CONSTRUCTION OF A GENOMIC DNA LIBRARY WITH ATA VECTOR AND ITS APPLICATION IN CLONING OF THE PHYTOENE SYNTHASE GENE FROM THE CYANOBACTERIUM SPIRULINA PLATENSIS M-135

An efficient and simple method for constructing a genomic DNA library using a TAcloning vector is presented. It is based on the sonicative cleavage of genomic DNA and modification offragment ends with Taq DNA polymerase, followed by ligation using a TA vector. This method was ap-plied for cloning of the phytoene synthase gene crtB from Spirulina platensis. This method is useful whengenomic DNA cannot be efficiently digested with restriction enzymes, a problem often encountered duringthe construction of a genomic DNA library of cyanobacteria.

Preparation of high molecular weight （HMW） genomic DNA from tea plant （Camellia sinensis） for BAC library construction

A bacterial artificial chromosome （BAC） library is an invaluable resource tool to initiate tea plant genomics research, and the preparation of high molecular weight （HMW） genomic DNA is a crucial first step for constructing a BAC Library. In order to construct a BAC library for enhancing tea plant genomics research, a new method for the preparation of tea pant high molecular weight （HMW） genomic DNA must be developed due to young tea plant leaves and shoots are notably rich in both tea polyphenols and tea polysaccharides. In this paper, a modified method for preparing high quality tea plant HMW genomi~ DNA was optimized, and the quality of tea plant genomic DNA was evaluated. The results were as follows： Critical indicators of HMW DNA preparation were the appearance of the smooth nuclei in solution （as opposed to sticky-gummy） before agarose plug solidification, non-dark colored nuclei plugs after lysis with an SDS/proteinase K solution, and the quality and quantity of HMW DNA fragments after restriction enzyme digestion. Importantly, 1% dissolved PVP-40 and 1% un-dissolved PVP-40 during the nuclei extraction steps, in conjunction with the removal of PVP-40 from the plug washing and nuclei lysis steps, were critical for achieving HWM tea plant DNA suitable for BAC library construction. Additionally, a third PFGE fraction selection step to eliminate contaminating small DNA fragments. The modifications provided parameters that may have prevented deleterious interactions from tea polyphenols and tea polysaccharides. The HMW genomic DNA produced by this new modified method has been used to successfully construct a large-insert tea plant BAC library, and thus may be suitable for BAC library construction from other plant species that contain similarly interfering compounds.

宏基因组学(Metagenomics)的研究现状和发展趋势

随着分子生物学技术的快速发展及其在微生物生态学和环境微生物学研究中的广泛应用,促进了以环境中未培养微生物为研究对象的新兴学科——微生物环境基因组学(又叫宏基因组学、元基因组学,Metagenomics)的产生和快速发展.宏基因组学通过直接从环境样品中提取全部微生物的DNA,构建宏基因组文库,利用基因组学的研究策略研究环境样品所包含的全部微生物的遗传组成及其群落功能.在短短几年内,宏基因组学研究已渗透到各个领域,包括海洋、土壤、热液口、热泉、人体口腔及胃肠道等,并在医药、替代能源、环境修复、生物技术、农业、生物防御及伦理学等各方面显示了重要的价值.对宏基因组学的主要研究方法、热点内容及发展趋势进行了综述,建议在我国尽快启动有关宏基因组学的研究,从国家层面上开展联合攻关,拓展当前的研究领域,发展相关研究策略和技术,开展广泛的国际合作,使我国在宏基因组学研究领域占据有利地位.

Toward Development of a Whole-genome, BAC/BIBAC-based Integrated Physical/Genetic Map of the Cotton Genome Using the Upland Genetic Standard TM-1: BAG and BIBAC Library Construction, SSR Marker Development, and Physical/Genetic Map Integration

Integrative physical mapping is the centerpieceof and essential for advanced genomics research.Upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)geneticstandard line TM-1 is used as the referencegenotype to develop a whole-genome,BAC/BIBAC-based integrated physical/genetic map ofthe cotton genome.From the TM-1 line we haveconstructed two BAC libraries with HindIII

Transgenic Rice Plants Harboring Genomic DNA from Zizania latifolia Confer Bacterial Blight Resistance

Based on the sequence of a resistance gene analog FZ14 derived from Zizania latifolia （Griseb.）, a pair of specific PCR primers FZ14P1/FZ14P2was designed to isolate candidate disease resistance gene. The pooled-PCR approach was adopted using the primer pair to screen a genomic transformation-competent artificial chromosome （TAC） library derived from Z. latifolia. A positive TAC clone （ZR1） was obtained and confirmed by sequence analysis. The results indicated that ZR1 consisted of conserved motifs similar to P-loop （kinase la）, kinase 2, kinase 3a and GLPL （Gly-Leu-Pro-Leu）, suggesting that it could be a portion of NBS-LRR type of resistance gene. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Nipponbare mature embryo, a total of 48 independent transgenic To plants were obtained. Among them, 36 plants were highly resistant to the virulent bacterial blight strain PXO71. The results indicate that ZR1 contains at least one functional bacterial blight resistance gene.

