A Novel High-Efficiency Transaction Verification Scheme for Blockchain Systems

Blockchain can realize the reliable storage of a large amount of data that is chronologically related and verifiable within the system.This technology has been widely used and has developed rapidly in big data systems across various fields.An increasing number of users are participating in application systems that use blockchain as their underlying architecture.As the number of transactions and the capital involved in blockchain grow,ensuring information security becomes imperative.Addressing the verification of transactional information security and privacy has emerged as a critical challenge.Blockchain-based verification methods can effectively eliminate the need for centralized third-party organizations.However,the efficiency of nodes in storing and verifying blockchain data faces unprecedented challenges.To address this issue,this paper introduces an efficient verification scheme for transaction security.Initially,it presents a node evaluation module to estimate the activity level of user nodes participating in transactions,accompanied by a probabilistic analysis for all transactions.Subsequently,this paper optimizes the conventional transaction organization form,introduces a heterogeneous Merkle tree storage structure,and designs algorithms for constructing these heterogeneous trees.Theoretical analyses and simulation experiments conclusively demonstrate the superior performance of this scheme.When verifying the same number of transactions,the heterogeneous Merkle tree transmits less data and is more efficient than traditional methods.The findings indicate that the heterogeneous Merkle tree structure is suitable for various blockchain applications,including the Internet of Things.This scheme can markedly enhance the efficiency of information verification and bolster the security of distributed systems.

TRADE DEPENDENCIES AND TRANSACTION COSTS: THE OC-CUPATION OF DECELEA HIGHLIGHTS BOTH THE BENEFITS AND THE DRAWBACKS OF A MARITIME ECONOMY

Thucydides asserts that the occupation of Decelea by the Spartans in 413 BC made the grain supply for Athens costly by forcing the transport from land onto the sea.This calls into question the well-established consensus that sea transport was far cheaper than land transport.This paper contends that the cost of protecting supply lines-specifically the expenses associated with the warships which escorted the supply ships-rendered the grain transported on the new route exceptionally costly.In this paper,the benefits and drawbacks of a maritime economy,including transaction costs,trade dependencies,and the capabilities of warships and supply ships are discussed.

Cryptocurrency Transaction Network Embedding From Static and Dynamic Perspectives: An Overview

Cryptocurrency, as a typical application scene of blockchain, has attracted broad interests from both industrial and academic communities. With its rapid development, the cryptocurrency transaction network embedding(CTNE) has become a hot topic. It embeds transaction nodes into low-dimensional feature space while effectively maintaining a network structure,thereby discovering desired patterns demonstrating involved users' normal and abnormal behaviors. Based on a wide investigation into the state-of-the-art CTNE, this survey has made the following efforts: 1) categorizing recent progress of CTNE methods, 2) summarizing the publicly available cryptocurrency transaction network datasets, 3) evaluating several widely-adopted methods to show their performance in several typical evaluation protocols, and 4) discussing the future trends of CTNE. By doing so, it strives to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of existing CTNE methods from static to dynamic perspectives,thereby promoting further research into this emerging and important field.

Evaluation method for assessing the auxiliary service transaction mechanism in regional power markets

Accurate and seamless auxiliary services in the power market can guarantee smooth and continuous power system operation. China’s new round of power system reform has entered a critical period, and reform implementation requires comprehensive improvements in the maturity of the supporting auxiliary service market. This study reviews the development status and evolution path of the European unified power market and the US regional power market, provides experience for the development of China’s regional power market, then identifies the key influencing factors of auxiliary service trading mechanism design in regional power markets. To analyze the rationality of the auxiliary service trading evaluation index, this paper established an evaluation model for assessing regional power markets. Using combined weight optimization, the gray correlation TOPSIS method was applied to comprehensively evaluate auxiliary service trading in the regional power market. Finally, the application of the proposed evaluation method was briefly analyzed to examine four regional power markets in China and evaluate the effectiveness of current market construction in different regions and provide suggestions for future market construction.

