Analysis of the Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation of Acupoints Combined with Rehabilitation Training in The Treatment of Upper Limb Dysfunction After Stroke

Objective:To analyze the effect of combining transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation(TEAS)with rehabilitation training in patients with upper limb dysfunction after stroke(ULDAS).Methods:A total of 130 ULDAS patients who were hospitalized and rehabilitated in Wuxi Xinwu District Rehabilitation Hospital from May 2021 to May 2023 were selected and randomly divided into Group A(65 cases,rehabilitation training)and Group B(65 cases,rehabilitation training+TEAS).The effects of the two groups were compared.Results:After treatment,the upper limb functional indexes of Group B were better than those of Group A(P<0.05).The rate of muscle tone grades 0-4 in Group B was higher than those of Group A(P<0.05).Conclusion:The function of upper limbs and muscle strength of ULDAS patients improved by combining TEAS with rehabilitation training.

Impact of task-oriented training based on acupuncture rehabilitation on upper extremity function and quality of life of patients with early stroke

BACKGROUND Eighty percent of stroke patients develop upper limb dysfunction,especially hand dysfunction,which has a very slow recovery,resulting in economic burden to families and society.AIM To investigate the impact of task-oriented training based on acupuncture therapy on upper extremity function in patients with early stroke.METHODS Patients with early stroke hemiplegia who visited our hospital between January 2021 and October 2022 were divided into a control group and an observation group,each with 50 cases.The control group underwent head acupuncture plus routine upper limb rehabilitation training(acupuncture therapy).In addition to acupuncture and rehabilitation,the observation group underwent upper limb task-oriented training(30 min).Each group underwent treatment 5 d/wk for 4 wk.Upper extremity function was assessed in both groups using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity(FMA-UE),Wolf Motor Function Rating Scale(WMFT),modified Barthel Index(MBI),and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure(COPM).Quality of life was evaluated using the Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey(SF-36).Clinical efficacy of the interventions was also evaluated.RESULTS Before intervention,no significant differences were observed in the FMA-UE,MBI,and WMFT scores between the two groups(P>0.05).After intervention,the FMA-UE,WMFT,MBI,COPM-Functional Mobility and Satisfaction,and SF-36 scores increased in both groups(P<0.05),with even higher scores in the observation group(P<0.05).The observation group also obtained a higher total effective rate than the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Task-oriented training based on acupuncture rehabilitation significantly enhanced upper extremity mobility,quality of life,and clinical efficacy in patients with early stroke.

Innovation and Practice of Training Mode for Professional Postgraduates of Acupuncture and Tuina Based on Artificial Intelligence

In view of the common problems of integrating artificial intelligence into the training of postgraduates in Acupuncture and Tuina major,this paper reviews the related research progress both at home and abroad.It puts forward the innovative reform paths for integrating artificial intelligence into postgraduate training mode of Acupuncture and Tuina major:construct the teaching staff of artificial intelligence graduate students;innovating artificial intelligence to promote the integration of classics and scientific research;constructing the ideological and political case base of artificial intelligence courses;implementing artificial intelligence platform blended teaching;building a domestic and foreign exchange platform for artificial intelligence.Through practical research in teaching,it has achieved good teaching results and played a good demonstration,leading and radiation role in similar majors in China.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction training and supplemented Jinshui Liujun decoction promote recovery in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND Conventional chemotherapy(CC)administered to patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)often causes adverse effects,such as cardiopulmonary dysfunction and immune system imbalance.Patients may experience anxiety and depression during the perioperative period due to various factors,such as treatment costs and cancer recurrence risks,thereby compromising the overall quality of life.Consequently,we hypothesized that integrating mindfulness-based stress reduction training(MSRT)with Jinshui Liujun decoction may mitigate negative emotions and promote recovery in patients with NSCLC.AIM To explore the effects of MSRT and Jinshui Liujun decoction on the immune function and emotional state of NSCLC patients.METHODS A retrospective clinical study was conducted involving 92 patients with stage IIIb-IV NSCLC;35 patients in the control group(CG)received CC therapy(combination of pemetrexed and carboplatin),and 57 patients in the treatment group(TG)received MSRT-assisted flavored Jinshui Liujun decoction(FJLD)in addition to CC.We evaluated the survival time,Karnofsky performance status,treatment efficacy,traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score,immune function,negative emotional level,and adverse reactions of the CG and TG.RESULTS Median progression-free survival,Karnofsky performance status,and clinical efficacy of the TG were superior to those of the CG(P<0.05).Symptoms of cough,weakness,bloody sputum,shortness of breath,and chest pain significantly decreased in the TG compared to that in the CG(P<0.05).In the TG,MSRT+FJLD treatment increased the numbers of CD3^(+)and CD4^(+)immune cells,effectively reduced the number of CD8^(+)cells,and enhanced the CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratio,thereby restoring the immune function of patients.In the TG,the self-rating anxiety scale and self-rating depression scale scores decreased significantly.There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the CG and TG(P>0.05).CONCLUSION MSRT+FJLD proved to be an effective treatment for patients with NSCLC.

