The prevalence of transfusion transmitted virus infection in blood donors

INIRODUCIIONA newly discovered DNA virus,transfusiontransmitted virus (TTV),was reported as a cause ofpost-transfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology inJapan.In order to investigate TTV prevalence insouthern China,a study was carried out amongblood donors,patients with liver diseases andhemodialysis to determine the epidemiologicalcharateristics.

Transfusion transmitted virus infection in general populations and patients with various liver diseases in south China

INTRODUCTIONAlthough several specific detecting methods hadbeen applied to determine the hepatitis virus,therewas a lot of cryptogenic hepatitis without anyknown hepatitis infectious marker.Theprevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) (also knownas GB-C virus) infection has been reported to be 5%-13% in patients with non-A-E hepatitis andcirrhosis,however,there is little evidencesuggesting that HGV causes hepatitis in human.

Transfusion transmitted virus: A review on its molecular characteristics and role in medicine

现在的评论给输送的更新的概述播送病毒(TTV ) ，一个新奇代理人在与它的分子的特征的关系，流行病学的特征，传播的模式，组织向性，致病，在各种各样的疾病的角色和它从身体的根除。TTV，一个 DNA 病毒，一个单身者被搁浅，非包，有包括 3852 的一个小、 covalently 关上的圆形的染色体的长 DNA 病毒基于的 3.8 kb。它是尝试性地指明的 Circinoviridae 病毒。TTV 染色体顺序是异构的并且揭示六不同遗传型和几种子类型的存在。TTV 被报导了不仅经由非肠道的线路，而且经由交替的线路播送。这个病毒也在不同非人类的首领被检测了。目前， TTV 被聚合酶链反应(PCR ) 没有另外的可得到的诊断试金检测。它全球性显示出它的存在并且在健康的人的高百分比人口以及在各种各样的疾病组被检测。开始，它应当与肝疾病有强壮的协会；然而，几乎没有小证据在引起肝疾病显示出它的肝向性和贡献。它在牙齿过敏细胞溶解病人显示出高流行，向它在肾的疾病的意义指。另外， TTV 与几传染、非传染的疾病被联系。不过，它的准确致病是还没清楚的， TTV 病毒可能住并且在骨髓房间和外部血乘单音的原子房间(PBMC ) 。最近，被尝试了根除有干扰素治疗的这个病毒。更多的信息仍然被需要解脱与 TTV 有关的各种各样的谜。

Transfusion-transmitted virus in association with hepatitis A-E viral infections in various forms of liver diseases in India

瞄准：描述播送输送的病毒(TTV ) 的流行与在在诺思 India.METHODS 的肝疾病的不同形式的肝炎 A-E 病毒的感染联合的感染：从一个总数的血清 137 个病人数，包括 37 有尖锐病毒的肝炎( AVH )的病人，有长期的病毒的肝炎( CVH )的 37 个病人，有肝硬变的 31 个病人和有暴发性的肝的失败( FHF )的 32 个病人，为 TTV-DNA 和肝炎 A-E 病毒的标记两个都被分析。肝炎 B (HBV ) 的存在，丙肝病毒(HCV ) 和肝炎 E 病毒(HEV ) 感染在不同的组在不同比例被检测。而且， TTV-DNA 同时在 100 健康供血者 also.RESULTS 被测试：任何一个都没病人有肝炎 A 病毒(HAV ) 和肝炎 D 病毒(HDV ) 感染。TTV-DNA 的全面流行与 FHF 与 AVH，有 CVH 的 18.9% 盒子，有肝硬化的 48.4% 盒子和 9.4% 盒子在 27.1% 情况中被检测。同时在 100 健康供血者测试的 TTV-DNA 显示出 27% 确实。在与另外的肝炎建立在 TTV 感染之间的一种关系上病毒的感染， TTV 在这些疾病组与 HBV， HCV 和 HEV 表明了合作感染。有中高音的 TTV 的关联在重量的单位铺平一没在感染 TTV 的病人表明高中高音水平，建议那 TTV 不引起严重的肝 damage.CONCLUSION：TTV 感染在印度在病人和健康个人两个都是流行的。然而，它没与另外的肝炎有任何重要关联病毒的感染，它也不与肝疾病在病人生产严重的肝损坏的一条证据。

