Brief Analysis on Institution of Rural Collective Construction Land Transfer

From the viewpoint of strengthening the government management and control of rural collective construction land transfer,this paper gives relevant definitions and puts forward institution and policy of construction land for township enterprises and rural housing land. It is expected to provide institutional guarantee for standardizing the market order of rural collective construction land use right transfer.

Methods and Paths for Rural Collectively Owned Profit-oriented Construction Land Entering into Trading Market

On the basis of analyzing cases of existing rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,this paper put forward several thoughts,introduced methods and paths for rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,including reforming rural collective land property right system,cultivating new rural collective economy organizations,helping them to become market entities; improving various legal systems,making clear range of construction land entering into trading market; formulating scientific benefit allocation mechanism; establishing fair and transparent decision making mechanism.

An Analysis of the Factors that Affect Collective Construction Land Transfer Price: A Case Study of Yichang City

The transfer of the rural collective construction land is increasingly accelerating,and the factors affecting transfer price are manifold. In this paper,the research area is Yichang,and we establish hedonic price model to explore and analyze the factors which affect the collective construction land transfer price. The simulation results show that in geographical factors,the higher degree of prosperity,road accessibility and soundness of infrastructure will result in higher collective construction land transfer price; in economic factors,the higher farmers' per capita net income and added value of the village's tertiary industry will lead to higher collective construction land transfer price; in ownership factors,the integrity of usufruct,disposition and possession has increasingly significant impact on collective construction land transfer price. In the process of establishing rural collective construction land circulation market,the government should gradually improve conditions of collective construction land; strengthen the construction of the rural economy,improve the economic attribute of the collective construction land; establish and improve China's rural collective construction land-related laws and regulations,make the rural collective construction land use rights clear,and give the whole rights of occupation,use,earning and disposition.

Rural collective construction land use in China: Policy issues and options

Land policy in China has been changed dramatically in the past two decades. Though the reform of rural farm land and the urban construction land has been launched successively, little has been done about the rural construction land by now, which has made a negative impact to the land utilization. This paper fi rst reviews the policy terms about the rural construction land, then gives a brief critique on them under the background of social-economic transformation in China, and discusses the driving forces and implications of institutional changes in the end. We think the further reform on the rural collective construction land is imperative. Firstly, as a production factor, it should be endowed with property attribute, and secondly the use right of rural construction land should be separated from its ownership so that it can be transacted in a competitive market, which will benefi t the building of harmonious society.

Path Choice of Rural Land Transfer in China

Establishing rural land collective property right system with clear ownership,complete powers and functions,smooth transfer,and strict protection is the basic guarantee to the equal exchange of land elements. In this study,the reform of relevant legal systems to China's rural land transfer was introduced firstly,and then the guiding ideology of China's rural land transfer was proposed. Finally,the ways of practicing rural land transfer in China were discussed. Based on the premise of insisting on and improving the strictest land preservation system,farmers should have the right to occupy,use,and transfer their contracted land,and they can transfer their land contracting and management right in ways of exchange,subcontracting,renting,stock cooperation,and trust. Exploring the ways of equal exchange of land elements according to local conditions is an important political and economic issue concerning the livelihood and development of farmers in China,so it should be conducted under the guidance of the correct ideas to integrate scattered land in China's rural areas,develop moderate-scale management,shorten the income gap between urban and rural areas,and realize balancing development of urban and rural areas in China.

Study on the Construction of China's Unified Urban-rural Construction Land Market

State-owned urban construction land market in China has evolved and been improved gradually, but use system of rural collective construction land has lagged far behind, so the urban-rural construction land market in China has been split with a result that use effi ciency of land resources is poor and collective land property rights of peasants are damaged. On the basis of analyzing problems of the current construction land market and also the causes, modern land property theory and institutional change of neoinstitutional economics are applied to study dynamical mechanism and development path of the construction land market, to construct the unifi ed construction land market system of China, and to propose corresponding guarantee policies, so as to achieve the effective allocation of construction land and maximization of social welfare.