Training Mode of Design Talents under the Concept of Regional Revitalization and Industrial Upgrading

Based on the background of the revitalization of Northeast China and industrial transformation,with the goal of serving society with design,leading the future with design,and revitalizing the economy with design,we adhere to the innovative,comprehensive and cultural design talent cultivation concept,fully practice the“student-centered,output-oriented,continuously-improving”educational philosophy taking quality as the first priority,and continuously improve the theoretical system and implementation path for cultivation of postgraduate talents in design science,hoping to optimize the entire process of talent cultivation.Meanwhile,on the basis of“fostering character and civic virtue,cultivating people in a three-all manner,and cultivating people from five aspects simultaneously”,we cultivate high-quality design talents with brand-new models and ideas,through a series of educational reform measures,such as strategic cooperation,resource integration,systematic sorting,quality improvement,standard formulation,strengthening characteristics,platform construction,so that the quality of talents and social development can be perfectly integrated and mutually assist each other to achieve a win-win effect,and the training of design talents can be implemented and serve the society.

Research on the Mechanical Analysis of Run-Up Speed in Pole Vaulting and the Application of Key Auxiliary Training Methods

Analyzing from the perspective of physics mechanics,the pole vault is a project which transforms kinetic energy into elastic potential energy.The magnitude of kinetic energy depends on the vaulter’s approaching speed,while the magnitude of elastic potential energy depends on height.Therefore,the run-up speed determines the vaulter’s performance in pole vault to a certain extent.the horizontal speed of the pole-holding approach phase transitioning into vertical upward speed plays a crucial role in executing pole vault techniques,and the model of approaching speed establishes a theoretical foundation for vaulters to break through the pole limitation.In terms of specialized technical assistance in speed training,short-distance speed exercises are used in the approaching phase;in the swinging phase,gymnastic rings,single bar and suspension rope exercises are employed for suspension;in the stretch phase,trampoline exercises play a important role in rotation phase,etc.

Advances in 3D correction of adolescent scoliosis:The superiority of scoliocorrector fatma-UI in rotational realignment

This letter compares the clinical efficacy and economic feasibility of the scoliocorrector fatma-UI(SCFUI)with direct vertebral rotation(DVR)in treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS).SCFUI has shown promising results in threedimensional spinal correction,providing superior rotational alignment compared to DVR and achieving significant improvements in coronal and sagittal planes.Additionally,SCFUI’s advanced design reduces risks associated with AIS surgeries and enhances overall patient outcomes.Economic analysis reveals SCFUI as a cost-effective option,potentially lowering long-term healthcare costs by minimizing complications and revisions.Our findings suggest that SCFUI is a viable,innovative approach in AIS treatment,meeting clinical and economic demands in orthopedic care.