Study on the Mitochondrial Genome of Sea Island Cotton(Gossypium barbadense) by BAC Library Screening

The plant mitochondrial genome displays complex features, particularly in terms of cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS）. Therefore, research on the cotton mitochondrial genome may provide important information for analyzing genome evolution and exploring the molecular mechanism of CMS. In this paper, we present a preliminary study on the mitochondrial genome of sea island cotton （Gossypium barbadense） based on positive clones from the bacterial artificial chromosome （BAC） library. Thirty-five primers designed with the conserved sequences of functional genes and exons of mitochondria were used to screen positive clones in the genome library of the sea island cotton variety called Pima 90-53. Ten BAC clones were obtained and verified for further study. A contig was obtained based on six overlapping clones and subsequently laid out primarily on the mitochondrial genome. One BAC clone, clone 6 harbored with the inserter of approximate 115 kb mtDNA sequence, in which more than 10 primers fragments could be amplified, was sequenced and assembled using the Solexa strategy. Fifteen mitochondrial functional genes were revealed in clone 6 by gene annotation. The characteristics of the syntenic gene/exon of the sequences and RNA editing were preliminarily predicted.

Construction of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) whole genome phage display library

A rebuilt vector pCANTAB 5 EE was obtained by inserting a 34 bp double-stranded oligonucleotide which contained a EcoRV recognition sequence into pCANTAB 5 E. White spot syndrome virus （WSSV） genome DNA was fragmented by sonication to isolate fragments mainly in the range of 0.8 ～2.0 kb, then the fragments were blunt-ended with T4 DNA polymerase and cloned into the EcoRV site of pCANTAB 5 EE. The primary recombinant clone of the library was 3.0 × 10^5.Colony PCR of random selected recombinants showed that the size of the inserts was 0.12 ～ 1.77 kb. After the whole library recombinant phages infected Escherichia coli HB2151 cells, the extracellular and periplasmic extracts were dropped on PVDF membranes to perform dot blot, using polyclonal mouse anti-VP24 serum,anti-WSV026 serum,anti-WSV063 serum,anti-WSV069 serum,anti-WSV112 serum, anti WSV238 serum,anti-WSV303 serum and anti-VP26 serum as the primary antibody, respectively. The results showed that the display library could express the viral proteins.

Functional Genomic Studies of Cotton Fiber Development

Cotton fibers are single-cell trichomes derivedfrom the epidermis of cotton ovules.Analysis oftranscripts in developing fiber cells may providevaluable information to understand mechanismsregulation fiber initiation and growth,as well asto cotton breeding.We have made an array ofmore than 5000 clones isolated from a cottonovule(and the fiber)cDNA library.

Construction and Characterization of a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Library for Triticum boeoticum

A bacterial artificial chromosome library has been constructed for Triticum boeoticum Boiss (A bA b) using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector pECBAC1. The library consists of about 170 000 clones. A random sampling analysis of 200 BAC clones indicates that the average insert size is 104 kb. Based on the genome size of T. boeoticum, the library is about three times as large as T. boeoticum haploid genome (5 600 Mb). Screening the BAC library with cpDNA sequence psbA gene and mtDNA sequence atp6 gene as probe shows that contamination of the library with chloroplast and mitochondrial clones is less than 1%. The library will be a useful platform in gene clone and genomic research of wheat.

Construction of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries for Zhikong Scallop Chlamys farreri

Two Large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri were constructed to promote our genetic and genomic research. High-quality megabase-sized DNA was isolated from the adductor muscle of the scallop and partially digested by BamH I and Mbo I, respectively. The BamH I library consisted of 53 760 clones while the Mbo I library consisted of 7 680clones. Approximately 96 % of the clones in BamH I library contained nuclear DNA inserts in average size of 100 kb, providing a coverage of 5.3 haploid genome equivalents. Similarly, the Mbo I library with an average insert of 145 kb and no insert-empty clones, thus providing a genome coverage of 1.1 haploid genome equivalents.

Construction and Characterization of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Fosmid Library

Grass carp （Ctenopharyngodon idellus） genomic fosmid library cotaining 129 014 clones was constructed and characterized from one diploid grass carp. The average insert size of the fosmid library was determined to be 35 kb by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, which is 4.1-fold coverage of the grass carp genome. To demonstrate the probability of picking the functional genes from the library, eleven functional genes were screened by three-dimensional PCR technique. The number of positive clones of these genes was from 1 to 6. So, this library may screen any useful genes from grass carp. This grass carp genome fosmid library will be integrated in the presently ongoing efforts to determine the sequence of the grass carp genome.