An Interoperability Cross-Block Chain Framework for Secure Transactions in IoT

The purpose of this research is to deal with effective block chain framework for secure transactions.The rate of effective data transactions and the interoperability of the ledger are the two major obstacles involved in Blockchain and to tackle this issue,Cross-Chain based Transaction(CCT)is introduced.Traditional industries have been restructured by the introduction of Internet of Things(IoT)to become smart industries through the feature of data-driven decision-making.Still,there are a few limitations,like decentralization,security vulnerabilities,poor interoperability,as well as privacy concerns in IoTs.To overcome this limitation,Blockchain has been employed to assure a safer transaction process,especially in asset exchanges.In recent decades,scalable local ledgers implement Blockchains,simultaneously sustaining peer validations of transactions which can be at local or global levels.From the single Hyperledger-based blockchains system,the CCT takes the transaction amid various chains.In addition,the most significant factor for this registration processing strategy is the Signature to ensure security.The application of the Quantum cryptographic algorithm amplifies the proposed Hyperledger-based blockchains,to strengthen the safety of the process.The key has been determined by restricting the number of transactions that reach the global Blockchain using the quantum-based hash function and accomplished by scalable local ledgers,and peer validations of transactions at local and global levels without any issues.The rate of transaction processing for entire peers has enhanced with the ancillary aid of the proposed solution,as it includes the procedure of load distribution.Without any boosted enhancement,the recommended solution utilizes the current transaction strategy,and also,it’s aimed at scalability,resource conservation,and interoperability.The experimental results of the system have been evaluated using the metrics like block weight,ledger memory,the usage of the central processing unit,and the communication overhead.

Transaction Frequency Based Trust for E-Commerce

Most traditional trust computing models in E-commerce do not take the transaction frequency among participating entities into consideration,which makes it easy for one party of the transaction to obtain a high trust value in a short time,and brings many disadvantages,uncertainties and even attacks.To solve this problem,a transaction frequency based trust is proposed in this study.The proposed method is composed of two parts.The first part is built on the classic Bayes analysis based trust modelswhich are ease of computing for the E-commerce system.The second part is the transaction frequency module which can mitigate the potential insecurity caused by one participating entity gaining trust in a short time.Simulations show that the proposed method can effectively mitigate the self-promoting attacks so as to maintain the function of E-commerce system.

The transaction behavior of cryptocurrency and electricity consumption

Rapidly increasing cryptocurrency prices have encouraged cryptocurrency miners to participate in cryptocurrency production,increasing network hashrates and electricity consumption.Growth in network hashrates has further crowded out small cryptocurrency investors owing to the heightened costs of mining hardware and electricity.These changes prompt cryptocurrency miners to become new investors,leading to cryptocurrency price increases.The potential bidirectional relationship between cryptocurrency price and electricity consumption remains unidentified.Hence,this research thus utilizes July 312015–July 122019 data from 13 cryptocurrencies to investigate the short-and long-run causal effects between cryptocurrency transaction and electricity consumption.Particularly,we consider structural breaks induced by external shocks through stationary analysis and comovement relationships.Over the examined time period,we found that the series of cryptocurrency transaction and electricity consumption gradually returns to mean convergence after undergoing daily shocks,with prices trending together with hashrates.Transaction fluctuations exert both a temporary effect and permanent influence on electricity consumption.Therefore,owing to the computational power deployed to wherever high profit is found,transactions are vital determinants of electricity consumption.