ACUPUNCTURE COMBINED WITH LANGUAGE TRAINING FOR TREATMENT OF MOTOR APHASIA CAUSED BY ISCHEMIC APOPLEXY

Objective To observe therapeutic effects of acupuncture combined with language training on aphasia induced by ischemic apoplexy and investigate the mechanisms. Methods 60 patients were randomly divided into a treatment group treated by acupuncture associated with language training and a control group treated by simple language training. Tongue-acupuncture was applied as the main therapy, and language training included speech organ training, mouth-shape and voice training, spoken language expression training and practical communication ability training. According to Aphosio Bottery of Chinese （ABC）, language ex- amination evaluation was made, and event related potential （P300） was detected before and after treatment. Results The therapeutic effect in the treatment group was significantly better than that in the control group （P〈O. 05）, and the scores of ABC items including information content, speech fluency, repetition, vocabula- ry denomination, color naming, response denomination, confirmation or negation, acoustic recognition and carrying out instruction in the treatment group were obviously higher than those in the control group （P〈0.05）. After one course of treatment, the latencies of N2 and P3 waves in P300 were significantly short- ened and the amplitude of P3 was significantly elevated in the treatment group, compared with those in the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion Acupuncture combined with language training provided remarkable therapeutic effects in treating cerebral infarction-induced motor aphasia, and it was better than simple lan- guage training. The results of enhancing of the ABC scores including information content, speech fluency, repetition, vocabulary denomination, color naming, response denomination, confirmation or negation, acous- tic recognition and carrying out instruction, and shortening of the latencies of N2 and P3 waves in P300 and ele- vation of P3 amplitude may be taken as the indices for evaluating and anticipating clinical therapeutic effects of the therapy for treating the disease, which may also be some of the mechanisms.

Mechanism of Kinect-based virtual reality training for motor functional recovery of upper limbs after subacute stroke

The Kinect-based virtual reality system for the Xbox 360 enables users to control and interact with the game console without the need to touch a game controller, and provides rehabilitation training for stroke patients with lower limb dysfunctions. However, the underlying mechanism remains un- clear. In this study, 18 healthy subjects and five patients after subacute stroke were included. The five patients were scanned using functional MRI prior to training, 3 weeks after training and at a 12-week follow-up, and then compared with healthy subjects. The FugI-Meyer Assessment and Wolf Motor Function Test scores of the hemiplegic upper limbs of stroke patients were significantly increased 3 weeks after training and at the 12-week follow-up. Functional MRI results showed that contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex was activated after Kinect-based virtual reality training in the stroke patients compared with the healthy subjects. Contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex, the bilateral supplementary motor area and the ipsilateral cerebellum were also activated during hand-clenching in all 18 healthy subjects. Our findings indicate that Kinect-based virtual reality training could promote the recovery of upper limb motor function in subacute stroke patients, and brain reorganization by Kinect-based virtual reality training may be linked to the contralateral sen- sorimotor cortex.

Coordinated control strategy for robotic-assisted gait training with partial body weight support

Walking is the most basic and essential part of the activities of daily living. To enable the elderly and non-ambulatory gait-impaired patients, the repetitive practice of this task, a novel gait training robot(GTR) was designed followed the end-effector principle, and an active partial body weight support(PBWS) system was introduced to facilitate successful gait training. For successful establishment of a walking gait on the GTR with PBWS, the motion laws of the GTR were planned to enable the phase distribution relationships of the cycle step, and the center of gravity(COG) trajectory of the human body during gait training on the GTR was measured. A coordinated control strategy was proposed based on the impedance control principle. A robotic prototype was developed as a platform for evaluating the design concepts and control strategies. Preliminary gait training with a healthy subject was implemented by the robotic-assisted gait training system and the experimental results are encouraging.

The effects of 12 weeks of functional strength training on muscle strength,volume and activity upon exposure to elevated Gz forces in high-performance aircraft personnel

