Modelling Study to Compare the Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Low-Power Hydrogen,Nitrogen and Argon Arc-Heated Thrusters

A modelling study is performed to compare the plasma flow and heat transfer characteristics of low-power arc-heated thrusters （arcjets） for three different propellants： hydrogen, nitrogen and argon. The all-speed SIMPLE algorithm is employed to solve the governing equations, which take into account the effects of compressibility, Lorentz force and Joule heating, as well as the temperature- and pressure-dependence of the gas properties. The temperature, velocity and Mach number distributions calculated within the thruster nozzle obtained with different propellant gases are compared for the same thruster structure, dimensions, inlet-gas stagnant pressure and arc currents. The temperature distributions in the solid region of the anode-nozzle wall are also given. It is found that the flow and energy conversion processes in the thruster nozzle show many similar features for all three propellants. For example, the propellant is heated mainly in the near-cathode and constrictor region, with the highest plasma temperature appearing near the cathode tip; the flow transition from the subsonic to supersonic regime occurs within the constrictor region; the highest axial velocity appears inside the nozzle; and most of the input propellant flows towards the thruster exit through the cooler gas region near the anode-nozzle wall. However, since the properties of hydrogen, nitrogen and argon, especially their molecular weights, specific enthMpies and thermal conductivities, are different, there are appreciable differences in arcjet performance. For example, compared to the other two propellants, the hydrogen arcjet thruster shows a higher plasma temperature in the arc region, and higher axial velocity but lower temperature at the thruster exit. Correspondingly, the hydrogen arcjet thruster has the highest specific impulse and arc voltage for the same inlet stagnant pressure and arc current. The predictions of the modelling are compared favourably with available experimental results.

Optimal Design for Wireless Power Transfer System with Relay Resonators

The optimization method by adjusting load and distances between two adjacent coils( or resonators) is presented on basis of wireless power transfer( WPT) system with relay resonators. 2-port network and impedance matching theory are applied to analyzing power flow of incidence and reflection in WPT system,then setting up power flow model. The maximum power transmission efficiency can be obtained when the load and distance between secondary resonator and output coil meets impedance matching at 2-port network's output port. The simulation and experimental results shown the impedance matching method can effectively improve and maintain transmission efficiency by adjusting load and distances between coils or relay resonators.

Non-Axisymmetric Mass Transfer Phenomenon behind an Orifice in a Curved Swirling Flow

The purpose of this paper is to understand the mechanism of non-axisymmetric wall-thinning that caused a pipe break in the pipeline of the Mihama nuclear power plant in 2004. The wall thinning was caused by the flow accelerated corrosion which affects low carbon steel pipelines. The mass transfer rate measurement of the wall thinning behind an office in a curved swirling flow is carried out in a closed-circuit water tunnel using a benzoic acid dissolution method. The experimental results indicate that the high mass transfer rate is observed on one side of the pipe behind the orifice, which is similar to the observation of the wall-thinning rate in the Mihama case. This result suggests that the influence of the secondary flow in the long elbow combined with the swirling flow can produce the non-axisymmetric mass transfer phenomenon behind the orifice.

基于功率流有限元法的涡旋压缩机振动特性研究

针对涡旋压缩机内部振动传递路径复杂,采用传统的传递函数法往往不能真实地描述振动产生与传递的本质问题,引入功率流有限元法从能量角度分析振动传递特性,进行涡旋压缩机内部振动产生、传递与空间分布的可视化研究。在分析涡旋压缩机的动力拓扑关系基础上建立激励源,提取与振动响应模型并进行仿真分析;利用实体试验和响应分析结果对比进行模型有效性分析;在验证后的模型上定义8个能量输出面,分析谐波与激励作用下上支撑和下支撑的振动能量传递特性,并且计算节点的功率流矢量确定振源的空间分布。结果表明,涡旋压缩机曲轴在运转到280°时,振动频率在1 000 Hz与1 890 Hz时振动能量传递率较高,上支撑能量分布均匀并集于自身,下支撑能量集中于支脚并向外传递。研究方法和研究成果对于涡旋压缩机振动分布及传递、振动控制和优化设计等方面具有一定借鉴意义。