An Optimized Method for Information System Transactions Based on Blockchain

Accounting Information System(AIS),which is the foundation of any enterprise resource planning(ERP)system,is often built as centralized system.The technologies that allow the Internet-of-Value,which is built onfive aspects that are network,algorithms,distributed ledger,transfers,and assets,are based on blockchain.Cryptography and consensus protocols boost the blockchain plat-form implementation,acting as a deterrent to cyber-attacks and hacks.Blockchain platforms foster innovation among supply chain participants,resulting in ecosys-tem development.Traditional business processes have been severely disrupted by blockchains since apps and transactions that previously required centralized struc-tures or trusted third-parties to authenticate them may now function in a decentra-lized manner with the same level of assurance.Because a blockchain split in AIS may easily lead to double-spending attacks,reducing the likelihood of a split has become a very important and difficult research subject.Reduced block relay time between the nodes can minimize the block propagation time of all nodes,resulting in better Bitcoin performance.In this paper,three problems were addressed on transaction and block propagation mechanisms in order to reduce the likelihood of a split.A novel algorithm for blockchain is proposed to reduce the total pro-pagation delay in AIS transactions.Numerical results reveal that,the proposed algorithm performs better and reduce the transaction delay in AIS as compared with existing methods.

Blockchain-Based Power Transaction Method for Active Distribution Network

A blockchain-based power transaction method is proposed for Active Distribution Network(ADN),considering the poor security and high cost of a centralized power trading system.Firstly,the decentralized blockchain structure of the ADN power transaction is built and the transaction information is kept in blocks.Secondly,considering the transaction needs between users and power suppliers in ADN,an energy request mechanism is proposed,and the optimization objective function is designed by integrating cost aware requests and storage aware requests.Finally,the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used for multi-objective optimal search to find the power trading scheme with the minimum power purchase cost of users and the maximum power sold by power suppliers.The experimental demonstration of the proposed method based on the experimental platform shows that when the number of participants is no more than 10,the transaction delay time is 0.2 s,and the transaction cost fluctuates at 200,000 yuan,which is better than other comparison methods.

Inter-Provincial Transaction Model in Two-Level ElectricityMarket Considering Carbon Emission and Consumption Responsibility Weights

In the context of the joint operation of China’s intra-provincial markets and inter-provincial trading,how to meet the load demand and energy consumption using inter-provincial renewable energy trading is a key problem.The combined operation of intra-provincial and inter-provincial markets provides a new way for provincial power companies to optimize and clear the intra-provincial power market,complete the intra-provincial consumption responsibility weight index,and consume renewable energy across provinces and regions.This paper combines power generation and consumption within the province,uses inter-provincial renewable energy trading tomeet the load demand within the province and completes the index of intra-provincial consumption responsibility weights.The intra-provincial market trading and inter-provincial market clearing are respectively taken as the upper and lower levels of the model.Under the two-level electricity market operation framework,the upper-level model aims to minimize the expected total operating cost within the province considering the carbon emission cost and the weight of the consumption responsibility,while the lower-level model aims to minimize the inter-provincial renewable energy purchasing cost.Finally,the influence of inter-provincial transaction mechanism,risk aversion coefficient,voucher price,and responsibility weight on operating cost is analyzed.Simulation is used to verify that the proposed model can meet the requirements of the provincial load power consumption and the consumption responsibility weight index,and promote the consumption of renewable energy.

Securing Stock Transactions Using Blockchain Technology: Architecture for Identifying and Reducing Vulnerabilities Linked to the Web Applications Used (MAHV-BC)

This paper deals with the security of stock market transactions within financial markets, particularly that of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA). The confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data in the stock market being crucial, the implementation of robust systems which guarantee trust between the different actors is essential. We therefore proposed, after analyzing the limits of several security approaches in the literature, an architecture based on blockchain technology making it possible to both identify and reduce the vulnerabilities linked to the design, implementation work or the use of web applications used for transactions. Our proposal makes it possible, thanks to two-factor authentication via the Blockchain, to strengthen the security of investors’ accounts and the automated recording of transactions in the Blockchain while guaranteeing the integrity of stock market operations. It also provides an application vulnerability report. To validate our approach, we compared our results to those of three other security tools, at the level of different metrics. Our approach achieved the best performance in each case.