Clinical Characteristics of Transmitted Transfusion Virus Infection in Children

Clinical characteristics of transmitted transfusion virus (TTV) infection and its pathogenicity in children were evaluated. Serum TTV DNA from 118 children (mean age : 7.8±2 8 years) was detected by nested PCR. The product of PCR was cloned and sequenced. The positive rate for serum TTV DNA in 20 healthy children, 9 cases of acute hepatitis, 51 cases of chronic hepatitis, 24 cases of nephritis or nephrotic syndrome and 14 cases of hypoplastic anemia or acute leukemia was 20 %, 11 %, 29 %, 42 % and 21 % respectively, but there was no significant difference in TTV DNA frequency among them ( P >0.05). Of the 16 patients receiving immunosuppressive agent for a long time, 7 (44 %) were positive for TTV DNA, and of the 17 cases not receiving immunosuppressive agent, 5 (29 %) were positive with the difference being not significant ( P >0.05). Essential characteristics were pathogen carrier or asymtomatic infection in children with TTV infection. Long term employment of immunosuppressive agent did not increase the incidence in TTV infection. There was still high prevalence in TTV infection in healthy children not receiving blood product, suggesting the possibility of non hematogenous transmitted transfusion in TTV transmission.

Transfusion-transmitted virus co-infection in other types of hepatitis and its genotypes

OBJECTIVE: To identify the influence of transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) co-infection in other virus infected patients and its genotypes. METHODS: A conservative sequence of ORFl in the TTV genome was selected as primers and TTV DNA was measured in students and other hepatitis patients by using microplate nucleic acid hybridization and ELISA. The results were statistically analyzed. Nucleotide sequence of divergence >50% was used as color probe for distinguishing TTV genotypesⅠorⅡ. RESULTS: TTV DNA was detected in the sera from 2 (3.3%) of 60 students, 2 (14.3%) of 14 patients with non A-non E hepatitis, 6 (12%) of 50 patients with chronic hepatitis B, and 4 (16%) of 25 patients with liver cirrhosis, respectively. Statistical difference was observed between the patient group and the student group (P<0.05), but no significant difference in age, gender, serum ALT levels and TBiL between TTV DNA positive and negative patients (P>0.05). TTV genotype Type Ⅰ was by far the most frequent viral genotype (66.7%), followed by type Ⅱ (25%), and mixed infection (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the routes of TTV infection may be similar to those of HBV and HCV, and concurrent infection with HBV, HCV are common. TTV co-infection could not affect the clinical features of patients with liver diseases and the pathological process. TTV is not a main causative factor for patients with non A-non E hepatitis. Further study is needed to clarify the role of TTV in patients with non A-non E hepatitis.

THE INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT POPULATION'S TRANSFUSION-TRANSMITTED VIRUS-DNA IN SHAANXI PROVINCE

Objective To investigate transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) infection among population of different groups in Shaanxi Province.Methods A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers from ORF1 of TTV genome was established to detect TTV DNA in serum of the patients.Results TTV DAN was detected in the sera of 3 of 50 cases of general population(6%), 2 of 30 cases of vocational blood donors(6.7%),21 of 97 cases with Type B hepatitis(21.6%),9 of 35 cases of Type C hepatitis (25.7%),and 23 of 40 cases with non A^non G hepatitis(57 5%).Conclusion There is TTV infection among general population in Shaanxi Province.TTV may be an important agent to cause non A^non G hepatitis .And the patients with HBV or HCV can have overlapping TTV infection.

Prospective study of mono-strand DNA virus(TTV) transmission byblood transfusion

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) in blood donors, bloodrecipients and the incidence of TTV transmission by blood transfusion. Methods: TTV DNA and serum of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 130 blood recipients were detected, and TTV in their 340 corresponding blood donors was also detected. Results: There were 10. 6% (36/340) donors infected TTV, and thesame conditions in 8. 5 % (11/130) blood recipients before trans fusion. Eighteen cases (15. 1% ) were found to beTTV-positive after transfusion in the 119 blood recipients without TTV before, at least one of the correspondingdonors was found to be TTV-positive. There were 46 cases of post-transfusion hepatitis virus infection, 45 ofthem with HCV infection (including 7 cases co-infected with TTV) and two with HBV infection (including one coinfected with .HCV and one co-infected with TTV). The recipient with TTV and HBV co-infection and 3 of the 7cases with TTV and HCV infection had a ALT levels higher than 90 U/L, but only 2 cases of the 1O isolated TTVinfection had a mild ALT elevation. Conclusion: The result showed that prevalence of TTV was rather high inblood donors and hospitalized patients, and isolated TTV infection seems not related with significant ALT elevation.

Is transfusion-transmitted dengue fever a potential public health threat?