文库构建与基因簇靶向筛选驱动的微生物天然产物高效发现

微生物天然产物作为小分子药物的主要来源,已被广泛应用于医药与农业等领域。随着全球抗生素耐药性与其他公共健康问题的加剧,新结构、新靶点微生物天然产物发现迫在眉睫。大规模(宏)基因组测序揭示微生物蕴含了巨大的生物合成潜力,相继催生了多种不同类型的天然产物挖掘策略。然而,目前仍然缺乏将天然产物合成基因簇与编码产物快速关联的高效方案。近年来,(宏)基因组文库构建在获取批量天然产物合成基因簇方面展现出明显优势,结合高效的基因簇靶向筛选方法,显著加速了新结构天然产物系统发现。本文综述了三类基于(宏)基因组文库构建与靶向筛选驱动天然产物创新发现的策略,主要从克隆载体类型、文库构建方式、基因簇靶向筛选方法等角度进行了阐述,并对Cosmid/Fosmid文库、BAC/PAC文库、FAC/YAC文库等不同文库类型的优缺点及应用范围进行了对比,最后对这些策略的发展前景进行了展望。未来,基于文库构建与基因簇靶向筛选策略将极大驱动不同生境微生物来源的活性天然产物挖掘,预期大量新靶点、新结构天然产物将不断涌现。

Effort and Contribution of T-DNA Insertion Mutant Library for Rice Functional Genomics Research in China:Review and Perspective

With the completion of the rice （Oryza sativa L.） genome-sequencing project, the rice research community proposed to characterize the func- tion of every predicted gene in rice by 2020. One of the most effective and high-throughput strategies for studying gene function is to employ genetic mutations induced by insertion elements such as T-DNA or transposons. Since 1999, with support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China for Rice Functional Genomics Programs, large-scale T-DNA insertion mutant populations have been generated in Huazhong Agricultural University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Currently, a total of 372,346 mutant lines have been generated, and 58,226 T-DNA or Tos17 flanking sequence tags have been isolated. Using these mutant resources, more than 40 genes with potential applications in rice breeding have already been identified. These include genes involved in biotic or abiotic stress responses, nutrient metabolism, pollen development, and plant architecture. The functional analysis of these genes will not only deepen our understanding of the fundamental biological questions in rice, but will also offer valuable gene resources for developing Green Super Rice that is high-yielding with few inputs even under the poor growth conditions of many regions of Africa and Asia.

Establishment of genomic library technology mediated by non-homologous end joining mechanism in Yarrowia lipolytica

Genomic variants libraries are conducive to obtain dominant strains with desirable phenotypic traits.The non-homologous end joining(NHEJ),which enables foreign DNA fragments to be randomly integrated into different chromosomal sites,shows prominent capability in genomic libraries construction.In this study,we established an efficient NHEJ-mediated genomic library technology in Yarrowia lipolytica through regulation of NHEJ repair process,employment of defective Ura marker and optimization of iterative transformations,which enhanced genes integration efficiency by 4.67,22.74 and 1.87 times,respectively.We further applied this technology to create high lycopene producing strains by multi-integration of heterologous genes of CrtE,CrtB and CrtI,with 23.8 times higher production than rDNA integration through homologous recombination(HR).The NHEJ-mediated genomic library technology also achieved random and scattered integration of loxP and vox sites,with the copy number up to 65 and 53,respectively,creating potential for further application of recombinase mediated genome rearrangement in Y.lipolytica.This work provides a high-efficient NHEJ-mediated genomic library technology,which enables random and scattered genomic integration of multiple heterologous fragments and rapid generation of diverse strains with superior phenotypes within 96 h.This novel technology also lays an excellent foundation for the development of other genetic technologies in Y.lipolytica.