区块链扩展技术现状与展望

近年来,区块链技术引起广泛关注,其作为一种分布式账本技术,由于具备开放性、透明性和不可篡改性,已经被应用到诸多领域.但随着用户数量和访问需求的大幅增加,现有区块链体系结构可扩展性不足导致的性能瓶颈,制约了区块链技术的应用和推广,如何解决可扩展性问题已成为学术界和工业界关注的热点.对已有的区块链扩展方案进行分析和总结.首先,介绍区块链基本概念和可扩展性问题的由来,定义可扩展性问题并提出衡量可扩展性的指标.其次,给出分类框架,将现有方案按网络扩展、链上扩展、链下扩展3大类进行介绍,通过对不同的区块链可扩展性方案进行分析,比较各自的技术特点并归纳优缺点.最后,对亟待解决的开放性问题进行讨论,展望区块链技术未来趋势.

交易费用政治学的反思与发展:交易价值理论的阐述

交易费用理论试图用单一的经济指标“成本”来解释纷繁复杂的政治社会现象,这一思路本身就具有局限性。对于更加复杂的公共领域而言,试图仅仅应用成本最小化的单一经济价值目标来解释说明,不仅片面、狭隘,甚至根本无法逻辑自洽,更谈不上能够指引公共领域的实践。公共领域的政治和行政问题需要回归到价值理性层面,应该适用公共价值的解释体系。交易价值理论认为公共领域交易行为应该是公共价值调和、公共价值排序、公共价值认同的过程,其最终目的是实现与交易行为相适配的最优公共价值。公共治理其实是一个公共价值交易与达成的过程。

基于排队论的动态最优保险区块链决策研究

保险业的经营原则与区块链的共识特征存在基因相似性。本文引入“批排队”理论构建了动态最优保险区块链模型,较好地刻画了按照“先到先服务”原则将包含众多保险交易的区块追加到整个区块链的过程,该模型可以通过最大化保险区块链系统主体效用得到最优的保险交易费率。以中国车险市场2020年的实际经营数据为例进行数值模拟表明,不同参数的变化对保险交易双方效用的影响取决于交易记录延迟时间与交易费率之间的权衡,而对保单区块存储员效用的影响取决于区块存储收益与区块存储成本之间的权衡。相关数据为区块链技术在保险市场中降低经营成本、提高经营效率、释放劳动力等提供了理论支持。

市场的经济解释

经济社会发展中,市场伴随左右,发挥着重要作用,并且表现出强大的生机与活力。世界上不同的市场运行实践、不同地区同一市场运行实践成效千差万别,其背后的逻辑值得研究。以此为起点,可从知识、创造力、权利、价格、竞争、货币、第三方力量等与市场密切相关因素的本质特征与内在联系两个方面对市场的运行逻辑进行深入探究。市场是从知识中获取创造力的人们创造出来的以价格、竞争、货币等为核心要素,在第三方力量的保障下,通过产权让渡来提高经济品交易效率,从而更好地满足与交易者创造力匹配的需求的一种制度。市场的发展水平是以交易者需求满足程度为根本标志的,市场中经济品、权利、第三方力量、创造力的供求失衡本质是交易者需求满足度的下降。交易者的创造力是市场发展的根本动力,交易者的创造力与其在市场中的需求满足度是完全匹配的,专门化的知识会不断激发交易者的创造力。价格的弹性区间生成了竞争的弹性区间,两种区间是市场保持活力的重要支撑。第三方力量除了可以保障市场交易,还可以用配置权利的方式对市场进行纠错与提速。市场要素构建出的不同结构市场运行机制无优劣之分,符合实际的市场机制才能实现其提高交易者需求满足度的功能。

统一大市场促进形成强大国内市场的机理与路径——基于交易成本的视角

促进形成强大国内市场是新发展格局下我国经济高质量发展的重大战略部署。建设统一大市场是形成强大国内市场的重要举措,降低交易成本是建设统一大市场促进形成强大国内市场的关键。为此,基于交易成本的视角,分别从促进市场流通、交易环节精简、交易基础制度规则保障与多地域文化认同四个方面剖析建设统一大市场促进形成强大国内市场的机理,进而提出其实现路径:加快建设现代流通体系,促进流通业数字化转型;推进交易平台共享,打造全国统一交易平台;降低制度性交易成本,实现全国产权交易市场互联互通;强化文化认同,形成建设全国统一大市场的共有理念。

