Transient fluid flow in the Binbei district of the Songliao Basin, China Evidence from apatite fission track thermochronology

The Songliao Basin is famous for the Daqing Oilfield, the biggest in China. However, no economic hydrocarbon reservoir has been found in the northeastern Binbei district. Its thermal history, which is of great importance for hydrocarbon generation and migration, is studied with apatite fission track （AFT） thermochronology. Samples with depositional ages of the late Cretaceous （-108-73 Ma） are analyzed. The AFT ages of the samples from reservoir rock （depositional age 〉 76.1 Ma） fall between the late Cretaceous （724-5 Ma） and the early Eocene （414-3 Ma） period, indicating their total annealing after deposition. In contrast, two samples from the main seals of the Qingshankou （depositional age 〉 89.3 Ma） and the Nenjiang Formation （depositional age 〉 73.0 Ma） are not annealed or partially annealed （AFT ages of 974-9 Ma and 704-4 Ma, respectively）. Because the maximum burial temperature （〈90 ℃） evidenced by low vitrinite reflectance （Ro〈0.7） is not high enough to account for the AFT total annealing （110-120 ℃）, the transient thermal effect arising from the syntectonic fluid flow between the late Cretaceous and the early Eocene is proposed. Transient thermal effects from fluid flow explains the indicated temperature discrepancies between the AFT thermometer and the Ro thermometer because the transient thermal effect from the fluid flow with a temperature high enough （110-120 ℃） to anneal the AFT thermometer does not last long enough （104-105 yrs.） for an enhancement of the Ro （minimum 106- 107 yrs. under the same temperature）. This indicates that dating thermal effect from fluid flow might be a new means to reconstruct the tectonic history. It also answers why the samples from the main seals are not annealed because the seals will prohibit fluid flow and supply good thermal insulation. The large-scale fluid flow in the Binbei district calls for a new idea to direct the hydrocarbon exploration.

Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Structure Interaction Techniques for Calculating the 3D Transient Flow of Journal Bearings Coupled with Rotor Systems

Journal bearings are important parts to keep the high dynamic performance of rotor machinery. Some methods have already been proposed to analysis the flow field of journal bearings, and in most of these methods simplified physical model and classic Reynolds equation are always applied. While the application of the general computational fluid dynamics （CFD）-fluid structure interaction （FSI） techniques is more beneficial for analysis of the fluid field in a journal bearing when more detailed solutions are needed. This paper deals with the quasi-coupling calculation of transient fluid dynamics of oil film in journal bearings and rotor dynamics with CFD-FSI techniques. The fluid dynamics of oil film is calculated by applying the so-called ＂dynamic mesh＂ technique. A new mesh movement approacb is presented while the dynamic mesh models provided by FLUENT are not suitable for the transient oil flow in journal bearings. The proposed mesh movement approach is based on the structured mesh. When the joumal moves, the movement distance of every grid in the flow field of bearing can be calculated, and then the update of the volume mesh can be handled automatically by user defined function （UDF）. The journal displacement at each time step is obtained by solving the moving equations of the rotor-bearing system under the known oil film force condition. A case study is carried out to calculate the locus of the journal center and pressure distribution of the journal in order to prove the feasibility of this method. The calculating results indicate that the proposed method can predict the transient flow field of a journal bearing in a rotor-bearing system where more realistic models are involved. The presented calculation method provides a basis for studying the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a general rotor-bearing system.

THE THEORY OF CURRENT TRANSIENTS AT TUBULAR ELECTRODES IN A FLOWING FLUID

A theoretical equation is developed which describes the response of the current transients to a constant potential at tubular electrodes for a reversible electrode reaction in the flowing fluid.

A STUDY ON TRANSIENT FLUID FLOW OF HORIZONTAL WELLS IN DUAL-PERMEABILITY MEDIA

To adopt horizontal wells in dual media reservoirs, a good understanding of the related fluid flows is necessary. Most of the recent studies focus on dual porosity media instead of dual permeability media. In this article, through both integral transformation and sink-source superposition, a new Laplace-domain solution is obtained for the slightly-compressible fluid flow in the 3-D dual-permeability media in which the horizontal well is operating in a constant rate of production. Major asymptotic characteristics of diagnosis curves of dimensionless downhole pressure are analyzed by the limited analysis. Effects of parameters of dual-permeability media including mobility ratio k, storativity ratio ω and inter-porosity flow parameter k on the downhote pressure are studied by using the Laplace numerical inversion. The new solution obtained in this article includes and improves the previous results and then can be used as a basis for either pressure transient analysis or formation behavior evaluation for the typical reservoir with horizontal wells.