Construction and characterization of the transformation-competent artificial chromosome (TAC) libraries of Leymus multicaulis

Transformation-competent artificial chromosome system is able to clone and transfer genes efficiently in plants.In order to clone genes highly tolerant to barley yellow dwarf virus(BYDV),Aphids,drought and salt from Leymus multicaulis,the two TAC genomic libraries I and II were constructed in vector pYLTAC17 and pYLTAC747H/sacB,which contain about 165000 and 236000 recombinant clones sepa-rately.The genome coverage of the two libraries was totally estimated to be about 3―5 haploid genome equivalents,as size selection of genomic DNA fragments was approximately from 9 to 300 kb.Clones of the genomic libraries were collected as bulked pools each containing 500 clones or so,stored in twelve 96-deep-well plates and then were gridding in triplicate onto a high-density colony hybridization filter with a 3×3 pattern using a GeneTAC?G3 arraying robot after being transferred manually into three 384-well plates.Meanwhile 2501 and 2890 clones of Library in pYLTAC17 and in pYLTAC747H/sacB were stored individually in fourteen 384-well plates and then were automatically gridding in duplicate onto a high-density colony hybridization filter with a 6×6 pattern after a replication of plates.Nineteen positive clones were detected by using the probe glutahione reductase gene of L.multicaulis.TAC libraries constructed here can be used to isolate genomic clones containing target genes,and to carry out genome walking for positional cloning.Once the target TAC clones were isolated,they could be immediately transferred into plant genomes with the Agrobacterium system.

木质纤维素水解抑制物耐受基因筛选和鉴定

以竹屑、秸秆等为代表的木质纤维素原料用于生产燃料乙醇近年来备受关注,但是在水解过程中会产生大量的毒性物质会抑制酿酒酵母的乙醇发酵。为了不增加生产成本,提高毒性抑制物在应激条件下的发酵效率,筛选酿酒酵母中对这些抑制物广谱耐受基因至关重要。通过全基因组敲除文库扫描、生物信息学分析和基因回补验证,筛选出了酿酒酵母中对代表性抑制物糠醛、苯酚、乙酸以及三者混合抑制剂耐受的共有基因,分别是ASC1、ISC1、DRS2、RIC1、RPE1、YPT6、SEC66和ERG2;根据基因功能分析,明确了转录调控、信号转导、氧化应激耐受、麦角甾醇生物合成、自噬和内吞作用等蛋白与木质纤维素水解液复合抑制剂耐受相关。研究结果对燃料乙醇发酵的工程菌株改造具有重要借鉴意义。

CONSTRUCTION OF Sesbania rostrata COSMID GENOMIC LIBRARY AND MOLECULAR CLONING OF LEGHEMOGLOBIN GENE

Using plant mini-Ti cosmid pEND4K, the cosmid genomic library of Sesbania rostratawas constructed. Sizes of plant DNA inserts in clones were 25- 33 kb. The restrictionmapping showed that different recombinant involved various types of plant DNA insert. 4clones containing leghemoglobin gene sequence of S. rostrata were obtained by in situ hy-bridization of colonies. The cloning of leghemoglobin gene sequence has been confirmedby plasmid DNA dot hybridization and Southern blot hybridization.

CONSTRUCTION OF A GENOMIC LIBRARY FROM A SOLID HUMAN ESOPHAGUS CANCER AND PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CLONED c-Ha-ras 1 PROTO-ONCOGENE

Researches on oncogenes from human malignant tumors have terminated the long history in which mankind groped and hesitated in the dark to conquer cancer and have become the milestone of the modern molecular oncology. An established genomic library from a solid tumor or a tumor cell line could be screened by sib-selection to search for unknown oncogenes and even antioncogenes (tumor suppressors). Furthermore,

CONSTRUCTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF A GENOMIC LIBRARY FROM HUMAN Ec109 CELL LINE

Following our successful cloning of human c-Ha-ras1 proto-oncogene by constructing and screening a genomic library from a solid human esophagus cancer, we have now constructed a complete genomic library in EMBL3 lambda vector from an established human esophagus cancer cell line Ec109, which has been widely used in basic and clinic research on human malignant tumors. This genomic library was identified in three manners: （i） The key feature of the EMBL3 vector construction is concerned with the insertion

青石斑鱼微卫星DNA标记的筛选及群体遗传多样性分析

以中国南海海域青石斑鱼(Epinephelus awoara)为材料,构建青石斑鱼小片段部分基因组DNA文库。以M13通用引物和设计合成的微卫星核心序列引物(CA)15,用PCR法对文库进行筛选,共获得96个微卫星序列,分别分布于28个阳性重组克隆中,其中perfect(完美型)共39个(占40.6%),imperfect(非完美型)30个(占31.3%),compound perfect(混合完美型)7个(占7.3%),compound imperfect(混合非完美型)20个(占20.8%)。同时发现(CA/GT)n序列在青石斑鱼的基因组DNA中含量非常丰富。根据微卫星侧翼序列设计28对引物扩增青石斑鱼基因组DNA,有26对引物能扩增出目的片段,选用其中13对多态性稳定的引物对19尾青石斑鱼进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示,13个位点共检测到48个等位基因,平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.5982,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.5080,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.4722,平均Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数(D)为0.1503。实验初步表明中国南海海域青石斑鱼的遗传多样性较为丰富,但在某种程度上受到了人为的干扰。