Dengue is an arboviruses due to single-stranded enveloped ribonucleic acid viruses, named dengue viruses(DENV), that include four serotypes and are mainly transmitted via the bite of mosquitoes of the genus Aedes(A. aegypti and A. albopictus). The distribution of the disease was historically limited to intertropical areas; however, during the last thirty years, the perimeter of the disease extended considerably and temperate areas are now at risk of outbreaks. The present global burden of dengue is considerable: 2.5 billion people over more than 100 countries are concerned; 50 to 100 million infections occur every year, with a number of fatal cases of approximately 20000. Although frequently asymptomatic or limited to a mild fever, dengue is responsible for severe cases mainly consecutive to the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications that can lead to shock and death, notably in children from poorresource settings. The place of DENV as a transfusiontransmitted pathogen has been recognized only in 2008. At the present time, only five cases of transfusiontransmitted dengue, including one case of dengue hemorrhagic fever, have been formerly documented. This review provides a general overview of dengue, its viruses and their vectors. It replaces the disease in the context of other viral diseases transmitted by arthropods. It discusses the threat of dengue on the supply of blood products in endemic and non endemic areas. Finally, it describes the specific and non specific measures available for improving the security of blood products with regards to this emerging risk. Interestingly, in 2009, the American Association of Blood Banks placed DENV in the highest category of emerging infectious agents for their potential impact on transfusion recipient safety for the next years in North America.

A 10 Years Comparative Study to Assess Trends in Seroprevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections among Blood Donors at Gwalior, India

Introduction: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) threaten safety of the recipients and the community as a whole and are the subject of real concern worldwide. Aims and Objectives: To know the prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections amongst the blood donors, to evaluate the changing trends of TTIs and to compare these observations within the study as well as with the other relevant studies. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Blood Bank, Department of Pathology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India, from January 2004 to December 2013 (ten years). Materials and Methods: In this study 122,006 voluntary and replacement donations were screened for TTIs;HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis, Malaria and their seroprevalence was calculated. Further study was divided in Group “A” (from 2004 to 2008) and Group “B” (from 2009 to 2013) to compare the results. Results: Out of total 122,006 blood units collected, 79,750 (65.3%) were voluntary and 42,256 (34.7%) were replacement donors. The seropositivity of TTIs in the entire study, in group “A” and in Group “B” was 3.26% (3985/122,006) (p = 0.000005), 2.25% (1238/54,874) (p = 0.000005) and 4.09% (2747/67,123) (p = 0.000005) respectively. In Group “A” and “B” seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria was 0.29%, 1.16%, 0.61%, 0.06%, 0.11% and 0.13%, 3.15%, 0.24%, 0.17%, 0.03% respectively. Conclusion: Our study concluded that there was significant increase in seroprevalence of HBV and syphilis whereas decreasing pattern in HIV, HCV and Malaria was observed in last five years as compared to previous five years among the blood donors.

输血传播病毒(TTV)基因变异的临床意义

目的 :研究TTV基因变异与其致病性的关系。方法 :采用巢式多聚酶链式反应 (PCR)扩增TTVDNA ,收集TTVDNA阳性病例 5 2例 ,其中献血员 4例 ,乙型肝炎病毒携带者 5例 ,慢性乙型肝炎患者 11例 ,慢性重型乙型肝炎患者 32例 ,采用单链构象多态性 (SSCP)方法进行TTV基因变异检测。结果 :献血员、乙型肝炎病毒携带者、慢性乙型肝炎、慢性重型乙型肝炎患者中 ,SSCP电泳条带数分别为 1.2 5± 0 .5 0 ,1.6 0± 0 .5 5 ,3.36± 1.36 ,4 .5 9± 1.83;慢性乙型肝炎和慢性重型乙型肝炎患者组中SSCP电泳条带数显著多于其他组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;慢性重型乙型肝炎患者中SSCP电泳条带数显著多于慢性乙型肝炎患者 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :TTV存在基因变异 。

兰州地区TTV感染的血清学及临床研究

研究兰州地区供血员 ,静脉毒瘾者和肝病患者中TT病毒 (TTV)的感染状况及致病性。采用套式PCR技术检测 12 0例供血员 ,5 6例静脉毒瘾者和 74例肝病患者血清中TTVDNA。供血员TTVDNA检出率为7 5 % (9/12 0 ) ;静脉毒瘾者中TTVDNA检出率为 2 6 8% (15 /5 6 ) ;肝病患者中TTVDNA检出率为 13 4% (10 /74)。肝病患者的感染率与供血员和静脉毒瘾者相比 ,无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。在 10例TTVDNA阳性患者 ,6例为单一TTV感染 ,4例ALT增高 ,3例呈急性肝炎的临床症状。TTV感染可经血液和胃肠道传播 ,多呈病毒携带状态 ,也可单独引起急性肝炎 ,但致病性较弱。对TTV的病原学、流行病学和临床意义还有待进一步研究。