THE TRANSIENT ELLIPTIC FLOW OF POWER-LAW FLUID IN FRACTAL POROUS MEDIA

The steady oil production and pressure distribution formulae of vertically fractured well for power-law non-Newtonian fluid were derived on the basis of the elliptic flow model in fractal reservoirs. The corresponding transient flow in fractal reservoirs was studied by numerical differentiation method: the influence of fractal index to transient pressure of vertically fractured well was analyzed. Finally the approximate analytical solution of transient flow was given by average mass conservation law. The study shows that using elliptic flow method to analyze the flow of vertically fractured well is a simple method.

THE VERIFICATION OF THE CURRENT TRANSIENT EQUATION AT TUBULAR ELECTRODES IN A FLOWING FLUID UNDER POTENTIAL STEP

The equation derived for the response of the current transients in the flowing fluid is verified experimentally.

Transient growth in Poiseuille-Rayleigh-Bénard flows of binary fluids with Soret effect

The transient growth due to non-normMity is investigated for the Poiseuille- Rayleigh-Benard problem of binary fluids with the Soret effect. For negative separation factors such as ψ = -0.1, it is found that a large transient growth can be obtained by the non-normal interaction of the two least-stable-modes, i.e., the upstream and downstream modes, which determine the linear critical boundary curves for small Reynolds numbers. The transient growth is so strong that the optimal energy amplification factor G（t） is up to 10^2 - 10^3. While for positive separation factors such as ψ = 0.1, the transient growth is weak with the order O（I） of the amplification factor, which can even be computed by the least-stable-mode. However, for both cases, the least-stable-mode can govern the long-term behavior of the amplification factor for large time. The results also show that large Reynolds numbers have stabilization effects for the maximum amplification within moderate wave number regions. Meanwhile, much small negative or large positive separation factors and large Rayleigh numbers can enlarge the maximum transient growth of the pure streamwise disturbance with the wavenumber α= 3.14. Moreover, the initial and evolutionary two-dimensional spatial patterns of the large transient growth for the pure streamwise disturbance are exhibited with a plot of the velocity vector, spanwise vorticity, temperature, and concentration field. The initial three-layer cell vorticity struc- ture is revealed. When the amplification factor reaches the maximum Gmax, it develops into one cell structure with large amplification for the vorticity strength.

Attenuation analysis of hydraulic transients with laminar-turbulent flow alternations

An improved compound mathematical model is established to simulate the attenuation of hydraulic transients with laminar-turbulent alternations,which usually occur when the pipeline flow velocity fluctuates near the critical velocity.The laminar friction resistance and the turbulent friction resistance are considered respectively in this model by applying different resistance schemes to the characteristics method of fluid transient analysis.The hydraulic transients of the valve closing process are simulated using the model.A more reasonable attenuation of hydraulic transients is obtained.The accurate attenuation is more distinct than that obtained from the traditional mathematical model.The research shows that the hydraulic transient is a type of energy waves,and its attenuation is caused by the friction resistance.The laminar friction resistance is more important than the turbulent friction resistance if the flow velocity is smaller than the critical velocity.Otherwise the turbulent friction resistance is more important.The laminar friction resistance is important in the attenuation of hydraulic transients for the closing process.Thus,it is significant to consider the different resistances separately to obtain more accurate attenuation of hydraulic transients.

Flux vector splitting solutions for coupling hydraulic transient of gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow in pipelines

The gas-liquid-solid three-phase mixed flow is the most general in multiphase mixed transportation. It is significant to exactly solve the coupling hydraulic transient problems of this type of multiphase mixed flow in pipelines. Presently, the method of characteristics is widely used to solve classical hydraulic transient problems. However, when it is used to solve coupling hydraulic transient problems, excessive interpolation errors may be introduced into the results due to unavoidable multiwave interpolated calculations. To deal with the problem, a finite difference scheme based on the Steger- Warming flux vector splitting is proposed. A flux vector splitting scheme is established for the coupling hydraulic transient model of gas-liquid-solid three-phase mixed flow in the pipelines. The flux subvectors are then discretized by the Lax-Wendroff central difference scheme and the Warming-Beam upwind difference scheme with second-order precision in both time and space. Under the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions and the corresponding boundary conditions, an effective solution to those points located at the boundaries is developed, which can avoid the problem beyond the calculation region directly induced by the second-order discrete technique. Numerical and experimental verifications indicate that the proposed scheme has several desirable advantages including high calculation precision, excellent shock wave capture capability without false numerical oscillation, low sensitivity to the Courant number, and good stability.