A Novel Location Method for Interline Power Flow Controllers Based on Entropy Theory

As one of the new generation flexible AC transmission systems(FACTS)devices,the interline power flow controller(IPFC)has the significant advantage of simultaneously regulating the power flow of multiple lines.Nevertheless,how to choose the appropriate location for the IPFC converters has not been discussed thoroughly.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a novel location method for IPFC using entropy theory.To clarify IPFC’s impact on system power flow,its operation mechanism and control strategies of different types of serial converters are discussed.Subsequently,to clarify the system power flow characteristic suitable for device location analysis,the entropy concept is introduced.In this process,the power flow distribution entropy index is used as an optimization index.Using this index as a foundation,the power flow transfer entropy index is also generated and proposed for the IPFC location determination study.Finally,electromechanical electromagnetic hybrid simulations based on ADPSS are implemented for validation.These are tested in a practical power grid with over 800 nodes.A modular multilevel converter(MMC)-based IPFC electromagnetic model is also established for precise verification.The results show that the proposed method can quickly and efficiently complete optimized IPFC location and support IPFC to determine an optimal adjustment in the N-1 fault cases.

质子交换膜燃料电池随行波流场设计与传质特性

为了提高质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的膜电极的传质性能与电池的功率密度,设计了一种以圆弧凹面作为强化传质结构的随行波流场板。结合铣削工艺,实现了随行波流场结构的制造。采用计算流体动力学软件,建立包括随行波流场与膜电极在内的燃料电池三维模型。实验验证了该模型的准确性。探索了强化传质结构对电池内部速度场、浓度场及电场的分布规律,分析了电池性能的提升效果。结果表明:与流道深宽0.6 mm×0.8 mm的常规流场相比,该文的随行波流场的平均流速提升了27.7%,压损降低了19.2%,双极板—气体扩散层界面的氧气含量提升了1.44%,出口的排水速率增大16.7%,功率密度提升了8.6%。

舰船复合材料轴振动能量传递特性研究

针对舰船复合材料传动轴减振机理尚不清晰的问题,文中构建了某舰船复合材料轴仿真模型,基于功率流法分析了复合材料轴振动能量传递特性,并在此基础上进一步探究了钢法兰-复合材料刚柔耦合界面匹配参数和轴段内复合材料铺层方式对振动能量传递的影响规律。最后通过复合材料传动轴模态试验和振动传递试验验证了仿真模型的准确性。结论如下:刚柔耦合界面对于振动能量抑制有着显著作用,其振动能量的传递随接触面积的增大而降低,而弹性模量比仅影响传动轴固有频率;随着铺层角度的减小及铺层数量的增加,复合材料轴段隔振性能逐渐增加。

云边协同下的电网脆弱线路辨识方法设计

针对以单纯云计算为基础的电网脆弱线路辨识中,存在主节点计算压力大、耗时过高的问题,引入云边协同方法,设计了一种以云边协同为基础的电网脆弱线路辨识方法。以云边协同逻辑架构为基础,将云计算与边缘计算相融合,构建电网脆弱线路辨识模型。利用PageRank算法建立DNS缓存,整合云计算下的边缘设备数据源,以基尔霍夫定律为基础,计算不同线路的潮流值,根据潮流结果完成电网脆弱线路辨识。结果表明,所提方法对电网中的脆弱线路辨识性能更强、耗时更短。

一种适用于单/多光伏电站的迁移超短期光伏预测建模框架

针对新建电站的历史数据量有限,且不同时段光伏数据的分布存在较大差异的问题,构建一种适用于单/多光伏电站的迁移超短期光伏预测建模框架。首先,为充分考量光伏序列的不确定性及数值天气预报的固有偏差,提出一种基于加权滚动时间窗聚类方法,同时为避免维度过高问题并强化天气类型与光伏发电功率之间的映射关系,提出类内外特征加权结构保持降维算法;其次,通过采用测地线流式核积分完成数据分布对齐,减小样本分布差异对单/多电站模型鲁棒性的影响;最后,采用梯度增强决策树建立光伏功率预测模型,实现光伏功率预测精度的提升。采用公开数据集PVOD验证了所提算法的有效性。

Mass transfer coefficients in metallurgical reactors

An overview on the application and achievements of physico-mathematicalmodeling of metallurgical processes in China is briefly declared. The important role of coefficientsin model formulation is shown from our experience. The mass transfer coefficients of the slag-metalreactions and the gas-metal reactions are discussed referring to the flow conditions near theinterface. The influence of the surface-active species on the mass transfer and the interfacialreaction is also discussed briefly.