Background:Technological advancements in modern military and acrobatic jet planes have resulted in extraordinary psychophysiological loads being exerted upon flying personnel,including inducing neck and back pain.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of functional strength training on 1)the volume and strength of the neck and shoulder muscles and 2)muscular activity upon exposure to helmets of different masses and elevated Gz forces in a long-arm centrifuge in high-performance aircraft personnel.Methods:Eighteen participants underwent 12 weeks of functional strength training(n=12)or the control protocol(n=6)without additional strength training.Pre-and post-intervention tests included evaluations of isometric strength of the head extensor muscles,flexion,and lateral flexion and rotation,as well as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)to measure the volume of the m.sternocleidomastoideus,m.trapezius,and deep neck muscles.Furthermore,during a long-arm centrifuge(+1.4 and+3Gz)protocol,the muscular activity levels of the m.sternocleidomastoideus,m.trapezius and m.erector spinae muscles were assessed without a flight helmet,with a helmet,and with a helmet and night vision goggles.Each participant’s perception of muscular strain was noted immediately after the long-arm centrifuge protocol.Results:The maximal isometric strength in all exercises and muscle volumes increased in the training group but not the control group(P<0.05).Relative muscle activity(%MVC)with a helmet decreased after the intervention in the training but not the control group(P=0.01).Relative muscle activity while wearing a helmet and night vision goggles was higher after intervention in the control group than in the training group(P<0.01).The perceived muscular strain of the neck muscles induced by the long-arm centrifuge did not differ between the groups.Conclusions:Twelve weeks of functional strength training improves the maximal isometric strength and volume of neck and shoulder muscles and leads to lower relative muscle activation upon exposure to elevated Gz forces in a long-arm centrifuge.

Treadmill training improves neurological deficits and suppresses neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemic stroke rats

RehabilNation training is believed to be beneficial to patients with stroke, but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. Rat models of cerebral ischemic stroke were established by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion, and then received treadmill training of different intens让ies, twice a day for 30 minutes for 1 week. Low-intensity training was conducted at 5 m/min, with a 10-minute running, 10-minute rest, and 10-minute running cycle. In the moderate-intensity training, the intensity gradually increased from 5 m/min to 10 m/min in 5 minutes, with the same rest cycle as above. In high-intensity training, the intensity gradually increased from 5 m/min to 25 m/min in 5 minutes, with the same rest cycle as above. The Bederson scale was used to evaluate the improvement of motor function. Infarct volume was detected using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining was applied to detect the apoptosis of nerve cells in brain tissue. Western blot assay was employed to analyze the activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3卩 signaling pathways in rat brain tissue. All training intensities reduced the neurological deficit score, infarct volume, and apoptosis in nerve cells in brain tissue of stroke rats. Training intensities activated the cAMP/protein kinase A and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta signaling pathways. This activation was more obvious with higher training intensities. These changes were reversed by intracerebroventricular injection of protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-cAMP. Our findings indicate that the neuroprotective effect of rehabilitation training is achieved via activation of the cAMP/ protein kinase A and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta signaling pathways. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Experimentation in Shanghai No. 8 Peoples Hospital, China.

Sparse underwater acoustic OFDM channel estimation based on superimposed training

A superimposed training （ST） based channel estimation method is presented that provides accurate estimation of a sparse underwater acoustic orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （OFDM） channel while improving bandwidth transmission efficiency. A periodic low power training sequence is superimposed on the information sequence at the transmitter. The channel parameters can be estimated without consuming any extra system bandwidth, but an unknown information sequence can interfere with the ST channel estimation method, so in this paper, an iterative method was adopted to improve estimation performance. An underwater acoustic channel＇s properties include large channel dimensions and a sparse structure, so a matching pursuit （MP） algorithm was used to estimate the nonzero taps, allowing the performance loss caused by additive white Gaussian noise （AWGN） to be reduced. The results of computer simulations show that the proposed method has good channel estimation performance and can reduce the peak-to-average ratio of the OFDM channel as well.

Spinal and supraspinal control of motor function during maximal eccentric muscle contraction:Effects of resistance training