Rural Collective Construction Land Transfer Based on Stakeholder Analysis

In order to establish a unified construction land market, it is necessary to choose a rational pathway for the market transfer of Rural Collective Construction Land （RCCL） in China. This paper focuses on different methods of RCCL transfer based on stakeholder analysis and three case studies including models from Guangdong, Wuhu and Chongqing. The main finding is that all three models improved resource allocation efficiency and intensive utilization of RCCL through land and capital transfer. Each model built different interest coordination mechanisms among stakeholders, suited to different regions and cases. The Guangdong model is suitable for an economically developed region. The Wuhu model is suitable for developing regions in central China while western underdeveloped regions in China can adopt the Chongqing model. The policy implication is that better policy making for the promotion of RCCL transfer in China should consider regional characteristics as well as the economic development context.

集体经营性建设用地入市的规范路径研究——以入市合同的性质与效力为切入点

集体经营性建设用地的入市流转需要衔接以《土地管理法》为代表的公法规范和以《民法典》为代表的私法规范。集体经营性建设用地入市参照适用国有建设用地流转制度的同时,仍需关注集体经营性建设用地入市交易的特殊性。集体经营性建设用地入市牵涉多方面法律关系,入市过程伴随着一系列新型且复杂的法律关系与权利义务发生,需要厘清农村集体经济组织的主体资格及权责边界,以规范农村集体经营性建设用地入市的主体范畴。同时通过规范集体经营性建设用地入市的土地用途,形成与国有建设用地相协调的统一城乡土地交易市场体系,进而对出让合同和租赁合同的性质与效力重新认定,构建符合自身特性的入市合同规范。

论集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律构造

集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律供给严重不足,学者观点又存在较大分歧。在“房地一体”登记下,集体土地所有权的代表行使主体享有独立的集体公益性建设用地使用权,并应平等、补充适用《土地管理法》与《民法典》。界分村级组织集体公益性建设用地使用权的登记主体是村民委员会还是农村集体经济组织,应尽量登记给村民委员会。集体公益性建设用地使用权的设立宜采取拨用而非划拨的方式,并经登记生效;其不能抵押,但可以在不降低公益效用的前提下,经政府机关批准和集体成员民主议定,采取转让、互换等方式处分。集体公益性建设用地使用权因集体公益收回应当符合比例原则,因经营性转化应当明确转化的条件、程序、方式和收益分配。

集体经营性建设用地入市制度的实施与司法应对

落实和实施集体经营性建设用地入市制度对于构建城乡统一的建设用地市场意义重大。现行法虽然为集体经营性建设用地入市提供了许多实体、程序规则,但存在规范不衔接乃至规范冲突等问题,为此,须从司法裁判视角确定各类相关规则的规范功能和规范要求。具言之,在司法审查过程中,集体经营性建设用地应采用“集体土地所有权依法登记且入市地块符合现行有效的国土空间规划”标准进行认定,集体经营性建设用地入市的决策应遵循“全体具有完全民事行为能力的成员三分之二以上参加并同意”规则,集体经营性建设用地入市合同应认定为民事合同,集体经营性建设用地入市监管协议的法律性质应认定为行政协议。围绕集体经营性建设用地入市合同和监管协议产生的纠纷应当分别通过民事诉讼和行政诉讼程序加以解决。

建构主义视角下农民集体行动研究——基于鄂北两村的调查

乡村治理现代化的程度,关乎乡村振兴战略实施和农村基层治理全局,也直接影响着国家治理现代化的进程与成效,而农民集体行动能力则是乡村治理现代化的重要指标。本研究从建构主义的视角出发,在动态关系中洞悉农民集体行动的生成机制与行动逻辑,发现农民集体行动归根结底就是情境实践,即农民集体行动是在制度情境、本土情境、事件情境下,以共同利益为基础促进成员组织化参与,在不同的主体互动中达成行动目标的共识,借助公共权威、社会信任、社会网络等建立协作配合的合作关系,构建起基层治理共同体的过程。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市研究的热点、演进与展望——基于CiteSpace的知识图谱分析

使用文献计量法和内容分析法对来自知网、万方、维普3大数据库的农村集体经营性建设用地入市的404篇研究文献作者、机构及热点进行分析,基于研究现状展望重点方向及前沿趋势。研究发现:研究人员和机构合作意识较弱,受学缘、地缘等因素影响未能形成较为明显的研究群体;“三块地”改革试点期呈现出百花齐放的研究态势,相关研究文献数量急剧上升,2019年至今为巩固改革成果期;现有研究聚焦于集体经营性建设用地入市的制度设计、与土地征收及宅基地制度改革的关系、地方实践、收益分配等主题。利益均衡视角下集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配机制的探索与优化、城乡融合发展视域下同地同权同价的实现条件及路径、农村三项土地制度改革的法理平衡及制度设计、集体经营性建设用地入市助推乡村振兴的地方模式及发展经验等方面仍需继续深化研究,也是未来的主要研究方向。

