Tracking direct and indirect impact on technology and policy of transformative research via ego citation network

Purpose:The disseminating of academic knowledge to nonacademic audiences partly relies on the transition of subsequent citing papers.This study aims to investigate direct and indirect impact on technology and policy originating from transformative research based on ego citation network.Design/methodology/approach:Key Nobel Prize-winning publications(NPs)in fields of gene engineering and astrophysics are regarded as a proxy for transformative research.In this contribution,we introduce a network-structural indicator of citing patents to measure technological impact of a target article and use policy citations as a preliminary tool for policy impact.Findings:The results show that the impact on technology and policy of NPs are higher than that of their subsequent citation generations in gene engineering but not in astrophysics.Research limitations:The selection of Nobel Prizes is not balanced and the database used in this study,Dimensions,suffers from incompleteness and inaccuracy of citation links.Practical implications:Our findings provide useful clues to better understand the characteristics of transformative research in technological and policy impact.Originality/value:This study proposes a new framework to explore the direct and indirect impact on technology and policy originating from transformative research.

Effect of Ligustrazine Nanoparticles Nano Spray on Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad Signal Pathway of Rat Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Objective： To study the effect of ligustrazine nanoparticles nano spray（LNNS） on transforming growth factor β（TGF-β）/Smad signal protein of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells（RPMC） induced by tumor necrosis factor α（TNF-α）, and the anti-adhesion mechanism of LNNS in the abdominal cavity. Methods： The primary culture and subculture of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells（RPMC） was processed by trypsin digestion method in vitro. The third generation was identified for experiment and divided into 5 groups： a blank group： RPMC without treatment; a control group： RPMC stimulated with TNF-α; RPMC treated by a low-dosage LNNS group（2.5 mg/L）; RPMC treated by a medium-dosage LNNS group（5 mg/L）; and RPMC treated by a high-dosage LNNS group（10 mg/L）. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was applied to test the expression of fibronectin, collagen Ⅰ（COL-Ⅰ）, TGF-β m RNA, and Western blot method to test the Smad protein 7 expression of RPMC. Results： Compared with the blank group, a significant elevation in fibronectin（FN）, COL-Ⅰ and TGF-β m RNA expression of RPMC were observed in the control group（P〈0.05）. Compared with the control group, LNNS suppressed the expressions of FN, COL-Ⅰ and TGF-β m RNA in a concentrationdependent manner（P〈0.05）. The expression of Smad7 protein of RPMC was down-regulated by TNF-α stimulation, and up-regulated with the increase of LNNS dose（P〈0.05）. Conclusions： TNF-α may induce changes in RPMC＇s viability, leading to peritoneal injury. LNNS could reverse the induction of fibrosis related cytokine FN, COL-Ⅰ and TGF-β, up-regulating the expression of Smad7 by TNF-α in RPMC, thus attenuate peritoneal injury by repairing mesothelial cells.