the experiment, biochemical blood indices were determined. FRBJ was prepared by the original method. Results: Most significant differences in the chemical composition of RBJ and FRBJ were found for glutamic acid, of which the content was 67.2% higher than in native juice. The greatest changes during the experiment were in the mass of the rats’ calf muscles. Regular running exercise caused a 29% increase in muscle mass. The additional increase in m. gastrocnemius was also provided y FRBJ – 12%. The combination of physical activity and the introduction of red beet derivate led to the increase of the calf muscle mass by 121% within a month. Assessing the endurance of animals by frequency of falling from the treadmill, we can conclude that compared with untrained animals, trained rats receiving FRBJ had three times higher levels of endurance. Conclusion: Consumption of FRBJ led to increased muscle strength in rats and the ergogenic effect of the product was significantly higher in combination with physical activity.
文摘鼠,也有“改邪归正”之日!比利时的研究人员正在训练老鼠当地雷侦察员。收效甚奇:Trained rats may be the best and cheapest form of landmine(地雷)detector. 不过,老鼠心甘情愿地去发现地雷,并非被灌输了什么“为民除害”的思想,而是为了食物,为了生存: Once the minefield has been mapped,the rats sniff out a landmine and sitbeside it waiting to be rewarded with food.