集体建设用地入市对县域市场活力的影响研究:基于企业进入视角

研究目的:基于企业进入视角,关注推进城乡统一建设用地市场建设的作用效果,系统考察集体建设用地入市改革对县域市场活力的影响。研究方法:将工商企业注册和土地出让微观数据集与县域经济数据结合,基于因果推断的反事实框架,使用多期双重差分方法进行政策效果检验并进行机制分析。研究结果:(1)集体建设用地入市显著提升了县域市场活力,该结论通过了一系列的稳健性检验;(2)改革通过作用于供地规模与供地价格,对政府规制产生了弱化效应,推动了土地要素市场化配置,对工业与商住用地价格偏移具有矫正效应;(3)政策在一定程度上提升了土地的产出效率,形成效能提升,增强市场活力。研究结论:深化土地要素的市场化配置,进一步扩大集体经营性建设用地入市改革范围,完善集体土地入市流程和市场化交易机制,增强土地要素市场提振县域市场活力的支撑作用。

生产要素下乡的障碍性因素及破解之策——基于S县J农业项目的调查研究

城乡要素的双向有序流动是在我国实施乡村振兴的战略背景之下,实现城乡融合发展的关键支撑,而城乡融合则是建立在生产要素双向自由流动的基础之上的,但是当前我国的城乡要素却只呈现出由乡村向城市的单向流动,从城市向乡村的流动还存在着障碍。为了深入研究生产要素下乡的障碍性因素,本文采取案例分析法,通过对S县J农业项目落地过程的考察和分析,研究发现阻碍生产要素下乡的主要障碍性因素为:由于在我国现行的农村土地制度、政策、运行机制之中均存在着与现代农业及乡村旅游业发展不相适应的成分,因而由此引发的农用地供地障碍和农村集体经营性建设用地供地障碍。为了破解生产要素下乡的障碍性因素,本文提出如下建议:1)我国应以土地确权为基础,积极开展对农用地经营权的股份化改革,从而可以将农用地经营权“化零为整”集中管理,最终以达到解决农用地规模化流转困难的目的。2)我国应通过重新研究制定乡镇的行政区划标准,来进行相应的调整改革,从而以打破土地流转的行政壁垒。3)我国应对农村集体经营性建设用地的空间置换机制进行深入改革,并完善相应的土地入市机制,从而可以将农村分散、闲置的集体经营性建设用地整合利用,并可以为生产要素下乡提供足够的空间载体。4)我国应优化农村集体建设用地的空间布局,促使其可以充分发挥出集聚产业要素、保障社会服务、促进文化发展等诸多功能,进而以形成主城区与区域中心镇相结合的空间格局,并可以为生产要素下乡提供畅通的渠道。

汲取与包容性治理视角下的土地发展权转移与乡村发展

土地发展权转移是通过土地增值收益的再分配来推动乡村发展的重要政策。然而,地方政府对该政策的实施呈现出不同的结果。从汲取与包容性治理视角出发,采用案例比较法,分别以德州与成都为典型案例,分析不同地方治理路径下发展权转移对乡村发展的差异化影响。在汲取性管制路径下,地方政府以土地财政为导向,主导发展权转移并垄断了土地交易,指标进城却并未引入资本下乡,最终造成农民权益受损。而在包容性治理路径下,地方政府以统筹城乡发展为导向,发挥村民的自主性,明晰产权、搭建交易平台并维护市场运行,乡村凭借土地资源撬动城市资本下乡,并通过市场机制推动土地增值收益的多主体共享。以土地发展权转移助推乡村发展,更应注重治理路径选择,推进集体建设用地全面确权,并建立市场化交易机制显化土地发展权。