TTV与其它肝炎病混合感染及其基因型的研究

研究TTV与其它肝炎病混合感染对肝脏病变的影响及本地区TTVDNA的基因型。选TTVORF1的保守序列作内外引物 ,采用微板核酸杂交 -ELISA方法检测患者血清TTVDNA并对检测结果和临床资料进行统计学分析。选取异源性大于 5 0 %的序列作显色探针Ⅰ和显色探针Ⅱ ,进行分型研究。学生、非甲 -非戊型肝炎、慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化患者血清TTV阳性率分别为 3 3 %、14 3%、12 %、16 %。TTV阳性和TTV阴性的慢性乙型肝炎及肝硬化患者 ,在年龄、性别、ALT和TBil之间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。本地区流行的TTV可分为两个主要的基因型 ,即Ⅰ型 (6 6 7% )、Ⅱ型 (2 5 % ) ,部分存在混合感染 (8 3% )。TTV可能与HBV、HCV有类似的传播途径 ,故常重叠感染。TTV与乙型肝炎及肝硬化混合感染后不影响两者的肝脏病变。TTV不是本地区非甲

输血传播病毒(TTV)重叠感染在慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染患者中的临床意义

目的 :研究乙型肝炎病毒感染患者TTV重叠感染情况及初步探讨TTV的致病性。方法 :在ORF1区设计特异性引物建立巢式多聚酶链式反应 (PCR) ,检测乙型肝炎病毒感染患者血清中TTVDNA ,对PCR产物进行分子克隆和测序。结果 :献血员、慢性乙型肝炎病毒携带者、慢性乙型肝炎和慢性重型乙型肝炎患者TTVDNA阳性率分别为 10 %、11%、2 7%、4 8%。其中前两者与后两者比较均有显著差异 ,慢性乙型肝炎和慢性重型乙型肝炎患者相比也有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,乙型肝炎病毒感染者中其HBV感染复制指标的阳性率在TTVDNA阳性与TTVDNA阴性组之间无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。慢性乙型肝炎和慢性重型乙型肝炎患者的ALT和TBIL在TTVDNA阳性病人组与TTVDNA阴性病人组之间比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,TTVDNA阳性病人组明显高于TTVDNA阴性病人组。结论 :献血员中存在TTV感染 ,乙型肝炎病毒感染患者重叠感染TTV较常见。慢性乙型肝炎和慢性重型乙型肝炎患者TTVDNA阳性率明显高于献血员和慢性乙型肝炎病毒携带者的阳性率 ,提示TTV的重叠感染可能是HBV感染病情加重因素之一 ,TTV重叠感染对HBV的复制可能不存在相互作用。

深圳地区HBsAg阳性人群TTV核酸序列分析

目的分析HBsAg阳性和阴性人群输血传播肝炎病毒(TTV)感染率的差异及TTV病毒核酸序列。方法应用套式PCR扩增TTV病毒核酸序列,将扩增的TTV核酸片段进行核酸测序,构建进化树分析TTV核酸序列的同源性。结果HBsAg阳性和阴性人群TTV感染率比较,差异无统计学意义,深圳TTV病毒株与日本TTV病毒株的核酸序列同源性较大。结论人群中TTV病毒株携带率与HBsAg的携带率无相关性。

TTV阳性肝病患者的临床特征

观察TTV(Transfusiontransmittedvirus,TTV)阳性肝病患者的临床特征。用巢式PCR法检测血清TTVD NA ,同时观察血清生化指标和肝组织学的变化。TTV感染者的血清学模式以HBV、HCV、HAV、HEV混合感染为主 ,占 6 1.1% ( 2 2 /36 ) ,临床表现以乏力、纳差为特征 ,TBL、ALT变化不明显 ;而TTV单独感染者为 38.9% ( 14/36 )临床特征与急性黄疸性肝炎相似。TTV可与各型已知肝炎病毒混合感染 ,可呈隐匿性发病。