Transient Hydromagnetic Stagnation-Point Flow across a Vertical Surface with Partial Slip in a Chemically Reactive Medium

A numerical study of partial slip boundary condition is investigated. The stagnation-point flow problem involving some physio-chemical parameters has been elucidated. The process involves developing a multivariate mathematical model for the flow and transforming it into a coupled univariate equation. Key parameters of interest in the study are the buoyancy force, the surface stretching, the unsteadiness, the radiation, the dissipation effects, the slip effects, the species reaction and the magnetic field parameters. It is concluded that the impact of physio-chemical factors significantly alters the kinematics of the flow in order to optimally achieve desired product characteristics.

Numerical simulation on rotordynamic characteristics of annular seal under uniform and non-uniform flows

Currently, the flow field of annular seals disturbed by the circular whirl motion of rotors is usually solved using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) to evaluate the five rotordynamic coefficients. The simulations are based on the traditional quasi-steady method. In this work, an improved quasi-steady method along with the transient method was presented to compute the rotordynamic coefficients of a long seal. By comparisons with experimental data, the shortcomings of quasi-steady methods have been identified. Then, the effects of non-uniform incoming flow on seal dynamic coefficients were studied by transient simulations. Results indicate that the long seal has large cross stiffness k and direct mass M which are not good for rotor stability, while the transient method is more suitable for the long seal for its excellent performance in predicting M. When the incoming flow is non-uniform, the stiffness coefficients vary with the eccentric directions. Based on the rotordynamic coefficients under uniform incoming flow, the linearized fluid force formulas, which can consider the effects of non-uniform incoming flow, have been presented and can well explain the varying-stiffness phenomenon.

超临界碳氢燃料流动不稳定的频域分析与数值模拟

再生冷却通道中的流动失稳是高超声速飞行器发动机热防护技术中的核心问题之一。为研究超临界碳氢燃料在冷却通道中的流动不稳定特性,基于有限体积法及流体物性近似,发展了高效的一维瞬态模拟方法;同时,基于小扰动假设,进一步提出了用于预测稳定行为的频域分析方法。通过相关实验,验证了模型的可靠性。基于时域和频域方法的综合分析,沿内特征曲线讨论了主要失稳类型,重点分析了受密度波及Ledinegg不稳定共同影响的复合不稳定性。随后,进一步分析了工作压力和入口温度对稳定特性的耦合影响,并基于N_(tpc)-N_(spc)空间划分了稳定区域。研究发现,复合不稳定、Ledinegg不稳定以及密度波不稳定,随入口温度升高而相继消失。Ledinegg不稳定及密度波不稳定的稳定边界在N_(tpc)-N_(spc)空间具有高度相似性,而复合不稳定性的区域在较高的压力下略有缩小。

THEORETIC SOLUTION OF TRANSIENT FLOW OF LIQUID IN THE PIPE WITH FLUID MACHINERY

The transient flow of liquid in the pipe with fluid machinery is analysed in this pa- per.The theoretic solution of the transient flow produced due to the regulation of fluid machin- ery is found by use of the method of the Laplace transformation.

3-D simulation of transient flow patterns in a corridor-shaped air-cushion surge chamber based on computational fluid dynamics

The 3-D characteristics of the water-air flow patterns in a corridor-shaped air-cushion surge chamber during hydraulic transients need to be considered in the shape optimization. To verify the reliability of the water-air two-phase model, namely, the volume of fluid model, the process of charging water into a closed air chamber is successfully simulated. Using the model, the 3-D flow characteristics under the load rejection and acceptance conditions within the air-cushion surge chamber of a specific hydro- power station are studied. The free surface waves, the flow patterns, and the pressure changes during the surge wave process are analyzed in detail. The longitudinal flow of water in the long corridor-shaped surge chamber is similar to the open channel flow with respect to the wave propagation, reflection and superposition characteristics. The lumped parameters of the 3-D numerical simulation agree with the results of a 1-D calculation of hydraulic transients in the whole water conveying system, which validates the 3-D method. The 3-D flow structures obtained can be applied to the shape optimization of the chamber.