集体经营性建设用地出让制度的现状、问题及完善对策

长期以来,我国建设用地市场的供应以政府为主,农村土地难以直接进入用地市场,因而农村集体可获得的土地收益较为有限。在实施乡村振兴战略的背景下,完善集体经营性建设用地的出让制度,需要立足于集体经营性建设用地出让的法律规定、国家政策安排以及实际出让情况。当前,集体经营性建设用地面临出让主体制度不完善、增量范围不清晰、出让收益分配制度不明确、处分权能不健全、统一交易市场未形成等方面的制约。为推动农村集体产权和土地管理制度改革,应当从完善出让主体制度、增量机制、出让收益分配制度,以及保障处分权能、构建统一用地市场等方面对集体经营性建设用地出让制度加以完善,以集体经营性建设用地出让助力乡村振兴。

我国农村集体经营性建设用地入市的路径和收益分配优化

农村集体经营性建设用地入市能有效解决城市土地资源紧缺的问题和城市扩张与农村集体占有土地之间的矛盾,从土地供给侧推进房地产市场平稳发展,对于助力乡村振兴战略、促进城乡融合发展、建设高标准市场经济体系意义重大。文章探索了以城乡统一建设用地市场为目标的农村集体经营性建设用地的入市路径,对于近郊农村鼓励通过就地入市的途径,采取出让或者租赁的形式入市,远郊农村通过异地调整的途径,将复垦后结余建设用地指标调整到符合规划的产业集中区入市。在此基础上进一步厘清了三大分配主体、两大分配内容之间层层递进的分配关系。政府直接参与的情况下可以通过参与初次分配或再分配获取收益,间接参与的情况下可以通过征收土地调节金获取收益,当前比较合理的土地调节金征收比例是10%~30%。集体在扣除政府的相应收益后,留存30%~40%用于村集体的经济发展和设施完善或者是股份分红,剩余部分在农民个体之间公平平均分配。最后,文章提出完善集体经营性建设用地的产权制度设计,制定指导入市的全国性实施办法,建立公平合理的土地增值收益分配制度和统筹联动推进宅基地制度改革等相关建议。

法律视角下农村土地经营权流转问题研究

农村土地经营权流转是提高农村土地整合利用、促进农业农村现代化的有效途径。然而,当前土地经营权流转仍存在各种问题和不足。因此,需要从法律角度对农地经营权的入市交流和流转问题进行系统研究。在分析经营权流转的基本现状和法律困难的基础上,从明确土地经营权权利性质、健全农村土地的产权制度、优化农地经营权融资制度、强化经营权流转法律保障等方面,探讨了健全和完善农地经营权流转法律制度的策略。

乡村振兴背景下“农地入市”的法治保障

农村集体经营性建设用地入市制度的改革依赖于法律制度的充分供给。通过对《中华人民共和国土地管理法》新修后有关农地入市的法治现状考察发现,当前农地入市的法治保障仍然存在较多问题,主要体现在规范供给不充分、运行机制不完善、监管体制不健全等方面,不足以为乡村振兴战略的全面实施提供充足动能。建议构建农地入市全方面法治保障:(1)规范供给方面,应完善农地入市领域从中央到地方的立法规范,在兼顾公法与私法的基础上,明确和细化现行入市主体、交易方式及收益分配等入市制度内容,加快健全入市的配套制度;(2)运行机制方面,需要明晰入市交易规则,搭建入市交易平台,准确定位政府在市场中的职能,推进农村集体土地确权登记,并强化入市改革的政策信息宣传;(3)监管体制方面,既需要科学开展土地规划工作,也需要地方政府严格审核与把控,形成常态化、全面化监管,确保农地入市全环节在法治轨道上展开。

宅基地使用权流转的合宪性分析

随着宅基地“三权分置”政策和地方改革试点深入推进,宅基地使用权流转问题受到学界关注,相关论争背后是宅基地使用权流转的合宪性命题。现行立法坚持农户居住自用、禁止向集体外流转的基本立场,反映出成员居住保障、农地农用、涨价归公等基于集体所有制的目的制约,彰显宅基地作为“公共财产”需要“合理利用”的宪法意涵。同时,宅基地使用权应当是集体成员的一项基本财产权利,宅基地制度改革政策以“扩权赋能”为基本方向,正是还原了宅基地使用权的基本权利属性。宅基地使用权流转与坚持集体土地所有制并不矛盾,现行法上相关限制性规定不具有合宪性。宅基地使用权在赋权流转的同时,应基于“合理使用”受到规划和用途管制之限制。