TTV感染与原发性肝癌关系的病例对照研究

目的:了解TTV与PHC的关系。方法:对82例PHC、40例非肝癌恶性肿瘤病人(对照组1)、40例正常人(对照组2)进行病例对照研究。结果:PHC组中,HBsAg、抗-HBe、HBeAg、HBV-DNA、HBV-M的阳性率分别为75.6％、51.2％、19.5％、28.0％、82.9％,显著高于两对照组,TTV-DNA阳性率26.8％(22/82)也显著高于两对照组。HBV感染率(82.9％)显著高于TTV的感染率(26.8％),在14例HBV阴性的PHC中,TTV-DNA阳性率达35.7％(5/14)。PHC病人中,若按HBV与TTV感染情况进行年龄分层,发现有HBV或TTV感染的病人,其发病年龄有提早的倾向;单纯HBV感染和与TTV混合感染其比值比(OR值)较两对照组明显升高。结论:广东地区TTV感染与PHC有关,TTV可能是PHC的一个致病因子,但HBV感染仍是主要的因素。

TTV感染及复制与原发性肝癌家庭聚集性关系研究

目的：探讨广西肝癌高发区输血传播病毒（TTV）感染及复制在原发性肝癌（HCC）家庭聚集性中的作用,为进一步制定HCC预防对策提供科学依据.方法：应用配对方法在广西肝癌高发区中选择肝癌高发家庭成员的同时,选择相同生活环境、生活习惯、生活条件和生活水平、相同民族、相同性别,年龄±5岁的无癌家庭成员作为研究对象.分别采用巢式PCR和RT-PCR技术对研究对象外周血清中TTVDNA、HBVDNA和HCVRNA进行检测,将HBV及HCV的感染作为混杂因素进行控制,应用χ^2检验方法进行资料的统计学分析.结果：TTVDNA在HCC高发家庭成员组中的阳性率高于非癌家庭成员组,阳性率分别为33.0%（33/100）和21.0% （21/100）,经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=3.653 0,P=0.039 6）（RR=1.85,95%可信区间为0.980～3.502）;两组在男、女性别中的阳性率分别为30.7%（23/75）、40.0%（10/25）和20.0% （15/75）、24.0%（6/25）,经统计学分析差别无统计学意义（χ^2=2.255 6,P=0.094 2;χ^2=1.470 6,P=0.181 8）.结论：TTV感染及复制与HCC家庭聚集性存在一定的相关关系,TTV的致肝癌作用值得进一步深入研究.

新疆静脉吸毒者中TTV、HBV和HCV感染情况分析

目的:探讨新疆静脉吸毒者中输血传播病毒 (TTV)、乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)感染的特点 ,为防止感染提供理论依据。 方法:采用套式 PCR技术检测 10 2例静脉吸毒者 (IVDUs)血清中 TTV-DNA,用酶联免疫吸附试验 (EL ISA)检测 HCV抗体 (抗 HCV)及 HBV血清学标志物 ,根据 TTV- DNA检测结果分为 TTV - DNA阳性组和阴性组 ,比较两组人群的 HBV、HCV及 HBV/HCV感染情况。结果:静脉吸毒者 TTV-DNA阳性组和阴性组在民族、年龄、性别、吸毒时间、吸毒剂量、有无多性伴侣、HCV和 HBV病毒混合感染等方面无统计学差异 ,而在是否共用注射器上差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。 33例 TTV- DNA阳性静脉吸毒者中 ,7例为单纯 TTV感染 ,2 6例重叠 HCV或 HBV感染 ,其中 TTV、HCV、HBV三重感染 8例。结论 :TTV、HCV在新疆静脉吸毒者中有较高的阳性率 ,静脉吸毒人群是 TTV、HCV感染的高危人群。 TTV可以单独感染 ,但与 HBV、HCV的重叠感染率也较高。

西安地区病毒性肝炎患者TTV DNA的检测及临床意义

目的 调查西安地区不同类型肝炎患者输血传播病毒 (TTV)感染状况并探讨其临床意义 .方法 在病毒 ORF1区设计内 /外两对引物 ,采取 nested- PCR方法 ,检测病毒性肝炎患者 147例和非病毒性肝炎患者 12 8例血清中 TTVDNA.结果 在肝炎组中 ,TTV基因检测阳性率分别为非甲-非戊型肝炎 6 0 .0 % (9/ 15 ) ,庚型肝炎 5 0 .0 % (6 / 12 ) ,乙型肝炎 2 6 .2 % (2 1/ 80 ) ,丙型肝炎 11.1% (3/ 2 7) ,甲型肝炎 0 (0 /6 ) ,甲型肝炎合并丙型肝炎 0 (0 / 2 ) ,乙型肝炎合并丙型肝炎为 6 0 .0 % (3/ 5 ) ,非肝炎对照组 2 .3% (3/ 12 8) .结论 西安地区不同类型肝炎患者中 ,除甲肝和甲肝合并丙肝外均有 TTV重叠感染 ,其中以非甲 -非戊型肝炎和庚型肝炎最高 .从以上结果推断