Neuromuscular activity is suppressed during maximal eccentric(ECC)muscle contraction in untrained subjects owing to attenuated levels of central activation and reduced spinal motor neuron(MN)excitability indicated by reduced electromyography signal amplitude,diminished evoked H-reflex responses,increased autogenic MN inhibition,and decreased excitability in descending corticospinal motor pathways.Maximum ECC muscle force recorded during maximal voluntary contraction can be increased by superimposed electrical muscle stimulation only in untrained individuals and not in trained strength athletes,indicating that the suppression in MN activation is modifiable by resistance training.In support of this notion,maximum ECC muscle strength can be increased by use of heavy-load resistance training owing to a removed or diminished suppression in neuromuscular activity.Prolonged(weeks to months)of heavy-load resistance training results in increased H-reflex and V-wave responses during maximal ECC muscle actions along with marked gains in maximal ECC muscle strength,indicating increased excitability of spinal MNs,decreased presynaptic and/or postsynaptic MN inhibition,and elevated descending motor drive.Notably,the use of supramaximal ECC resistance training can lead to selectively elevated V-wave responses during maximal ECC contraction,demonstrating that adaptive changes in spinal circuitry function and/or gains in descending motor drive can be achieved during maximal ECC contraction in response to heavy-load resistance training.

Regional cerebral blood flow imaging assessment of brain function reconstruction in elderly hemiplegia patients by body weight support treadmill training

The mechanism underlying body weight support treadmill training in elderly hemiplegic stroke patients is largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the changes of cortical blood flow in seven elderly patients with post-stroke hemiplegia before and after body weight support treadmill training by semi-quantitative analysis of regional cerebral blood flow assessed by single photon emission computed tomography. Body weight support treadmill training for 6 months was effective in improving cerebral blood flow and promoting the walking speed and balance recovery in elderly patients with post-stroke hemiplegia.

Influence of Collective Esophageal Speech Training on Self-efficacy in Chinese Laryngectomees:A Pretest-posttest Group Study

Total laryngectomy affects the speaking functions of many patients.Speech deprivation has great impacts on the quality of life of patients,especially on self-efficacy.Learning esophageal speech represents a way to help laryngectomees speak again.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of collective esophageal speech training on self-efficacy of laryngectomees.In this study,28 patients and 30 family members were included.The participants received information about training via telephone or a WeChat group.Collective esophageal speech training was used to educate laryngectomees on esophageal speech.Before and after collective esophageal speech training,all participants completed the General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES)to assess their perceptions on self-efficacy.Through the training,laryngectomees recovered their speech.After the training,the self-efficacy scores of laryngectomees were higher than those before the training,with significant differences noted(P<0.05).However,family members'scores did not change significantly.In conclusion,collective esophageal speech training is not only convenient and economical,but also improves self-efficacy and confidence of laryngectomees.Greater self-efficacy is helpful for laryngectomees to master esophageal speech and improve their quality of life.In addition,more attention should be focused on improving the self-efficacy of family members and making them give full play to their talent and potential on laryngectomees'voice rehabilitation.

Effect of Combined Low-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Virtual Reality Training on Upper Limb Function in Subacute Stroke:a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trail

The effect of combined low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation（LF r TMS） and virtual reality（VR） training in patients after stroke was assessed. In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 112 patients with hemiplegia after stroke were randomly divided into two groups： experimental and control. In experimental group, the patients received LF r TMS and VR training treatment, and those in control group received sham r TMS and VR training treatment. Participants in both groups received therapy of 6 days per week for 4 weeks. The primary endpoint including the upper limb motor function test of Fugl-meyer assessment（U-FMA） and wolf motor function test（WMFT）, and the secondary endpoint including modified Barthel index（MBI） and 36-item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire（SF-36） were assessed before and 4 weeks after treatment. Totally, 108 subjects completed the study（55 in experimental group and 53 in control group respectively）. After 4-week treatment, the U-FMA scores [mean difference of 13.2, 95% confidence interval（CI） 3.6 to 22.7, P〈0.01], WMFT scores（mean difference of 2.9, 95% CI 2.7 to 12.3, P〈0.01）, and MBI scores（mean difference 16.1, 95% CI 3.8 to 9.4, P〈0.05） were significantly increased in the experimental group as compared with the control group. The results suggested the combined use of LF r TMS with VR training could effectively improve the upper limb function, the living activity, and the quality of life in patients with hemiplegia following subacute stroke, which may provide a better rehabilitation treatment for subacute stroke.

Advanced trauma life support training: How useful it is?