三重介质油藏非牛顿液不稳定渗流压力变化特征研究

文章对缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏中非牛顿流体渗流时的压力动态特征进行了求解和特征分析,对比了非牛顿流体和牛顿流体的差别,并对影响压力动态的参数,如幂律流指数、表皮系数、弹性储容比以及窜流系数和外边界条件等进行了分析。结果表明,非牛顿流体的压力及压力导数都明显高于牛顿流体;幂律流指数越小则压力和压力导数越大;表皮系数和非牛顿流体幂律流指数对压力响应的影响有着明显的不同;而弹性储容比和窜流系数的影响和普通三重介质相同,只是由于非牛顿流体的影响其“凹陷”的位置升高;外边界的影响也和牛顿流体的情况明显不同。

伴随层流-紊流交替的管流水击衰减特性分析

为了模拟低流速情况下的流态转换和水击波的实际衰减过程,针对管流瞬时流速接近临界流速而导致的层流-紊流交替出现的情况,分别将层流摩阻损失公式和紊流摩阻损失公式引入到传统的特征线法瞬变计算模型,建立改进后的瞬变模拟复合数学模型.通过数值方法对伴随层-紊流交替情况下的水击全过程进行模拟得到关阀瞬变的压力波动时程,与传统瞬变模型计算结果相比,该波动过程线具有更快的衰减速度.结果分析表明,瞬变波的衰减过程实质是弹性波的能量衰减过程,摩阻损失是导致瞬变波衰减的直接原因,当流速较大时,能量消散以紊流摩阻为主,当流速较小时,能量消散以层流摩阻为主.对于瞬变波衰减的模拟,考虑层流区的实际摩阻损失后的衰减速度比传统水击模型计算的衰减速度快,因此,在瞬变波衰减的模拟中必须充分考虑层流摩阻的效应.

传动装置中磁流变液瞬态流动特性的数值计算

为了了解在突加磁场情况下磁流变液在传动装置中的瞬态流动特性,基于Bingham模型和纳维-斯托克斯方程,利用有限差分法对传动装置中磁流变液的瞬态流动特性进行了数值计算.结果表明:工作间隙产生磁场后,磁流变液剪应变率和角速度分布变化明显,临界屈服面在主动转子的内表面形成,随后其半径逐渐减小,达到稳态后保持不变;当传动装置的流变响应时间随外加磁场增大而缩短时,滑差转速越大滞后时间越长;在工作间隙产生磁场时,主动转子传递转矩逐渐减小,从动转子传递转矩逐渐增大,最终两者趋于一致.该结果为磁流变传动装置的设计和性能评估提供了理论依据.

气液两相段塞流中双流体模型的分析

采用一维瞬态双流体模型描述了倾斜管道中气液两相段塞流的流动情况。提出了段塞单元的简化水力模型。认为段塞流是由一系列段塞单元构成 ,该段塞单元由液相段塞区和膜区两部分组成 ;通过对段塞单元的分析 ,采用新方法来计算段塞频率、段塞单元及液相段塞的长度 ;根据其流动特点推导出表征气液两相间相互作用及气液两相与管壁间相作用的关联式。本文在处理相间曳力系数时摒弃以往采用经验常数的方法 ,而是在稳态段塞流动量守恒方程的基础上推导出新型的曳力系数表达式从而达到封闭模型的目的。

液压换向滑阀内部结构的健壮性设计

为了优化液压滑阀可控因子以降低滑阀开启或关闭时操纵性能对噪声因子的敏感性,提高液压滑阀工作时的可控性与稳定性,提出了液压滑阀健壮性设计方法。利用计算流体动力学方法对液压滑阀开启或关闭时内部流体的动态特性进行了仿真模拟,分析了滑阀内部流道结构参数、阀芯运动速度、滑阀进油口与出油口压差对瞬态液动力的影响,并借助于试验设计和响应面函数方法,获得了滑阀瞬态液动力与各参数的定量化关系。最后以滑阀内部流道结构参数为设计变量,阀芯运动速度和滑阀进出油口压差为不可控的噪声因子,以仿真中液压换向滑阀瞬态液动力服从正态分布且方差最小为目标,对滑阀进行了健壮性设计,设计结果表明,通过对结构参数进行优化设计可明显降低噪声因子对滑阀瞬态液动力的影响。

气液两相流瞬变流数值模拟研究

根据双流体模型建立了气液两相流瞬态水力学模型,对数学模型进行了特征化分析,利用模型方程的特征值和左特征向量将偏微分方程组转化为常微分方程组。以预估-校正法为基础,采用差分特征线算法进行数值求解,并编制了相应的程序。在大型多相流试验环道上进行了气量快速增加和减小的试验,计算值与试验值的比较结果表明,算法的收敛性和稳定性很好,程序较好地预测了气相流量瞬变过程中的压力和含气率的变化,能够分析瞬态流动过程中各参数的变化。