基于TPA的船舶机械系统振动传递特性分析

为有效降低船舶机械系统低频线谱振动,采用传递路径分析方法(transfer path analysis,简称TPA)对典型船舶机械设备振动沿管路系统与浮筏基座传递规律进行试验研究。试验结果表明,通过传递路径分析方法辨识各路径振动贡献量合成结果与直接测量结果一致,证明了本研究方法与测试数据的正确性。通过传递路径与输入船体结构振动功率流贡献量分析,发现设备低频段振动能量主要通过浮筏基座进行传递,整个试验模型的低频线谱成分由管路系统与船体耦合引起。该研究结果可为船舶机械系统低频线谱主动控制作动器的位置优化与频率选取提供参考。

基于优化模型的有源配电网可靠性评估方法

现有的有源配电网可靠性评估方法中,模拟法难以得到确切的指标计算结果,解析法难以处理动态孤岛最优切负荷问题。该文提出一种基于优化模型的有源配电网可靠性评估方法。该方法考虑分布式电源随机性、故障转供以及潮流倒送限制等因素,首先建立分布式电源的多状态模型,并基于后向场景缩减算法对分布式电源出力的随机场景进行状态缩减。针对缩减的特定场景,提出面向可靠性指标评估的混合整数线性规划模型,通过求解该模型,利用寻优的机制得到系统的各类可靠性指标。该方法的主要优点在于便于考虑配电网可靠性与网络规划优化问题的相结合。通过算例分析了该方法的准确性,并通过有源配电网自动、手动开关配置优化问题说明所提方法的延伸应用价值。

基于强化传质的质子交换膜燃料电池流道优化

针对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的性能与其传质性能密切相关以及流道优化设计对PEMFC的传质性能影响显著的特点,设计了一种截流流道,并在阴极流道内部设置了新型的三维凸台,使其对空气产生截流效应.对比了直流道与不同配置的截流流道对PEMFC传质性能的影响,分析了不同截流单元流道的电池水气分布、净功率及有效传质系数的变化规律.研究结果表明:截流流道能有效提升电池性能,优化水气分布,提高最大净功率和有效传质系数;与直流道相比,下游局部凸台分布加密的截流流道的电流密度最大提升约29.2%,最大净功率提高10.5%~11.7%,有效传质系数增加50.2%~100.7%.

三明治耦合板的能量辐射传递模型

该研究的目的是将能量辐射传递法(radiative energy transfer method,RETM)推广到三明治耦合板模型中。推导了三明治板的振动控制方程,获得结构的波传播特性参数。基于波法推导了三明治耦合板的能量传递系数。根据能量密度控制方程,得到能量密度和功率流强度的核函数。根据惠更斯原理,结构内部的能量可由实源辐射的直接场能量与边界虚源的反射场能量叠加得到。求解第二类Fredholm积分方程获得边界虚源的强度。数值算例结果与模态叠加和功率流分析(power flow analysis,PFA)对比,验证了所建模型的正确性和准确性。对L型耦合三明治板求解,获得其能量密度和功率流分布特征。

电解水制氢的多物理场建模与监控技术综述

电解水制氢设备中存在电流、温度、流速等多个物理量以能量和物质双重耦合的形式分布于电解槽内,其高效运行离不开对内部多物理场的精确解析与协调控制。对电解水制氢设备中多物理场建模与调控技术进行了系统性综述,系统揭示了电解水制氢设备内传热、传质、气液两相流等多物理过程的耦合机理,并依次综述了各物理场的现有建模技术、研究瓶颈及发展趋势;同时,给电解槽施加磁场和光场可有效监测或调控其内部的多物理过程,分别介绍了外加光场的流场监测原理以及外加磁场的调控技术。最后,总结了电解水制氢设备内场建模与外场调控研究的关键技术与发展方向,以期为电解水制氢设备的多物理场研究的发展提供指导。