文件系统可靠管理方法研究

针对系统突发掉电情况下文件系统的可靠性问题,研究一种文件系统可靠管理方法,采用元数据事务管理技术,在数据更新时采用写时拷贝技术实现异地更新,采用PING PONG日志管理技术,对文件系统的空间和节点分配情况采用两级日志进行维护,系统维护两份事务点日志记录;通过逻辑卷管理关键数据的冗余存储,防止掉电时超级块数据被破坏引起系统无法正常启动。测试表明方法能够解决突发掉电情况下文件系统状态的一致性问题,实现文件系统的可靠管理。

负载纳米TiO_(2)石英砂功能集料-水泥石的界面粘结性能

光催化水泥基材料是先进建筑功能材料的研究热点之一,但传统内掺法制备的TiO_(2)-水泥基复合材料中TiO_(2)有效利用率低、经济效益差。针对此问题,采用负载法制备纳米TiO_(2)功能集料(QST),并将QST集料负载于普通水泥砂浆表面。研究QST集料对水泥砂浆干缩性能的影响,通过拉拔法测试QST集料与水泥石的界面粘结力;采用SEM、EDS、MIP等微观测试方法,研究纳米TiO_(2)对集料-水泥石界面过渡区水化产物、孔结构的影响。结果表明:与普通石英砂集料相比,表面负载纳米TiO_(2)的石英砂功能集料可减少水泥砂浆的干缩,提高集料-水泥石的界面粘结力。在QST集料-水泥石的界面过渡区,纳米TiO_(2)促进了水泥浆体的水化,减少了界面过渡区Ca(OH)2的富集,细化并改善了界面过渡区的孔结构。

数据交易安全刑事合规的“软法”治理及清单模式

数据交易安全合规指参与数据交易活动的企业内外部各方主体进行的维护数据安全合规的治理活动。刑事治理是由各方主体参与的惩治和预防犯罪的过程,具有过程性。数据交易安全刑事合规是刑事治理的重要方面,可分为事前合规和事后合规两个阶段。《信息安全技术数据交易服务安全要求(征求意见稿)》和《上海数据交易所数据交易安全合规指引》及配套清单采取正面清单和负面清单的管理模式,列举了数据交易主体、数据安全管理体系、数据来源、数据产品可交易性等方面的合规要求。数据交易安全合规清单具有“软法”性质,“软法”与“硬法”相结合,形成企业刑事合规的规范体系。刑法根据数据交易主体及行为场景的差异,以不同的罪刑规范保护数据交易行为所涉及的多元法益。数据犯罪的空白罪状具有定罪指引作用,也为企业合规的开展留下了空间。在实践中应注重数据安全关联罪名适用与刑行衔接,将企业刑事合规融入刑事司法过程并与行政监管相协调。同时,积极发挥企业合规清单的刑事治理机能,构建和完善激励机制、滤罪机制、评估机制,实现合规清单治理的出罪机能与治本效果。

基于Logit模型的技术供需交易影响因素分析

将技术供方和专利视为整体,将供需双方是否通过某专利交易视为被解释变量,系统研究技术特征、组织实力和供需方多维邻近关系等对技术交易的影响。基于Logit模型对燃料电池领域专利数据实证研究发现:(1)考虑三维特征建立Logit模型,对交易形成预测的精度高达83.3%;(2)技术特征、组织实力特征、多维邻近特征对技术交易均有显著正向影响;(3)多维邻近特征对技术交易的促进程度远高于其他维度特征,供需双方信任是交易形成的关键因素。最后,从建立高质量技术供需数据库、技术交易信任体系、技术交易网络及交易推荐机制等方面提出对策思考。