We have tried in a recently published systematic review(World J of Surg 2014; 38: 322-329) to study the educational value of advanced trauma life support(ATLS) courses and whether they improve survival of multiple trauma patients. This Frontier article summarizes whatwe have learned and reflects on future perspectives in this important area. Our recently published systematic review has shown that ATLS training is very useful from an educational point view. It significantly increased knowledge, and improved practical skills and the critical decision making process in managing multiple trauma patients. These positive changes were evident in a wide range of learners including undergraduate medical students and postgraduate residents from different subspecialties. In contrast, clear evidence that ATLS training reduces trauma death is lacking. It is obvious that it is almost impossible to perform randomized controlled trials to study the effect of ATLS courses on trauma mortality. Studying factors predicting trauma mortality is a very complex issue. Accordingly, trauma mortality does not depend solely on ATLS training but on other important factors, like presence of well-developed trauma systems including advanced pre-hospital care. We think that the way to answer whether ATLS training improves survival is to perform large prospective cohort studies of high quality data and use advanced statistical modelling.

Exercise Training Attenuated Chronic Cigarette Smoking-induced Up-regulation of FIZZ1/RELMα in Lung of Rats

FIZZ/RELM is a new gene family named ＂found in inflammatory zone＂ （FIZZ） or ＂re- sistin-like molecule＂ （RELM）. FIZZ1/RELMct is specifically expressed in lung tissue and associated with pulmonary inflammation. Chronic cigarette smoking up-regulates FIZZ 1/RELMct expression in rat lung tissues, the mechanism of which is related to cigarette smoking-induced airway hyperresponsive- ness. To investigate the effect of exercise training on chronic cigarette smoking-induced airway hyper- responsiveness and up-regulation of FIZZ1/RELMct, rat chronic cigarette smoking model was estab- lished. The rats were treated with regular exercise training and their airway responsiveness was meas- ured. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of lung tissues were performed to detect the expression of FIZZ1/RELMct. Results revealed that proper exercise training decreased airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation in rat chronic cigarette smoking model. Cigarette smoking increased the mRNA and protein levels of FIZZ1/RELMct, which were reversed by the proper exercise. It is concluded that proper exercise training prevents up-regulation of FIZZ1/RELMct induced by cigarette smoking, which may be involved in the mechanism of proper exercise training modulating airway hyperresponsiveness.

Six high-intensity interval training sessions over 5 days increases maximal oxygen uptake,endurance capacity,and sub-maximal exercise fat oxidation as much as 6 high-intensity interval training sessions over 2 weeks

Background:High-intensity interval training(HIIT)induces similar or even superior adaptations compared to continuous endurance training.Indeed,just 6 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks significantly improves maximal oxygen uptake(VO_(2max)),submaximal exercise fat oxidation,and endurance performance.Whether even faster adaptations can be achieved with HIIT is not known.Thus,we aimed to determine whether 2 sessions of HIIT per day,separated by 3 h,every other day for 5 days(double HIIT(HIIT-D),n=15)could increase VO_(2max),submaximal exercise fat oxidation,and endurance capacity as effectively as 6 sessions of HIIT over 2 weeks(single HIIT(HIIT-S),n=13).Methods:Each training session consisted of 10×60 s of cycling at 100%of VO_(2max)interspersed with 75 s of low-intensity cycling at 60 watt(W).Pre-and post-training assessments included VO_(2max),time to exhaustion at-80%of VO_(2max),and 60-min cycling trials at-67%of VO_(2max).Results:Similar increases(p<0.05)in VO_(2max)(HIIT-D:7.7%vs.HIIT-S:6.0%,p>0.05)and endurance capacity(HIIT-D:80.1%vs.HIIT-S:79.2%,p>0.05)were observed.Submaximal exercise carbohydrate oxidation was reduced in the 2 groups after exercise training(HIIT-D:9.2%,p=0.014 vs.HIIT-S:18.8%,p=0.012)while submaximal exercise fat oxidation was significantly increased in HIIT-D(15.5%,p=0.048)but not in HIIT-S(9.3%,p=0.290).Conclusion:Six HIIT sessions over 5 days was as effective in increasing VO_(2max)and endurance capacity and was more effective in improving submaximal exercise fat oxidation than 6 HIIT sessions over 2 weeks.