阀控充液式液力偶合器换热特性研究

在液力偶合器的使用过程中,由于转差损失与液力损失,会使其工作水液的温度上升,进而影响液力偶合器的工作性能,为了解决这一问题,对阀控充液式液力偶合器的换热特性进行了研究。首先,构建了含有进出水口双腔流道的瞬态换热计算模型,并对其进行了网格无关性验证;然后,采用多步求解方式对正常运转工况、堵转工况及循环换水工况的流动换热进行了数值模拟计算;最后,对比分析了不同工况下的液力偶合器温度场分布特性,探讨了液力偶合器内流场的流动换热变化规律。研究结果表明:正常工况及堵转工况流场整体温度皆呈现明显的线性上升趋势;以240 L/min流量进行循环换水时,流场温度呈先快后慢的下降趋势,20 s内可将流场温度降至30℃左右。采用该研究结果,可以准确地预测液力偶合器内流场温度变化,可为液力偶合器优化、换水调控提供理论参考。

A modular parallelization framework for power flow transfer analysis of large-scale power systems

Power flow transfer(PFT) analysis under various anticipated faults in advance is important for securing power system operations. In China, PSD-BPA software is the most widely used tool for power system analysis, but its input/output interface is easily adapted for PFT analysis,which is also difficult due to its computationally intensity.To solve this issue, and achieve a fast and accurate PFT analysis, a modular parallelization framework is developed in this paper. Two major contributions are included. One is several integrated PFT analysis modules, including parameter initialization, fault setting, network integrity detection, reasonableness identification and result analysis.The other is a parallelization technique for enhancing computation efficiency using a Fork/Join framework. The proposed framework has been tested and validated by the IEEE 39 bus reference power system. Furthermore, it has been applied to a practical power network with 11052 buses and 12487 branches in the Yunnan Power Grid ofChina, providing decision support for large-scale power system analysis.

挡板分布对PEMFC传质特性的影响

合理的双极板流道结构设计对提高质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能具有重要意义。建立单直流道PEMFC的三维模型,并在流道出口处添加矩形挡板,研究挡板间距及堵塞率对PEMFC传质特性和输出性能的影响。在流道出口处添加挡板,可强化流道内反应气体传质效果;增大挡板间距或提高挡板堵塞率,均能提高扩散层中的氧气浓度,改善PEMFC输出性能。提出一种挡板数量为5、间距为0.90 mm、间距差值为0.40 mm、堵塞率为75.00%及堵塞率差值为2.50%的挡板分布设计方案。与无挡板流道相比,该方案的峰值功率密度提高了4.96%。

基于潮流熵的电网连锁故障传播元件的脆弱性评估

为研究电网连锁故障机理,同时判别出连锁故障传播过程中的关键脆弱元件,从熵的基本原理出发,结合过负荷与断线扰动下潮流的分布特性,提出了基于潮流熵的脆弱元件评估模型。通过对新英格兰10机39节点系统的模拟计算,节点单位过负荷扰动下,节点的潮流分布熵越小,越容易导致系统支路越限,节点越脆弱;支路受"发电机—负荷"节点对的潮流冲击越大、支路潮流转移熵越小,支路越脆弱,在连锁故障中起到关键传播作用;与基于介数、风险等方法的脆弱元件判别结果相比,基于潮流熵的脆弱元件评估模型物理意义明确,计算速度快,脆弱元件集符合实际情况。

转移潮流法拓扑错误辨识

电网拓扑错误会影响状态估计的精度,甚至会使状态估计不收敛。文中提出了转移潮流法拓扑错误辨识法,利用当前时刻的遥测数据与基态进行比较就可以得到转移潮流。通过分析转移潮流与网络拓扑变化的关系以及不良数据的影响,给出了单一支路的拓扑错误和多不良数据的辨识方法,从而可以提高状态估计的精度。文中给出了一个实际电网的计算实例。